Just-world fallacy, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 89 relations: Aristotelian ethics, Attitude (psychology), Attribution (psychology), Balance (metaphysics), Belief, Best of all possible worlds, Bullying, Candide, Cognitive bias, Coping, Cosmos, Denial, Desert (philosophy), Destiny, Divine judgment, Divine providence, Divine retribution, Domestic violence, Economic inequality, Eichmann in Jerusalem, Empathy, English language, Ervin Staub, Exploitation of labour, Figure of speech, Fundamental attribution error, Gender, Gender inequality, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Guilt (emotion), Hindsight bias, HIV/AIDS, Immanence, Informal fallacy, Invisible hand, Justice, Karma, Life satisfaction, Locus of control, Mean world syndrome, Melvin J. Lerner, Mental health, Milgram experiment, Moral luck, Moral panic, Moral responsibility, Moralistic fallacy, Morality, Myth of meritocracy, Nicomachean Ethics, ... Expand index (39 more) »

2. Causal fallacies
3. Conceptual models
4. Ignorance
5. Injustice

Aristotelian ethics

Aristotle first used the term ethics to name a field of study developed by his predecessors Socrates and Plato which is devoted to the attempt to provide a rational response to the question of how humans should best live.

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Attitude (psychology)

An attitude "is a summary evaluation of an object of thought.

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Attribution (psychology)

Attribution is a term used in psychology which deals with how individuals perceive the causes of everyday experience, as being either external or internal.

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In metaphysics, balance is a point between two opposite forces that is desirable over purely one state or the other, such as a balance between the metaphysical law and chaos — law by itself being overly controlling, chaos being overly unmanageable, balance being the point that minimizes the negatives of both.

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Belief

A belief is a subjective attitude that a proposition is true or a state of affairs is the case.

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Best of all possible worlds

The phrase "the best of all possible worlds" (Le meilleur des mondes possibles; Die beste aller möglichen Welten) was coined by the German polymath and Enlightenment philosopher Gottfried Leibniz in his 1710 work Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal (Essays of Theodicy on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil), more commonly known simply as the Theodicy.

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Bullying

Bullying is the use of force, coercion, hurtful teasing or threat, to abuse, aggressively dominate or intimidate. Just-world fallacy and Bullying are abuse and Injustice.

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Candide

Candide, ou l'Optimisme is a French satire written by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment, first published in 1759.

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Cognitive bias

A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.

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Coping

Coping refers to conscious or unconscious strategies used to reduce unpleasant emotions.

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Cosmos

The cosmos (Kósmos) is an alternative name for the universe or its nature or order.

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Denial

Denial, in ordinary English usage, has at least three meanings: asserting that any particular statement or allegation is not true (which might be accurate or inaccurate); the refusal of a request; and asserting that a true statement is not true.

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Desert (philosophy)

Desert in philosophy is the condition of being deserving of something, whether good or bad. Just-world fallacy and desert (philosophy) are justice.

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Destiny

Destiny, sometimes also called fate, is a predetermined course of events.

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Divine judgment

Divine judgment means the judgment of God or other supreme beings and deities within a religion or a spiritual belief.

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Divine providence

In theology, divine providence, or simply providence, is God's intervention in the Universe.

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Divine retribution

Divine retribution is supernatural punishment of a person, a group of people, or everyone by a deity in response to some action.

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Domestic violence

Domestic violence is violence or other abuse that occurs in a domestic setting, such as in a marriage or cohabitation. Just-world fallacy and domestic violence are abuse.

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Economic inequality

Economic inequality is an umbrella term for a) income inequality or distribution of income (how the total sum of money paid to people is distributed among them), b) wealth inequality or distribution of wealth (how the total sum of wealth owned by people is distributed among the owners), and c) consumption inequality (how the total sum of money spent by people is distributed among the spenders).

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Eichmann in Jerusalem

Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil is a 1963 book by the philosopher and political thinker Hannah Arendt.

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Empathy

Empathy is generally described as the ability to take on another's perspective, to understand, feel, and possibly share and respond to their experience. Just-world fallacy and Empathy are moral psychology.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

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Ervin Staub

Ervin Staub (born June 13, 1938) is a professor of psychology, emeritus, at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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Exploitation of labour

Exploitation is a concept defined as, in its broadest sense, one agent taking unfair advantage of another agent.

