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Kingdom of Aksum, the Glossary

The Kingdom of Aksum (ʾÄksum; 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣,; Axōmítēs) also known as the Kingdom of Axum, or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom in East Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages.^[1]

226 relations: Abraha, Abugida, Adulis, Agaw people, Agʿazi, Aksumite currency, Aksumite invasion of Himyar, Aksumite–Persian wars, Al-Hujariah, Al-Maafer District, Amphora, Ancient Semitic religion, Ancient South Arabian script, Angot, Arabian Peninsula, Arabian Sea, Arabic, Arabs, Armah, Asmara, Axum, Baen Books, Barley, Bazen of Axum, Beher (god), Beja kingdoms, Beja people, Belisarius series, Beta Israel, Byzantine Empire, Byzantium, Caesarea Maritima, Camelot, Carlo Conti Rossini, Cattle, Christendom, Christianity, Christianity in Ethiopia, Church of Alexandria, Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, Classical antiquity, Climate variability and change, Companions of the Prophet, Coptic language, Coptic Orthodox Church, Cosmas Indicopleustes, Council of Chalcedon, Cushitic languages, Dahlak Archipelago, David Drake, ... Expand index (176 more) »
Countries in ancient Africa
Former Christian states
States and territories disestablished in the 960s
States and territories established in the 1st century

Abraha

Abraha (Ge’ez: አብርሃ) (also spelled Abreha, died presumably in 570 CE), was the Ethiopian viceroy for the Kingdom of Aksum who ruled the Himyarite Kingdom of Yemen and much of the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Abraha

Abugida

An abugida (from Ge'ez: አቡጊዳ)sometimes also called alphasyllabary, neosyllabary, or pseudo-alphabetis a segmental writing system in which consonant–vowel sequences are written as units; each unit is based on a consonant letter, and vowel notation is secondary, similar to a diacritical mark.

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Adulis

Adulis (Sabaean: ሰበኣ 𐩱 𐩵 𐩡 𐩪, ኣዱሊስ, Ἄδουλις) was an ancient city along the Red Sea in the Gulf of Zula, about south of Massawa.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Adulis

Agaw people

The Agaw or Agew (Agäw, modern Agew) are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the northern highlands of Ethiopia and neighboring Eritrea.

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Agʿazi

Agʿazi is the name of a region of the Aksumite Empire in what consists today of Eastern Tigray and central-south Eritrea.

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Aksumite currency

Aksumite currency was coinage produced and used within the Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum) centered in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Aksumite currency

Aksumite invasion of Himyar

The Aksumite invasion of Himyar consisted of a series of two invasions from 518 to 525 fought between the Christian Kingdom of Aksum and the Jewish Himyarite Kingdom.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Aksumite invasion of Himyar

Aksumite–Persian wars

The Aksumite–Persian wars were a protracted series of armed engagements between the Sasanian Persian Empire and the Aksumite Empire for control over South Arabia (modern-day Yemen) in the 6th century CE.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Aksumite–Persian wars

Al-Hujariah

Al-Hujariah (الحجرية), also known as Mikhlaf al-Maʿafir (مخلاف المعافر) (al-Maʿafir region) and Mapharitis (Μαφαρῖτις), is a mountainous region in southwestern Yemen.

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Al-Maafer District

Al Maafer District (مديرية المعافر) is a district of the Taiz Governorate, Yemen.

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Amphora

An amphora (ἀμφορεύς|; English) is a type of container with a pointed bottom and characteristic shape and size which fit tightly (and therefore safely) against each other in storage rooms and packages, tied together with rope and delivered by land or sea.

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Ancient Semitic religion

Ancient Semitic religion encompasses the polytheistic religions of the Semitic peoples from the ancient Near East and Northeast Africa.

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Ancient South Arabian script

The Ancient South Arabian script (Old South Arabian: 𐩣𐩯𐩬𐩵; modern الْمُسْنَد) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic script in about the late 2nd millennium BCE.

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Angot

Angot (Amharic: አንጎት, translated as "Neck," possibly referring to the province geography) was a historical region in northern Ethiopia.

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Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

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Arabian Sea

The Arabian Sea (हिन्दी|Hindī: सिंधु सागर, baḥr al-ʿarab) is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia.

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Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

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Armah

Armah (late 6th/early 7th century AD) was a king of the Aksum.

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Asmara

Asmara, or Asmera, is the capital and most populous city of Eritrea, in the country's Central Region.

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Axum

Axum, also spelled Aksum (pronounced), is a town in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia with a population of 66,900 residents (as of 2015).

