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Knowledge representation and reasoning, the Glossary

Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR, KR&R, KR²) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can use to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language.^[1]

106 relations: A* search algorithm, Advice taker, Allen Newell, Alphabet of human thought, Artificial intelligence, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Automated reasoning, Automated theorem proving, Backward chaining, Belief revision, Boolean satisfiability problem, Brian Cantwell Smith, Chunking (psychology), Closed-world assumption, Cognitive revolution, Common Lisp Object System, Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence), Commonsense reasoning, Completeness (logic), Computer-aided diagnosis, Conceptual graph, Cordell Green, Cyc, CycL, DARPA, DATR, Declarative programming, Default logic, DIKW pyramid, Edward Feigenbaum, Existential quantification, Expert system, First-order logic, FO(.), Formal system, Forward chaining, Frame (artificial intelligence), Frame problem, Functional completeness, Fuzzy logic, General Problem Solver, Hector Levesque, Herbert A. Simon, Horn clause, Inference engine, Information, IntelliCorp (software), Is-a, John Alan Robinson, ... Expand index (56 more) »
Automated reasoning
Intelligence assessment
Scientific modelling

A* search algorithm

A* (pronounced "A-star") is a graph traversal and pathfinding algorithm, which is used in many fields of computer science due to its completeness, optimality, and optimal efficiency.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and A* search algorithm

Advice taker

The advice taker was a hypothetical computer program, proposed by John McCarthy in his 1959 paper "Programs with Common Sense".

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Advice taker

Allen Newell

Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992) was an American researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University's School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department of Psychology.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Allen Newell

Alphabet of human thought

The alphabet of human thought (alphabetum cogitationum humanarum) is a concept originally proposed by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz that provides a universal way to represent and analyze ideas and relationships by breaking down their component pieces.

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Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.

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Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (AIMA) is a university textbook on artificial intelligence, written by Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig.

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Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) is an international scientific society devoted to promote research in, and responsible use of, artificial intelligence.

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Automated reasoning

In computer science, in particular in knowledge representation and reasoning and metalogic, the area of automated reasoning is dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Automated reasoning

Automated theorem proving

Automated theorem proving (also known as ATP or automated deduction) is a subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theorems by computer programs. Knowledge representation and reasoning and automated theorem proving are automated reasoning.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Automated theorem proving

Backward chaining

Backward chaining (or backward reasoning) is an inference method described colloquially as working backward from the goal. Knowledge representation and reasoning and backward chaining are automated reasoning.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Backward chaining

Belief revision

Belief revision (also called belief change) is the process of changing beliefs to take into account a new piece of information. Knowledge representation and reasoning and belief revision are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Belief revision

Boolean satisfiability problem

In logic and computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem (sometimes called propositional satisfiability problem and abbreviated SATISFIABILITY, SAT or B-SAT) is the problem of determining if there exists an interpretation that satisfies a given Boolean formula.

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Brian Cantwell Smith

Brian Cantwell Smith is a philosopher and cognitive scientist working in the fields of cognitive science, computer science, information science, and philosophy, especially ontology.

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Chunking (psychology)

In cognitive psychology, chunking is a process by which small individual pieces of a set of information are bound together to create a meaningful whole later on in memory.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Chunking (psychology)

Closed-world assumption

The closed-world assumption (CWA), in a formal system of logic used for knowledge representation, is the presumption that a statement that is true is also known to be true. Knowledge representation and reasoning and closed-world assumption are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Closed-world assumption

Cognitive revolution

The cognitive revolution was an intellectual movement that began in the 1950s as an interdisciplinary study of the mind and its processes, from which emerged a new field known as cognitive science.

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Common Lisp Object System

The Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) is the facility for object-oriented programming in ANSI Common Lisp.

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Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)

In artificial intelligence research, commonsense knowledge consists of facts about the everyday world, such as "Lemons are sour", or "Cows say moo", that all humans are expected to know.

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Commonsense reasoning

In artificial intelligence (AI), commonsense reasoning is a human-like ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations humans encounter every day. Knowledge representation and reasoning and commonsense reasoning are automated reasoning.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Commonsense reasoning

Completeness (logic)

In mathematical logic and metalogic, a formal system is called complete with respect to a particular property if every formula having the property can be derived using that system, i.e. is one of its theorems; otherwise the system is said to be incomplete.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Completeness (logic)

Computer-aided diagnosis

Computer-aided detection (CADe), also called computer-aided diagnosis (CADx), are systems that assist doctors in the interpretation of medical images.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Computer-aided diagnosis

Conceptual graph

A conceptual graph (CG) is a formalism for knowledge representation. Knowledge representation and reasoning and conceptual graph are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Conceptual graph

Cordell Green

Cordell Green (born 1941) is an American computer scientist who is the director and chief scientist of the Kestrel Institute.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Cordell Green

Cyc

Cyc (pronounced) is a long-term artificial intelligence project that aims to assemble a comprehensive ontology and knowledge base that spans the basic concepts and rules about how the world works.