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Figure of speech

A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is a word or phrase that intentionally deviates from straightforward language use or literal meaning to produce a rhetorical or intensified effect (emotionally, aesthetically, intellectually, etc.). In the distinction between literal and figurative language, figures of speech constitute the latter.

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Fundamental attribution error

In social psychology, the fundamental attribution error (FAE) is a cognitive attribution bias in which observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors. Just-world fallacy and fundamental attribution error are error.

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Gender

Gender includes the social, psychological, cultural and behavioral aspects of being a man, woman, or other gender identity.

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Gender inequality

Gender inequality is the social phenomenon in which people are not treated equally on the basis of gender.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.

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Guilt (emotion)

Guilt is a moral emotion that occurs when a person believes or realizes—accurately or not—that they have compromised their own standards of conduct or have violated universal moral standards and bear significant responsibility for that violation. Just-world fallacy and Guilt (emotion) are moral psychology.

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Hindsight bias

Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they were. Just-world fallacy and Hindsight bias are error.

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HIV/AIDS

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system.

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Immanence

The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world.

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Informal fallacy

Informal fallacies are a type of incorrect argument in natural language. Just-world fallacy and Informal fallacy are informal fallacies.

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Invisible hand

The invisible hand is a metaphor inspired by the Scottish moral philosopher Adam Smith that describes the incentives which free markets sometimes create for self-interested people to act unintentionally in the public interest.

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Justice

Justice, in its broadest sense, is the concept that individuals are to be treated in a manner that is equitable and fair.

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Karma

Karma (from कर्म,; italic) is an ancient Indian concept that refers to an action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences.

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Life satisfaction

Life satisfaction is an evaluation of a person's quality of life.

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Locus of control

Locus of control is the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces (beyond their influence), have control over the outcome of events in their lives.

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Mean world syndrome

Mean world syndrome is a proposed cognitive bias wherein people may perceive the world to be more dangerous than it is.

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Melvin J. Lerner

Melvin J. Lerner, Professor of Social Psychology at the University of Waterloo between 1970 and 1994 and now a visiting scholar at Florida Atlantic University, has been called "a pioneer in the psychological study of justice.".

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Mental health

Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception, and behavior.

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Milgram experiment

Beginning on August 7, 1961, a series of social psychology experiments were conducted by Yale University psychologist Stanley Milgram, who intended to measure the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts conflicting with their personal conscience.

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Moral luck

Moral luck describes circumstances whereby a moral agent is assigned moral blame or praise for an action or its consequences, even if it is clear that said agent did not have full control over either the action or its consequences. Just-world fallacy and moral luck are moral psychology.

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Moral panic

A moral panic is a widespread feeling of fear that some evil person or thing threatens the values, interests, or well-being of a community or society. Just-world fallacy and moral panic are moral psychology.

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Moral responsibility

In philosophy, moral responsibility is the status of morally deserving praise, blame, reward, or punishment for an act or omission in accordance with one's moral obligations. Just-world fallacy and moral responsibility are moral psychology.

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Moralistic fallacy

The moralistic fallacy is the informal fallacy of assuming that an aspect of nature which has socially unpleasant consequences cannot exist.

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Morality

Morality is the categorization of intentions, decisions and actions into those that are proper (right) and those that are improper (wrong).

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Myth of meritocracy

Myth of meritocracy is a phrase arguing that meritocracy, or achieving upward social mobility through one's own merits regardless of one's social position, is not widely attainable in capitalist societies because of inherent contradictions.

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Nicomachean Ethics

The Nicomachean Ethics (Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια) is among Aristotle's best-known works on ethics: the science of the good for human life, that which is the goal or end at which all our actions aim.

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Oliver Burkeman

Oliver Burkeman (born 1975) is a British author and journalist, formerly writing the weekly column This Column Will Change Your Life for the newspaper The Guardian.

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Positive illusions

Positive illusions are unrealistically favorable attitudes that people have towards themselves or to people that are close to them.

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Primal world beliefs

In psychology, primal world beliefs (also known as primals) are basic beliefs which humans hold about the general character of the world.

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Problem of evil

The problem of evil is the philosophical question of how to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God.

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Protestant work ethic

The Protestant work ethic, also known as the Calvinist work ethic or the Puritan work ethic, is a work ethic concept in sociology, economics, and history.