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Baen Books

Baen Books is an American publishing house for science fiction and fantasy.

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Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally.

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Bazen of Axum

Bazen was a king of Axum who reigned beginning in 8 B.C. according to various Ethiopian regnal lists in E.C. and around 1 B.C.-16 A.D in G.E..

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Beher (god)

Beher was the pre-Christian Ethiopian (Aksumite) god of the sea.

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Beja kingdoms

During the Middle Ages there were six Beja kingdoms that were established.

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Beja people

The Beja people (البجا, Oobja, በጃ) are a Cushitic ethnic group native to the Eastern Desert, inhabiting a coastal area from southeastern Egypt through eastern Sudan and into northwestern Eritrea.

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Belisarius series

The Belisarius Series is a fictional saga in the alternate history and military history subgenres of science fiction, written by American authors David Drake and Eric Flint.

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Beta Israel

The Beta Israel, or Ethiopian Jews, are an African community of the Jewish diaspora.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Kingdom of Aksum and Byzantine Empire are former Christian states and former empires in Africa.

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Byzantium

Byzantium or Byzantion (Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Thracian settlement and later a Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and which is known as Istanbul today.

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Caesarea Maritima

Caesarea (Kaisáreia; Qēsaryah; Qaysāriyyah), also Caesarea Maritima, Caesarea Palaestinae or Caesarea Stratonis, was an ancient and medieval port city on the coast of the Eastern Mediterranean, and later a small fishing village.

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Camelot

Camelot is a legendary castle and court associated with King Arthur.

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Carlo Conti Rossini

Carlo Conti Rossini (1872–1949) was an Italian orientalist.

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Cattle

Cattle (Bos taurus) are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates widely kept as livestock. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Mature female cattle are called cows and mature male cattle are bulls. Young female cattle are called heifers, young male cattle are oxen or bullocks, and castrated male cattle are known as steers.

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Christendom

Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Christianity in Ethiopia

Christianity in Ethiopia is the country's largest religion with members making up 68% of the population.

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Church of Alexandria

The Church of Alexandria in Egypt was the Christian Church headed by the patriarch of Alexandria.

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Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

The Church of Our Lady, Mary of Zion is an Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church which is claimed to contain the Ark of the Covenant.

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Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.

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Climate variability and change

Climate variability includes all the variations in the climate that last longer than individual weather events, whereas the term climate change only refers to those variations that persist for a longer period of time, typically decades or more.

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Companions of the Prophet

The Companions of the Prophet (lit) were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence.

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Coptic language

Coptic (Bohairic Coptic) is a group of closely related Egyptian dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third century AD in Roman Egypt.

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Coptic Orthodox Church

The Coptic Orthodox Church (lit), also known as the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church based in Egypt.

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Cosmas Indicopleustes

Cosmas Indicopleustes (lit; also known as Cosmas the Monk) was a merchant and later hermit from Alexandria in Egypt.

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Council of Chalcedon

The Council of Chalcedon (Concilium Chalcedonense) was the fourth ecumenical council of the Christian Church.

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Cushitic languages

The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

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Dahlak Archipelago

The Dahlak Archipelago is an Eritrean island group located in the Red Sea, measuring around 643 square km (248 square miles) and lying roughly 58 kilometers (31 nautical miles, 36 miles) east of Massawa, the regional capital city.

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David Drake

David A. Drake (September 24, 1945 – December 10, 2023) was an American author of science fiction and fantasy literature.

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Degna Djan

Degna Djan was an Emperor of the Kingdom of Aksum (9th or 10th centuries).

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Dʿmt

Dʿmt (Unvocalized Ge'ez: ደዐመተ, DʿMT theoretically vocalized as ዳዓማት, *Daʿamat or ዳዕማት, *Daʿəmat) was a Sabean colony located in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia which existed between the 10th and 5th centuries BC. Kingdom of Aksum and Dʿmt are countries in ancient Africa, former empires in Africa and former kingdoms.

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Dhu Nuwas

Dhū Nuwās, (ذُو نُوَاس), real name Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar (Musnad: 𐩺𐩥𐩪𐩰 𐩱𐩪𐩱𐩧 𐩺𐩻𐩱𐩧, Yws¹f ʾs¹ʾr Yṯʾr), Yosef Nu'as (יוסף נואס), or Yūsuf ibn Sharhabil (يُوْسُف ٱبْن شَرْحَبِيْل), also known as Masruq in Syriac, and Dounaas (Δουναας) in Medieval Greek, was a Jewish king of Himyar reigning between 522–530 AD who came to renown on account of his persecutions of peoples of other religions, notably Christians, living in his kingdom.

