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Kushan Empire, the Glossary

The Kushan Empire (– AD) was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century.^[1]

298 relations: Abrams Books, Afghanistan, Ahin Posh, Ahura Mazda, Ai-Khanoum, Alain Daniélou, Alchon Huns, Allahabad Pillar, Amitābha, Ammianus Marcellinus, Anahita, Anemoi, Aniconism, Antoninus Pius, Appian, Aral Sea, Archaeometallurgy, Ardoksho, Arshtat, Art of Mathura, Artificial cranial deformation, Asha, Ashi, Ashoka, Atar, Aurelius Victor, Aureus, Avestan, Ayaz-Kala, Bactria, Bactrian language, Badakhshan, Bagram, Bahram II, Bala Bodhisattva, Balochistan, Pakistan, Ban Chao, Ban Gu, Ban Yong, Bathinda, Bengal, Bharhut, Birmingham Museum of Art, Black pepper, Bodh Gaya, Bodhisattva, Book of Han, Book of the Later Han, Brahmi script, British Museum Quarterly, ... Expand index (248 more) »
1st-century establishments in India
375 disestablishments
4th-century disestablishments in India
Ancient empires and kingdoms of India
Ancient history of Afghanistan
Ancient history of Pakistan
Buddhism in Afghanistan
History of Buddhism in India
History of Buddhism in Pakistan
History of Tajikistan
Nomadic empires
Yuezhi

Abrams Books

Abrams, formerly Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (HNA), is an American publisher of art and illustrated books, children's books, and stationery.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Ahan Posh or Ahan Posh Tape (Persian: آهن پوش (âhan puš) "iron-covered (place)") is an ancient Buddhist stupa and monastery complex in the vicinity of Jalalabad, Afghanistan, dated to circa 150-160 CE, at the time of the Kushan Empire. Kushan Empire and Ahin Posh are Buddhism in Afghanistan.

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Ahura Mazda

Ahura Mazda (𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁|translit.

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Ai-Khanoum

Ai-Khanoum (meaning Lady Moon; Oyxonim) is the archaeological site of a Hellenistic city in Takhar Province, Afghanistan.

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Alain Daniélou

Alain Daniélou (4 October 1907 – 27 January 1994) was a French historian, Indologist, intellectual, musicologist, translator, writer, and notable Western convert to and expert on the Shaivite branch of Hinduism.

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Alchon Huns

The Alchon Huns, (Bactrian: αλχον(ν)ο Alkhon(n)o or αλχαν(ν)ο Alkhan(n)o) also known as the Alkhan, Alchono, Alxon, Alkhon, Alakhana, and Walxon, were a nomadic people who established states in Central Asia and South Asia during the 4th and 6th centuries CE. Kushan Empire and Alchon Huns are dynasties of India and nomadic groups in Eurasia.

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Allahabad Pillar

The Allahabad pillar is a stambha, containing one of the pillar edicts of Ashoka, erected by Ashoka, emperor of the Maurya dynasty, who reigned in the 3rd century BCE.

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Amitābha

Amitābha (अमिताभ; 'Infinite Light') is the principal Buddha of Pure Land Buddhism.

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Ammianus Marcellinus

Ammianus Marcellinus, occasionally anglicised as Ammian (Greek: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born, died 400), was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius).

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Anahita

Anahita or Annahita is the Old Persian form of the name of an Iranian goddess and appears in complete and earlier form as Aradvi Sura Anahita (Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā), the Avestan name of an Indo-Iranian cosmological figure venerated as the divinity of "the Waters" (Aban) and hence associated with fertility, healing and wisdom.

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Anemoi

In ancient Greek religion and myth, the Anemoi (Greek: Ἄνεμοι, "Winds") were wind gods who were each ascribed a cardinal direction from which their respective winds came (see Classical compass winds), and were each associated with various seasons and weather conditions.

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Aniconism

Aniconism is the cultural absence of artistic representations (icons) of the natural and supernatural worlds, or it is the absence of representations of certain figures in religions.

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Antoninus Pius

Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius (19 September AD 86 – 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from AD 138 to 161.

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Appian

Appian of Alexandria (Appianòs Alexandreús; Appianus Alexandrinus) was a Greek historian with Roman citizenship who prospered during the reigns of the Roman Emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius.

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Aral Sea

The Aral Sea was an endorheic lake (that is, without an outlet) lying between Kazakhstan to its north and Uzbekistan to its south, which began shrinking in the 1960s and largely dried up by the 2010s.

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Archaeometallurgy is the study of the past use and production of metals by humans.

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Ardoksho

Ardoksho (Bactrian script Αρδοχϸο), also Romanised as Ardochsho, Ardokhsho and Ardoxsho, the Iranic goddess of wealth was a female deity of the Kushan Empire, in Central and South Asia during the early part of the 1st millennium CE.

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Arshtat

Arshtat (𐬀𐬭𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬝) is the Avestan language name of a Zoroastrian principle and signifies either "justice".

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Art of Mathura

The Art of Mathura refers to a particular school of Indian art, almost entirely surviving in the form of sculpture, starting in the 2nd century BCE, which centered on the city of Mathura, in central northern India, during a period in which Buddhism, Jainism together with Hinduism flourished in India.