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Psychological Assessment (journal)

Psychological Assessment is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association.

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Psychological stress

In psychology, stress is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure.

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Psychological trauma

Psychological trauma (also known as mental trauma, psychiatric trauma, emotional damage, or psychotrauma) is an emotional response caused by severe distressing events that are outside the normal range of human experiences. Just-world fallacy and Psychological trauma are abuse.

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Psychometrics

Psychometrics is a field of study within psychology concerned with the theory and technique of measurement.

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Psychopathy

Psychopathy, or psychopathic personality, is a personality construct characterized by impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited and egocentric traits, masked by superficial charm and the outward appearance of apparent normalcy.

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Pyrrhonism

Pyrrhonism is an Ancient Greek school of philosophical skepticism which rejects dogma and advocates the suspension of judgement over the truth of all beliefs.

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Race (human categorization)

Race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society.

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Rape

Rape is a type of sexual assault involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without their consent.

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Rationality

Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason.

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Rationalization (psychology)

Rationalization is a defense mechanism (ego defense) in which apparent logical reasons are given to justify behavior that is motivated by unconscious instinctual impulses. Just-world fallacy and Rationalization (psychology) are informal fallacies.

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Religiosity

The Oxford English Dictionary defines religiosity as: "Religiousness; religious feeling or belief.

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Revenge

Revenge is defined as committing a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance, be it real or perceived.

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In psychology, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is a set of attitudes, describing somebody who is highly submissive to their authority figures, acts aggressively in the name of said authorities, and is conformist in thought and behavior. Just-world fallacy and right-wing authoritarianism are moral psychology.

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Self-handicapping

Self-handicapping is a cognitive strategy by which people avoid effort in the hopes of keeping potential failure from hurting self-esteem.

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Self-other control

In psychology, self-other control, also known as self-other distinction, denotes the capacity to discern between one's own and other individuals' physical and mental states — actions, perceptions, and emotions.

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Self-serving bias

A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner.

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Sextus Empiricus

Sextus Empiricus (Σέξτος Ἐμπειρικός) was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher and Empiric school physician with Roman citizenship.

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Shattered assumptions theory

In social psychology, shattered assumptions theory proposes that experiencing traumatic events can change how victims and survivors view themselves and the world.

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Social Darwinism is the study and implementation of various pseudoscientific theories and societal practices that purport to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology, economics and politics.

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Social inequality occurs when resources within a society are distributed unevenly, often as a result of inequitable allocation practices that create distinct unequal patterns based on socially defined categories of people.

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Social norms are shared standards of acceptable behavior by groups.

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Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

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Solitude

Solitude, also known as social withdrawal, is a state of seclusion or isolation, meaning lack of socialisation.

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Stanley Milgram

Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiments on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale.

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Structural violence

Structural violence is a form of violence wherein some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs or rights.

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Survivorship bias

Survivorship bias or survival bias is the logical error of concentrating on entities that passed a selection process while overlooking those that did not. Just-world fallacy and Survivorship bias are informal fallacies.

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System justification

System justification theory is a theory within social psychology that system-justifying beliefs serve a psychologically palliative function. Just-world fallacy and system justification are error and moral psychology.

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Theodicy

In the philosophy of religion, a theodicy (meaning 'vindication of God', from Ancient Greek θεός theos, "god" and δίκη dikē, "justice") is an argument that attempts to resolve the problem of evil that arises when all power and all goodness are simultaneously ascribed to God.

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University of Kansas

The University of Kansas (KU) is a public and research university with its main campus in Lawrence, Kansas, United States.

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Victim blaming

Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a crime or any wrongful act is held entirely or partially at fault for the harm that befell them. Just-world fallacy and victim blaming are Causal fallacies and moral psychology.

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Victimisation

Victimisation (or victimization) is the state or process of being victimised or becoming a victim. Just-world fallacy and Victimisation are abuse.

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Vulnerability

Vulnerability refers to "the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally." The understanding of social and environmental vulnerability, as a methodological approach, involves the analysis of the risks and assets of disadvantaged groups, such as the elderly.

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War

War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organized groups.

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Zick Rubin

Isaac Michael "Zick" Rubin (born 1944) is an American social psychologist, lawyer, and author.