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Dil Na'od

Dil Na'od was the last King of Aksum before the Zagwe dynasty.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Dil Na'od

Djibouti

Djibouti, officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden to the east.

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DTWNS

DTWNS (vocalized by historians as Datawnas) was a king of Aksum (c. 272).

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Dungur

Dungur (or Dungur 'Addi Kilte) is the ruins of a substantial mansion in Aksum, Ethiopia, the former capital city of the Kingdom of Aksum.

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Dynasty

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.

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Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

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East Africa

East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the African continent, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape.

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Elizabeth E. Wein

Elizabeth E. Wein (born October 2, 1964) is an American-born writer best known for her young adult historical fiction.

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Emerald

Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium or sometimes vanadium.

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Endubis

Endubis or Endybis (Greek: Ενδυβις) was a late-3rd-century sovereign of the Kingdom of Aksum in East Africa (modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea).

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Eric Flint

Eric Flint (February 6, 1947 – July 17, 2022) was an American author, editor, and e-publisher.

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Eritrea

Eritrea (or; Ertra), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara.

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Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church

The Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (beta krstyan tawahdo ertra) is one of the Oriental Orthodox Churches with its headquarters in Asmara, Eritrea.

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Ethiopia

Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.

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Ethiopia in the Middle Ages

The history of Ethiopia in the Middle Ages roughly spans the period from the decline of the Kingdom of Aksum in the 7th century to the Gondarine period beginning in the 17th century.

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Ethiopian Greeks

Ethiopian Greeks, or Greeks in Ethiopia, are ethnic Greeks from Ethiopia.

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Ethiopian Highlands

The Ethiopian Highlands (also called the Abyssinian Highlands) is a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia in Northeast Africa.

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Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን, Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is the largest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches.

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Ethiopis

Ethiopis or Itiyopp'is is the name of a legendary king from Ethiopian tradition who was the inspiration behind the name of the country, Ethiopia.

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Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz

The Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz, took place in September 630 (9 AH, fourth month of the Islamic calendar).

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Ezana of Axum

Ezana (ዔዛና, ‘Ezana, unvocalized ዐዘነ ‘zn), (Ἠεζάνα, Aezana) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum (320s –). One of the best-documented rulers of Aksum, Ezana is important as he is the country's first king to embrace Christianity and make it the official religion.

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Ezana Stone

The Ezana Stone is an ancient stele still standing in modern-day Axum in Ethiopia, the centre of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum.

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ʽDBH

DBH (fl. 3rd century) was a king of Aksum, in the territory of modern-day North Ethiopia and Eritrea, who ruled c. 230–240.

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ʿAṯtar

ʿAṯtar is a deity whose role, name, and even gender varied across ancient Semitic religion.

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Famine

A famine is a widespread scarcity of food caused by several possible factors, including, but not limited to war, natural disasters, crop failure, widespread poverty, an economic catastrophe or government policies.

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Finger millet

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is an annual herbaceous plant widely grown as a cereal crop in the arid and semiarid areas in Africa and Asia.

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Frumentius

Frumentius (ፍሬምናጦስ; died c. 383) was a Phoenician Christian missionary and the first bishop of Axum who brought Christianity to the Kingdom of Aksum.

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Gash-Barka Region

Gash-Barka (ጋሽ-ባርካ, Italian: Regione di Gash-Barka) is an administrative region of Eritrea.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Gash-Barka Region

GDRT

GDRT (also GDR, vocalized by historians as Gadarat) was a King of the Kingdom of Aksum (c. 200), known for being the first king to involve Aksum in South Arabian affairs.

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Geʽez

Geez (or; ግዕዝ, and sometimes referred to in scholarly literature as Classical Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic language.

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Geʽez script

Geʽez (Gəʽəz) is a script used as an abugida (alphasyllabary) for several Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea.

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General History of Africa

The General History of Africa (GHA) is a two-phase project launched by UNESCO in 1964, producing a volume history of Africa first published in 1981 up to the present.

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Geography of Yemen

Yemen is located in West Asia, at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, between Oman and Saudi Arabia.

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Great power

A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.

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Greco-Roman world

The Greco-Roman civilization (also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans.

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Gudit

Gudit (ጉዲት) is the Classical Ethiopic name for a personage also known as Yodit in Tigrinya, and Amharic, but also Isato in Amharic, and Ga'wa in Ţilţal.

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Guizotia abyssinica

Guizotia abyssinica is an erect, stout, branched annual herb, grown for its edible oil and seed.