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CycL

CycL in computer science and artificial intelligence, is an ontology language used by Douglas Lenat's Cyc artificial intelligence project.

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DARPA

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military.

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DATR

DATR is a language for lexical knowledge representation.

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Declarative programming

In computer science, declarative programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow. Knowledge representation and reasoning and declarative programming are programming paradigms.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Declarative programming

Default logic

Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions. Knowledge representation and reasoning and default logic are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Default logic

DIKW pyramid

The DIKW pyramid, also known variously as the DIKW hierarchy, wisdom hierarchy, knowledge hierarchy, information hierarchy, information pyramid, and the data pyramid, refers to a class of models representing purported structural or functional relationships between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom.

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Edward Feigenbaum

Edward Albert Feigenbaum (born January 20, 1936) is a computer scientist working in the field of artificial intelligence, and joint winner of the 1994 ACM Turing Award.

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Existential quantification

In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some".

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Expert system

In artificial intelligence (AI), an expert system is a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Expert system

First-order logic

First-order logic—also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, quantificational logic—is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and First-order logic

FO(.)

In computer science, FO(.) (a.k.a. FO-dot) is a knowledge representation language based on first-order logic (FO).

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and FO(.)

Formal system

A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for inferring theorems from axioms by a set of inference rules.

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Forward chaining

Forward chaining (or forward reasoning) is one of the two main methods of reasoning when using an inference engine and can be described logically as repeated application of modus ponens.

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Frame (artificial intelligence)

Frames are an artificial intelligence data structure used to divide knowledge into substructures by representing "stereotyped situations". Knowledge representation and reasoning and Frame (artificial intelligence) are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Frame (artificial intelligence)

Frame problem

In artificial intelligence, with implications for cognitive science, the frame problem describes an issue with using first-order logic to express facts about a robot in the world. Knowledge representation and reasoning and frame problem are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Frame problem

Functional completeness

In logic, a functionally complete set of logical connectives or Boolean operators is one that can be used to express all possible truth tables by combining members of the set into a Boolean expression.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Functional completeness

Fuzzy logic

Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Fuzzy logic

General Problem Solver

General Problem Solver (GPS) is a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell (RAND Corporation) intended to work as a universal problem solver machine.

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Hector Levesque

Hector Joseph Levesque (born 1951) is a Canadian academic and researcher in artificial intelligence.

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Herbert A. Simon

Herbert Alexander Simon (June 15, 1916 – February 9, 2001) was an American political scientist whose work also influenced the fields of computer science, economics, and cognitive psychology.

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Horn clause

In mathematical logic and logic programming, a Horn clause is a logical formula of a particular rule-like form that gives it useful properties for use in logic programming, formal specification, universal algebra and model theory.

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Inference engine

In the field of artificial intelligence, an inference engine is a software component of an intelligent system that applies logical rules to the knowledge base to deduce new information.

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Information

Information is an abstract concept that refers to something which has the power to inform.

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IntelliCorp (software)

IntelliCorp (IC) sold its assets including LiveCompare, LiveModel and LiveInterface to Tricentis in May 2019.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and IntelliCorp (software)

Is-a

In knowledge representation and ontology components, including for object-oriented programming and design, is-a (also written as is_a or is a) is a subsumptive relationship between abstractions (e.g., types, classes), wherein one class A is a subclass of another class B (and so B is a superclass of A). Knowledge representation and reasoning and is-a are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Is-a

John Alan Robinson

John Alan Robinson (9 March 1930 – 5 August 2016) was a philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist.

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John F. Sowa

John Florian Sowa (born 1940) is an American computer scientist, an expert in artificial intelligence and computer design, and the inventor of conceptual graphs. Knowledge representation and reasoning and John F. Sowa are knowledge representation.

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John McCarthy (computer scientist)

John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist.

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Joseph Halpern

Joseph Yehuda Halpern (born May 29, 1953) is an Israeli-American professor of computer science at Cornell University.