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See also

Causal fallacies

• Actor–observer asymmetry
• Animistic fallacy
• Appeal to consequences
• Argumentum ad baculum
• Availability heuristic
• Baskerville effect
• Circular reference
• Circular reporting
• Correlation does not imply causation
• Fallacy of the single cause
• Gambler's conceit
• Gambler's fallacy
• Gambler's ruin
• Inverse gambler's fallacy
• Just-so story
• Just-world fallacy
• Magical thinking
• Post hoc ergo propter hoc
• Questionable cause
• Regression fallacy
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
• Slippery slope
• Slut-shaming
• Spurious relationship
• Texas sharpshooter fallacy
• Ultimate attribution error
• Van Gogh fallacy
• Victim blaming
• Wisdom of repugnance

Conceptual models

• Attribute–value system
• Cloth modeling
• Correlation function (statistical mechanics)
• Deductive-nomological model
• Diagrams
• Distributed-element model
• EconMult
• EconSimp
• Functional response
• Growing block universe
• Hard spheres
• Hypothetico-deductive model
• Idios kosmos
• Interface logic model
• Just-world fallacy
• Lattice models
• Logic model
• Logical cube
• Logical hexagon
• Lumped-element model
• Mental model
• Metaphors
• Method of loci
• Model worker
• Models of computation
• One-electron universe
• Phonemic imagery
• Population model
• Porphyrian tree
• Records continuum model
• Schelling's model of segregation
• Second-order cybernetics
• Spaceship Earth
• Spacetime
• Square of opposition
• Standard solar model
• Statistical models
• Tree structure
• Truth table

Ignorance

• Agnotology
• Arbitrary inference
• Argument from ignorance
• Avidyā (Buddhism)
• Avidyā (Hinduism)
• Begging the question
• Bias
• Book desert
• Confabulation
• Confirmation bias
• Conservatism (belief revision)
• Deception
• Doubt
• Error
• False dilemma
• Fog of war
• Free parameter
• Health fraud
• I know that I know nothing
• Ignoramus et ignorabimus
• Ignorance
• Ignorance management
• Ignorantia juris non excusat
• Ignotum per ignotius
• Implicit attitude
• Innumeracy (book)
• Invincible ignorance fallacy
• Jahiliyyah
• Just-world fallacy
• Lambert v. California
• Misconceptions
• Pluralistic ignorance
• Quackery
• Sociology of scientific ignorance
• Stereotypes
• Tacit assumption
• The blind leading the blind
• There are unknown unknowns
• Truthiness
• Village idiot
• Willful ignorance
• Wisdom of repugnance

Injustice

• Abuse
• Adikia
• Bullying
• Defamation
• Discrimination
• Double standard
• Dreyfus affair
• Election subversion
• Epistemic injustice
• Ex injuria jus non oritur
• False evidence
• Feuds
• Human rights abuses
• Inequality
• Injury (law)
• Injustice
• Isfet (Egyptian mythology)
• Just-world fallacy
• Justice delayed is justice denied
• Lawlessness
• Measuring poverty
• Mobbing
• Moral exclusion
• Oppression
• Parallel construction
• Pharmakos
• Police misconduct
• Radbruch formula
• Relational aggression
• Scapegoating
• Second-class citizen
• Shooting the messenger
• Social dominance orientation
• Voter suppression
• Working poor
• Wrongful convictions

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-world_fallacy

Also known as Belief in a Just World, Everything happens for a reason, Good world hypothesis, Just World Hypothesis, Just World phenomenon, Just world, Just world belief, Just world beliefs, Just world bias, Just world effect, Just world fallacy, Just world theory, Just-World Hypothesis, Just-world effect, Just-world phenomenon, Just-world theory, Reap what you sow, You reap what you sow.

, Oliver Burkeman, Positive illusions, Primal world beliefs, Problem of evil, Protestant work ethic, Psychological Assessment (journal), Psychological stress, Psychological trauma, Psychometrics, Psychopathy, Pyrrhonism, Race (human categorization), Rape, Rationality, Rationalization (psychology), Religiosity, Revenge, Right-wing authoritarianism, Self-handicapping, Self-other control, Self-serving bias, Sextus Empiricus, Shattered assumptions theory, Social Darwinism, Social inequality, Social norm, Social psychology, Solitude, Stanley Milgram, Structural violence, Survivorship bias, System justification, Theodicy, University of Kansas, Victim blaming, Victimisation, Vulnerability, War, Zick Rubin.