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Gulf of Zula

The Gulf of Zula, also known as Annesley Bay, Baia di Arafali or Zula Bahir Selat’ē, is a body of water on the Eritrean coastline on the Red Sea.

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Habesha peoples

Habesha peoples (ሐበሠተ; ሐበሻ; ሓበሻ; commonly used exonym: Abyssinians) is an ethnic or pan-ethnic identifier that has been historically employed to refer to Semitic-speaking and predominantly Oriental Orthodox Christian peoples found in the highlands of Ethiopia and Eritrea between Asmara and Addis Ababa (i.e.

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Hashid

The Hashid (حاشد; Musnad: 𐩢𐩦𐩵𐩣) is a tribal confederation in Yemen.

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Hawulti (monument)

Hawulti is a pre-Aksumite obelisk located in Matara, Eritrea.

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Himyarite Kingdom

The Himyarite Kingdom was a polity in the southern highlands of Yemen, as well as the name of the region which it claimed. Kingdom of Aksum and Himyarite Kingdom are former kingdoms.

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History of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa; the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back thousands of years.

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History of Islam

The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.

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Iconoclasm

Iconoclasm (from Greek: label + label)From lit.

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Indian Ocean trade

Indian Ocean trade has been a key factor in East–West exchanges throughout history.

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Indo-Roman trade relations

Indo-Roman trade relations (see also the spice trade and incense road) was trade between the Indian subcontinent and the Roman Empire in Europe and the Mediterranean Sea.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Ivory trade

The ivory trade is the commercial, often illegal trade in the ivory tusks of the hippopotamus, walrus, narwhal, black and white rhinos, mammoth, and most commonly, African and Asian elephants.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Journal of World-Systems Research

The Journal of World-Systems Research (JWSR) is a biannual, open access, peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of world-systems analysis, established in 1995 by founding editor Christopher Chase-Dunn at the Institute for World-System Research at the University of California at Riverside.

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Judaism

Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.

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Justin I

Justin I (Iustinus; Ioustînos; 450 – 1 August 527), also called Justin the Thracian (Justinus Thrax; Ioustînos ho Thrâix), was Eastern Roman emperor from 518 to 527.

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Justinian I

Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.

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Kaleb of Axum

Kaleb (Latin: Caleb), also known as Saint Elesbaan, was King of Aksum, which was situated in modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea.

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Kephalaia

Kephalaia (Greek and chapters, headings) is a genre of Manichaean literature represented mainly by two large papyrus codices containing Coptic translations from 5th-century Roman Egypt.

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Khamir, Yemen

Khamir (Khamir) is a small city in the 'Amran Governorate of Yemen.

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Khosrow I

Khosrow I (also spelled Khosrau, Khusro or Chosroes; 𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩; New Persian: خسرو), traditionally known by his epithet of Anushirvan (انوشيروان "the Immortal Soul"), was the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 531 to 579.

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Kingdom of Kush

The Kingdom of Kush (Egyptian: 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 kꜣš, Assyrian: Kûsi, in LXX Χους or Αἰθιοπία; ⲉϭⲱϣ Ecōš; כּוּשׁ Kūš), also known as the Kushite Empire, or simply Kush, was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, centered along the Nile Valley in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt. Kingdom of Aksum and kingdom of Kush are countries in ancient Africa, former empires in Africa and former kingdoms.

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Koine Greek

Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.

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Kubar

Kubar also known as Ku'bar or Kuber is the name of the last capital of the Kingdom of Aksum and the residence of the Ethiopian ruler mentioned in several medieval Arabic sources.

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Lake Tana

Lake Tana (T’ana ḥāyik’i; previously Tsana) is the largest lake in Ethiopia and a source of the Blue Nile.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Lake Tana

Lalibela

Lalibela (ላሊበላ) is a town in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia.

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Land degradation

Land degradation is a process in which the value of the or biophysical or biochemical environment is affected by a combination of natural or human-induced processes acting upon the land.

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Lasta

Lasta (Amharic: ላስታ lāstā) is a historic province in northern Ethiopia located in the Amhara Region.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Lasta

Late antiquity

Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

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Lioness of Gobedra

The Lioness of Gobedra is a rock sculpture located in Gobo Dura (Gobedra), Ethiopia.

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Liturgy

Liturgy is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group.

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Maher (god)

Maher or Maḥrem was a South Semitic god of the Aksumites and the Himyarites.

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Malwa

Malwa is a historical region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.