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KL-ONE

KL-ONE (pronounced "kay ell won") is a knowledge representation system in the tradition of semantic networks and frames; that is, it is a frame language. Knowledge representation and reasoning and kL-ONE are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and KL-ONE

Knowledge base

In computer science, a knowledge base (KB) is a set of sentences, each sentence given in a knowledge representation language, with interfaces to tell new sentences and to ask questions about what is known, where either of these interfaces might use inference.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Knowledge base

Knowledge Engineering Environment

Knowledge Engineering Environment (KEE) is a frame-based development tool for expert systems. Knowledge representation and reasoning and Knowledge Engineering Environment are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Knowledge Engineering Environment

Knowledge graph

In knowledge representation and reasoning, a knowledge graph is a knowledge base that uses a graph-structured data model or topology to represent and operate on data.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Knowledge graph

Knowledge management

Knowledge management (KM) is the collection of methods relating to creating, sharing, using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Knowledge management

Knowledge-based systems

A knowledge-based system (KBS) is a computer program that reasons and uses a knowledge base to solve complex problems.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Knowledge-based systems

Lambda calculus

Lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus) is a formal system in mathematical logic for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution.

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Logic

Logic is the study of correct reasoning.

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Logic programming

Logic programming is a programming, database and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. Knowledge representation and reasoning and logic programming are programming paradigms.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Logic programming

Logico-linguistic modeling

Logico-linguistic modeling is a method for building knowledge-based systems with a learning capability using conceptual models from soft systems methodology, modal predicate logic, and logic programming languages such as Prolog. Knowledge representation and reasoning and logico-linguistic modeling are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Logico-linguistic modeling

Lumped-element model

The lumped-element model (also called lumped-parameter model, or lumped-component model) is a simplified representation of a physical system or circuit that assumes all components are concentrated at a single point and their behavior can be described by idealized mathematical models.

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Marvin Minsky

Marvin Lee Minsky (August 9, 1927 – January 24, 2016) was an American cognitive and computer scientist concerned largely with research of artificial intelligence (AI).

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Marvin Minsky

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Mathematical logic

Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics.

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Mind map

A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information into a hierarchy, showing relationships among pieces of the whole. Knowledge representation and reasoning and mind map are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Mind map

Moshe Vardi

Moshe Ya'akov Vardi (משה יעקב ורדי) is an Israeli mathematician and computer scientist.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Moshe Vardi

Mycin

MYCIN was an early backward chaining expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin".

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Natural language understanding

Natural language understanding (NLU) or natural language interpretation (NLI) is a subset of natural language processing in artificial intelligence that deals with machine reading comprehension.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Natural language understanding

Natural-language user interface

Natural-language user interface (LUI or NLUI) is a type of computer human interface where linguistic phenomena such as verbs, phrases and clauses act as UI controls for creating, selecting and modifying data in software applications.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Natural-language user interface

Negation as failure

Negation as failure (NAF, for short) is a non-monotonic inference rule in logic programming, used to derive \mathrm~p (i.e. that p is assumed not to hold) from failure to derive p. Note that \mathrm ~p can be different from the statement \neg p of the logical negation of p, depending on the completeness of the inference algorithm and thus also on the formal logic system.

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Non-monotonic logic

A non-monotonic logic is a formal logic whose conclusion relation is not monotonic.

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Ontology (information science)

In information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or all domains of discourse. Knowledge representation and reasoning and ontology (information science) are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Ontology (information science)

Ontology language

In computer science and artificial intelligence, ontology languages are formal languages used to construct ontologies.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Ontology language

Pat Hayes

Patrick John Hayes FAAAI (born 21 August 1944) is a British computer scientist who lives and works in the United States.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Pat Hayes

Procedural programming

Procedural programming is a programming paradigm, classified as imperative programming, that involves implementing the behavior of a computer program as procedures (a.k.a. functions, subroutines) that call each other. Knowledge representation and reasoning and Procedural programming are programming paradigms.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Procedural programming

Production system (computer science)

A "production system" (or "production rule system") is a computer program typically used to provide some form of artificial intelligence, which consists primarily of a set of rules about behavior, but it also includes the mechanism necessary to follow those rules as the system responds to states of the world.

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Prolog

Prolog is a logic programming language that has its origins in artificial intelligence, automated theorem proving and computational linguistics.