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Mani (prophet)

Mani (– 2 March AD 274 or 26 February AD 277) was an Iranian prophet and the founder of Manichaeism, a religion most prevalent in late antiquity.

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Mara Takla Haymanot

Mara Takla Haymanot (ማራ ታክላ ሃይማኖት) was King and the founder of the Zagwe dynasty.

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Mary, mother of Jesus

Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother of Jesus.

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Matara, Eritrea

Metera or መጠራ (𐩣𐩷𐩧) is a small town and important archeological site located in the Debub Region of Eritrea.

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Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

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Meroë

Meroë (also spelled Meroe; Meroitic: Medewi; translit and label; translit) was an ancient city on the east bank of the Nile about 6 km north-east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi, Sudan, approximately 200 km north-east of Khartoum.

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Miaphysitism

Miaphysitism is the Christological doctrine that holds Jesus, the "Incarnate Word, is fully divine and fully human, in one 'nature' (physis)." It is a position held by the Oriental Orthodox Churches and differs from the Chalcedonian position that Jesus is one "person" (ὑπόστασις) in two "natures" (φύσεις), a divine nature and a human nature (dyophysitism).

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Middle kingdoms of India

The middle kingdoms of India were the political entities in the Indian subcontinent from 230 BCE to 1206 CE.

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Mifsas Bahri

Mifsas Bahri is an archaeological site on the southern border of the Tigray region of Ethiopia.

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Migration to Abyssinia

The migration to Abyssinia (translit), also known as the First Hijra (label), was an episode in the early history of Islam, where the first followers of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (they were known as the Sahabah, or the companions) migrated from Arabia due to their persecution by the Quraysh, the ruling Arab tribal confederation of Mecca.

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Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.

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Monumentum Adulitanum

The Monumentum Adulitanum, so named by Leo Allatius, was an ancient inscription written in Greek, depicting the military campaigns of an anonymous king.

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Mordred

Mordred or Modred (or; Welsh: Medraut or Medrawt) is a figure in the legend of King Arthur.

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Moses Georgios of Makuria

Moses Georgios was ruler of the Nubian kingdom of Makuria.

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Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Najashi

Aṣ-ḥamah also spelt as Aṣ-ḥama (أَصْحَمَة), was the Negus (translit) ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum who reigned from 614–630 C.E..

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Najran

Najran (نجران), is a city in southwestern Saudi Arabia.

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Nara people

The Nara are an ethnic group inhabiting southwestern Eritrea.

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Negus

Negus (ንጉሥ,; cf. ነጋሲ) is the word for "king" in the Ethiopian Semitic languages and a title which was usually bestowed upon a regional ruler by the Negusa Nagast, or "king of kings," in pre-1974 Ethiopia.

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Nile

The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.

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Nilotic peoples

The Nilotic peoples are people indigenous to the Nile Valley who speak Nilotic languages.

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Noba

Noba is a term found in a number of historical sources discussing ancient and Medieval Nubia.

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Nubia

Nubia (Nobiin: Nobīn) is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between the first cataract of the Nile (south of Aswan in southern Egypt) and the confluence of the Blue and White Niles (in Khartoum in central Sudan), or more strictly, Al Dabbah.

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Nubian languages

The Nubian languages are a group of related languages spoken by the Nubians.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Nubian languages

Obelisk of Axum

The Obelisk of Axum (ḥawelti Akhsum) is a 4th-century CE, tall phonolite stele, weighing, in the city of Axum in Ethiopia.

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Oman

Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in West Asia.

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Oriental Orthodox Churches

The Oriental Orthodox Churches are Eastern Christian churches adhering to Miaphysite Christology, with approximately 50 million members worldwide.

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Ousanas

Ousanas (fl. 320) was a King of Axum.

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Palace

A palace is a large residence, often serving as a royal residence or the home for a head of state or another high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop.

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Pavilion

In architecture, pavilion has several meanings;.

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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς Θαλάσσης, Períplous tē̂s Erythrâs Thalássēs), also known by its Latin name as the, is a Greco-Roman periplus written in Koine Greek that describes navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice Troglodytica along the coast of the Red Sea and others along the Horn of Africa, the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, including the modern-day Sindh region of Pakistan and southwestern regions of India.

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Persecution of Christians

The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Persecution of Christians

Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Persian Gulf

Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Persian language

Plague of Justinian

The plague of Justinian or Justinianic plague (AD 541–549) was an epidemic that afflicted the entire Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Near East, severely affecting the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire, especially Constantinople.

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Pliny the Elder

Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.

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Podium

A podium (podiums or podia) is a platform used to raise something to a short distance above its surroundings.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Podium

Polytheism

Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one god.

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Pope Jacob of Alexandria

Pope Jacob of Alexandria, also known as James, was the 50th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark from 819 to 830.

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Pope Joseph I of Alexandria

Saint Joseph I of Alexandria (Abba Yousab), 52nd Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Pope Joseph I of Alexandria

Procopius

Procopius of Caesarea (Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς Prokópios ho Kaisareús; Procopius Caesariensis; –565) was a prominent late antique Greek scholar and historian from Caesarea Maritima.

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Propaganda

Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Propaganda

Provinces of Eritrea

The provinces of Eritrea existed since pre-Axumite times and became administrative provinces from Eritrea's incorporation as a colony of Italy until the conversion of the provinces into administrative regions.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Provinces of Eritrea

Ptolemaic Kingdom

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Kingdom of Aksum and Ptolemaic Kingdom are countries in ancient Africa and former kingdoms.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Ptolemaic Kingdom

Ptolemais Theron

Ptolemais Theron (Πτολεμαῒς Θηρῶν and Πτολεμαῒς ἡ τῶν θηρῶν) ('Ptolemais of the Hunts') was a marketplace on the African side of the Red Sea,Raoul McLaughlin, The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean, p.

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Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.

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Qohaito

Qohaito (Tigrinya: ቆሓይቶ) or Koloe was a major ancient city in what is now the Debub region of Eritrea.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Qohaito

Queen of Sheba

The Queen of Sheba, also called Bilqis (Yemeni and Islamic tradition) and Makeda (Ethiopian tradition), is a figure first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.

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Quraysh

The Quraysh (قُرَيْشٌ) was an Arab tribe that inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Kaaba.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Quraysh

Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Kingdom of Aksum and Rashidun Caliphate are countries in medieval Africa.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Rashidun Caliphate

Red Sea

The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Red Sea

Religious text

Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Religious text

Rock-cut architecture

Rock-cut architecture is the creation of structures, buildings, and sculptures by excavating solid rock where it naturally occurs.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Rock-cut architecture

Roman Egypt

Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Roman Egypt

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome. Kingdom of Aksum and Roman Empire are countries in ancient Africa and former empires in Africa.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Roman Empire

Sabaeans

The Sabaeans or Sabeans (𐩪𐩨𐩱|; as-Sabaʾiyyūn; Səḇāʾīm) were an ancient group of South Arabians. Kingdom of Aksum and Sabaeans are former kingdoms.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Sabaeans

Sabaic

Sabaic, sometimes referred to as Sabaean, was an Old South Arabian language that was spoken between c. 1000 BC and the 6th century AD by the Sabaeans.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Sabaic

Salt

In common usage, salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl).

See Kingdom of Aksum and Salt

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries. Kingdom of Aksum and Sasanian Empire are countries in ancient Africa.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Sasanian Empire

Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Saudi Arabia

Second migration to Abyssinia

Following the migration and return of the most Sahabas from the first migration to Abyssinia (Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and some did not return but left Abyssinia by sea for preaching overseas to east Asia), the Muslims continued to suffer Persecution by the Meccans.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Second migration to Abyssinia

Semitic languages

The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Semitic languages

Shewa

Shewa (ሸዋ; Shawaa; Somali: Shawa), formerly romanized as Shua, Shoa, Showa, Shuwa (Scioà in Italian), is a historical region of Ethiopia which was formerly an autonomous kingdom within the Ethiopian Empire.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Shewa

Siege of Sanaa (570)

The Siege of Sana'a is a battle fought in the 6th century by the Kingdom of Aksum and the Sasanian Empire.It took place when the Sasanian under general Vahrez besieged the Aksumite city of Sana'a in 570.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Siege of Sanaa (570)

Silk

Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles.

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Silko

Silko was ruler of the Nubian kingdom of Nobatia.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Silko

Simien Mountains

The Simien Mountains (Amharic: ስሜን ተራራ or Səmen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in the Amhara Region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Simien Mountains

Solomonic dynasty

The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Solomonic dynasty

Sorghum

Sorghum bicolor, commonly called sorghum and also known as great millet, broomcorn, guinea corn, durra, imphee, jowar, or milo, is a species in the grass genus Sorghum cultivated for its grain.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Sorghum

South Arabia

South Arabia is a historical region that consists of the southern region of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia, mainly centered in what is now the Republic of Yemen, yet it has also historically included Najran, Jizan, Al-Bahah, and 'Asir, which are presently in Saudi Arabia, and Dhofar of present-day Oman.