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Reason maintenance

Reason maintenanceDoyle, J., 1983. Knowledge representation and reasoning and Reason maintenance are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Reason maintenance

Reflective programming

In computer science, reflective programming or reflection is the ability of a process to examine, introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Reflective programming

Resolution (logic)

In mathematical logic and automated theorem proving, resolution is a rule of inference leading to a refutation-complete theorem-proving technique for sentences in propositional logic and first-order logic.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Resolution (logic)

Resource Description Framework

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard originally designed as a data model for metadata. Knowledge representation and reasoning and Resource Description Framework are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Resource Description Framework

Rick Hayes-Roth

Frederick Hayes-Roth (born 1947, né Frederick Roth) is an American computer scientist and educator.

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Ronald Fagin

Ronald Fagin (born 1945) is an American mathematician and computer scientist, and IBM Fellow at the IBM Almaden Research Center.

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Ronald J. Brachman

Ronald Jay "Ron" Brachman (born 1949) is the director of the Jacobs Technion-Cornell Institute at Cornell Tech. Knowledge representation and reasoning and Ronald J. Brachman are knowledge representation.

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Rule-based system

In computer science, a rule-based system is a computer system in which domain-specific knowledge is represented in the form of rules and general-purpose reasoning is used to solve problems in the domain.

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Scientific American

Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.

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Semantic network

A semantic network, or frame network is a knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a network. Knowledge representation and reasoning and semantic network are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Semantic network

Semantic technology

The ultimate goal of semantic technology is to help machines understand data.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Semantic technology

Semantic Web

The Semantic Web, sometimes known as Web 3.0 (not to be confused with Web3), is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Knowledge representation and reasoning and Semantic Web are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Semantic Web

Situation calculus

The situation calculus is a logic formalism designed for representing and reasoning about dynamical domains.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Situation calculus

SLD resolution

SLD resolution (Selective Linear Definite clause resolution) is the basic inference rule used in logic programming.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and SLD resolution

Smalltalk

Smalltalk is a purely object oriented programming language (OOP) that was originally created in the 1970s for educational use, specifically for constructionist learning, but later found use in business.

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Symbolics

Symbolics, Inc., was a privately held American computer manufacturer that acquired the assets of the former company and continues to sell and maintain the Open Genera Lisp system and the Macsyma computer algebra system.

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Texas Instruments

Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI) is an American multinational semiconductor company headquartered in Dallas, Texas.

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Tom Gruber

Thomas Robert Gruber (born 1959) is an American computer scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur with a focus on systems for knowledge sharing and collective intelligence.

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Unique name assumption

The unique name assumption is a simplifying assumption made in some ontology languages and description logics. Knowledge representation and reasoning and unique name assumption are knowledge representation.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Unique name assumption

In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities.

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Universal quantification

In mathematical logic, a universal quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "given any", "for all", or "for any".

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Universal quantification

Valuation-based system

Valuation-based system (VBS) is a framework for knowledge representation and inference.

See Knowledge representation and reasoning and Valuation-based system

Web Ontology Language

The Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies.

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World Wide Web Consortium

The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web.

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Xerox

Xerox Holdings Corporation is an American corporation that sells print and digital document products and services in more than 160 countries.

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Yoram Moses

Yoram Moses (יוֹרָם מוֹזֶס) is a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning

Also known as History of knowledge representation and reasoning, KR&R, KR², Knowledge Representation, Knowledge model, Knowledge models, Knowledge reasoning, Knowledge representation & reasoning, Knowledge representation formalisms and methods, Knowledge representation system.

, John F. Sowa, John McCarthy (computer scientist), Joseph Halpern, KL-ONE, Knowledge base, Knowledge Engineering Environment, Knowledge graph, Knowledge management, Knowledge-based systems, Lambda calculus, Logic, Logic programming, Logico-linguistic modeling, Lumped-element model, Marvin Minsky, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Mathematical logic, Mind map, Moshe Vardi, Mycin, Natural language understanding, Natural-language user interface, Negation as failure, Non-monotonic logic, Ontology (information science), Ontology language, Pat Hayes, Procedural programming, Production system (computer science), Prolog, Reason maintenance, Reflective programming, Resolution (logic), Resource Description Framework, Rick Hayes-Roth, Ronald Fagin, Ronald J. Brachman, Rule-based system, Scientific American, Semantic network, Semantic technology, Semantic Web, Situation calculus, SLD resolution, Smalltalk, Symbolics, Texas Instruments, Tom Gruber, Unique name assumption, Universal (metaphysics), Universal quantification, Valuation-based system, Web Ontology Language, World Wide Web Consortium, Xerox, Yoram Moses.

Knowledge representation and reasoning, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Automated reasoning

Intelligence assessment

Scientific modelling

References