See Kingdom of Aksum and South Arabia

South India

South India, also known as Southern India or Peninsular India, is the southern part of the Deccan Peninsula in India encompassing the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area and 20% of India's population.

See Kingdom of Aksum and South India

South Wollo Zone

South Wollo (Amharic: ደቡብ ወሎ) is a zone in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia.

See Kingdom of Aksum and South Wollo Zone

Stele

A stele,From Greek στήλη, stēlē, plural στήλαι stēlai; the plural in English is sometimes stelai based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles.) or occasionally stela (stelas or stelæ) when derived from Latin, is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monument.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Stele

Steven Kaplan (Africanist)

Steven Kaplan (born October 5, 1953 in New York, United States) is a professor of African studies and comparative religion at Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Steven Kaplan (Africanist)

Sudan

Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Sudan

Sumyafa Ashwa

Sumyafa' Ashwa al-Yazani, also known as Esimiphaios (Latin: Esimiphaeus) in Syriac and Greek sources, was a vassal king of Himyar, ruling in the 6th century CE under the Aksumite Empire.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Sumyafa Ashwa

Taddesse Tamrat

Taddesse Tamrat (ታደሰ ታምራት; 4 August 1935 – 23 May 2013) was an Ethiopian historian and scholar of Ethiopian studies.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Taddesse Tamrat

Tchika Beret

Tchika-Beret or Chiqa Beret is the ruins of an ancient Christian settlement dating back to the Aksumite period lying just 10 km south east of Kombolcha, on the outskirts of Ancharo.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Tchika Beret

Teff

Teff, also known as Eragrostis tef, Williams lovegrass, or annual bunch grass, is an annual grass, a species of lovegrass native to the Horn of Africa, notably to both Eritrea and Ethiopia.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Teff

Temple of Kalabsha

The Temple of Kalabsha (also Temple of Mandulis) is an ancient Egyptian temple that was originally located at Bab al-Kalabsha (Gate of Kalabsha), approximately 50 km south of Aswan.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Temple of Kalabsha

Three Kingdoms

The Three Kingdoms of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu dominated China from 220 to 280 AD following the end of the Han dynasty. Kingdom of Aksum and Three Kingdoms are former kingdoms.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Three Kingdoms

Tigray Province

Tigray Province, also known as Tigre (tigrē), was a historical province of northern Ethiopia that overlayed the present day Afar and Tigray regions.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Tigray Province

Tigray Region

The Tigray Region (or simply Tigray; officially the Tigray National Regional State) is the northernmost regional state in Ethiopia.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Tigray Region

Tihamah

Tihamah or Tihama (تِهَامَةُ) is the Red Sea coastal plain of the Arabian Peninsula from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Bab el Mandeb.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Tihamah

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

See Kingdom of Aksum and UNESCO

Vowel

A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Vowel

Wag Province

Wag (Amharic: ዋግ) is a traditional Highland district in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia, in the approximate location of the modern Wag Hemra Zone.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Wag Province

Wahrez

Wahrez (born Boe or Bōē) was a Sasanian general of Daylamite origin, first mentioned in the prelude to the Iberian War and then during the Aksumite–Persian wars.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Wahrez

Wazeba of Axum

WZB (early 4th century), vocalized by historians as Wazeba, was a Negus of the Kingdom of Aksum, centered in the highlands of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Wazeba of Axum

Ya'qubi

ʾAbū al-ʿAbbās ʾAḥmad bin ʾAbī Yaʿqūb bin Ǧaʿfar bin Wahb bin Waḍīḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (died 897/8), commonly referred to simply by his nisba al-Yaʿqūbī, was an Arab Muslim geographer.

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Year of the Elephant

The ʿām al-fīl (عامالفيل, Year of the Elephant) is the name in Islamic history for the year approximately equating to 570–571 CE.

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Yekuno Amlak

Yekuno Amlak (Ge’ez: ይኩኖ አምላክ); throne name Tesfa Iyasus (ተስፋ ኢየሱስ; died 19 June 1285) was Emperor of Ethiopia, from 1270 to 1285, and the founder of the Solomonic dynasty, which lasted until 1974.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Yekuno Amlak

Yemen

Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Yemen

Yemrehana Krestos Church

Yemrehana Krestos Church (ይምርሃነ ክርስቶስ ቤተክርስቲያን) is an Ethiopian Orthodox church located in Amhara Region, northern Ethiopia.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Yemrehana Krestos Church

Zafar, Yemen

Ẓafār (ظفار), also called Dhafar or Dhofar, is an ancient Himyarite site situated in Yemen, some 130 km south-south-east of today's capital, Sana'a, and c. southeast of Yarim.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Zafar, Yemen

Zagwe dynasty

The Zagwe dynasty (ዛጔ መንግሥት) was a medieval Agaw monarchy that ruled the northern parts of Ethiopia and Eritrea.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Zagwe dynasty

Zoskales

Zoskales (Ζωσκάλης) was a King of the Kingdom of Aksum.

See Kingdom of Aksum and Zoskales

9th century

The 9th century was a period from 801 (represented by the Roman numerals DCCCI) through 900 (CM) in accordance with the Julian calendar.

See Kingdom of Aksum and 9th century

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum

Also known as Aksum Empire, Aksumite, Aksumite Empire, Aksumite Kingdom, Aksumites, Axum Empire, Axumite, Axumite Empire, Axumite Kingdom, Axumites, Axumitic, Axumitic Empire, Decline of the Aksumite Empire, Decline of the Axumite Empire, Decline of the Kingdom of Aksum, Decline of the Kingdom of Axum, Empire of Aksum, Empire of Axum, Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum, Kingdom of Axum, Mangista Aksum, Mangiśta Aksum, Sack of Aksum.

, Degna Djan, Dʿmt, Dhu Nuwas, Dil Na'od, Djibouti, DTWNS, Dungur, Dynasty, Early Middle Ages, Early Muslim conquests, East Africa, Elizabeth E. Wein, Emerald, Endubis, Eric Flint, Eritrea, Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Ethiopia, Ethiopia in the Middle Ages, Ethiopian Greeks, Ethiopian Highlands, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Ethiopis, Expedition of Alqammah bin Mujazziz, Ezana of Axum, Ezana Stone, ʽDBH, ʿAṯtar, Famine, Finger millet, Frumentius, Gash-Barka Region, GDRT, Geʽez, Geʽez script, General History of Africa, Geography of Yemen, Great power, Greco-Roman world, Greek language, Gudit, Guizotia abyssinica, Gulf of Zula, Habesha peoples, Hashid, Hawulti (monument), Himyarite Kingdom, History of Ethiopia, History of Islam, Iconoclasm, Indian Ocean trade, Indo-Roman trade relations, Islam, Ivory trade, Jews, Journal of World-Systems Research, Judaism, Justin I, Justinian I, Kaleb of Axum, Kephalaia, Khamir, Yemen, Khosrow I, Kingdom of Kush, Koine Greek, Kubar, Lake Tana, Lalibela, Land degradation, Lasta, Late antiquity, Latin, Levant, Lioness of Gobedra, Liturgy, Maher (god), Malwa, Mani (prophet), Mara Takla Haymanot, Mary, mother of Jesus, Matara, Eritrea, Mecca, Meroë, Miaphysitism, Middle kingdoms of India, Mifsas Bahri, Migration to Abyssinia, Monarchy, Monumentum Adulitanum, Mordred, Moses Georgios of Makuria, Muhammad, Muslims, Najashi, Najran, Nara people, Negus, Nile, Nilotic peoples, Noba, Nubia, Nubian languages, Obelisk of Axum, Oman, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Ousanas, Palace, Pavilion, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Persecution of Christians, Persian Gulf, Persian language, Plague of Justinian, Pliny the Elder, Podium, Polytheism, Pope Jacob of Alexandria, Pope Joseph I of Alexandria, Procopius, Propaganda, Provinces of Eritrea, Ptolemaic Kingdom, Ptolemais Theron, Ptolemy, Qohaito, Queen of Sheba, Quraysh, Rashidun Caliphate, Red Sea, Religious text, Rock-cut architecture, Roman Egypt, Roman Empire, Sabaeans, Sabaic, Salt, Sasanian Empire, Saudi Arabia, Second migration to Abyssinia, Semitic languages, Shewa, Siege of Sanaa (570), Silk, Silko, Simien Mountains, Solomonic dynasty, Sorghum, South Arabia, South India, South Wollo Zone, Stele, Steven Kaplan (Africanist), Sudan, Sumyafa Ashwa, Taddesse Tamrat, Tchika Beret, Teff, Temple of Kalabsha, Three Kingdoms, Tigray Province, Tigray Region, Tihamah, UNESCO, Vowel, Wag Province, Wahrez, Wazeba of Axum, Ya'qubi, Year of the Elephant, Yekuno Amlak, Yemen, Yemrehana Krestos Church, Zafar, Yemen, Zagwe dynasty, Zoskales, 9th century.

Kingdom of Aksum, the Glossary

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