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Artificial cranial deformation

Artificial cranial deformation or modification, head flattening, or head binding is a form of body alteration in which the skull of a human being is deformed intentionally.

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Asha

Asha or arta (𐬀𐬴𐬀) is a Zoroastrian concept with a complex and highly nuanced range of meaning.

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Ashi

Ashi (Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬌 aṣ̌i/arti) is the Avestan language word for the Zoroastrian concept of "that which is attained." As the hypostasis of "reward," "recompense," or "capricious luck," Ashi is also a divinity in the Zoroastrian hierarchy of ''yazata''s.

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Ashoka

Ashoka, also known as Asoka or Aśoka (– 232 BCE), and popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was Emperor of Magadha in the Indian subcontinent from until 232 BCE, and the third ruler from the Mauryan dynasty. Kushan Empire and Ashoka are ancient history of Afghanistan, ancient history of Pakistan and history of Buddhism in India.

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Atar

Atar, Atash, Azar (translit) or Dāštāɣni,, s.v. agni-. is the Zoroastrian concept of holy fire, sometimes described in abstract terms as "burning and unburning fire" or "visible and invisible fire" (Mirza, 1987:389).

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Aurelius Victor

Sextus Aurelius Victor (c. 320 – c. 390) was a historian and politician of the Roman Empire.

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Aureus

The aureus (aurei, 'golden', used as a noun) was a gold coin of ancient Rome originally valued at 25 pure silver denarii (sin. denarius).

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Avestan

Avestan is an umbrella term for two Old Iranian languages, Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd to 1st millennium BC) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BC).

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Ayaz-Kala

Ayaz-Kala is an archaeological site in Ellikqala District, Karakalpakstan, in northern Uzbekistan, built between the 4th century BCE and the 7th century CE.

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Bactria

Bactria (Bactrian: βαχλο, Bakhlo), or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern Amu Darya) and north of the mountains of the Hindu Kush, an area within the north of modern Afghanistan. Kushan Empire and Bactria are Buddhism in Afghanistan.

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Bactrian language

Bactrian (ariao, cat.

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Badakhshan

Badakhshan is a historical region comprising parts of modern-day north-eastern Afghanistan, eastern Tajikistan, and Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County in China.

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Bagram

Bagram (Pashto/بگرام) is a town and seat in Bagram District in Parwan Province of Afghanistan, about 60 kilometers north of the capital Kabul.

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Bahram II

Bahram II (also spelled Wahram II or Warahran II; 𐭥𐭫𐭧𐭫𐭠𐭭) was the fifth Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran, from 274 to 293.

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Bala Bodhisattva

The Bala Bodhisattva is an ancient Indian statue of a Bodhisattva, found in 1904–1905 by German archaeologist F.O. Oertel (1862–1942) in Sarnath, India.

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Balochistan, Pakistan

Balochistan (بلۏچستان; بلوچستان) is a province of Pakistan.

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Ban Chao

Ban Chao (32–102 CE), courtesy name Zhongsheng, was a Chinese diplomat, explorer, and military general of the Eastern Han dynasty.

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Ban Gu

Ban Gu (AD32–92) was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician best known for his part in compiling the Book of Han, the second of China's 24 dynastic histories.

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Ban Yong

Ban Yong (died CE), courtesy name Yiliao (宜僚), was the youngest son of the famous Chinese General, Ban Chao, and the nephew of the illustrious historian, Ban Gu, who compiled the Book of Han, the dynastic history of the Former Han dynasty.

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Bathinda

Bathinda is a city and municipal corporation in Punjab, India.

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Bengal

Geographical distribution of the Bengali language Bengal (Bôṅgo) or endonym Bangla (Bāṅlā) is a historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal.

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Bharhut

Bharhut is a village located in the Satna district of Madhya Pradesh, central India.

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Birmingham Museum of Art

The Birmingham Museum of Art is a museum in Birmingham, Alabama.

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Black pepper

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit (the peppercorn), which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning.

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Bodh Gaya

Bodh Gayā is a religious site and place of pilgrimage associated with the Mahabodhi Temple complex, situated in the Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. Kushan Empire and Bodh Gaya are history of Buddhism in India.

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Bodhisattva

In Buddhism, a bodhisattva (English:; translit) or bodhisatva is a person who is on the path towards bodhi ('awakening') or Buddhahood.

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Book of Han

The Book of Han is a history of China finished in 111 CE, covering the Western, or Former Han dynasty from the first emperor in 206 BCE to the fall of Wang Mang in 23 CE.

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Book of the Later Han

The Book of the Later Han, also known as the History of the Later Han and by its Chinese name Hou Hanshu, is one of the Twenty-Four Histories and covers the history of the Han dynasty from 6 to 189 CE, a period known as the Later or Eastern Han.

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Brahmi script

Brahmi (ISO: Brāhmī) is a writing system of ancient India.

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British Museum Quarterly

The British Museum Quarterly was a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the British Museum.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit

Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (BHS) is a modern linguistic category applied to the language used in a class of Indian Buddhist texts, such as the Perfection of Wisdom sutras.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Carnelian

Carnelian (also spelled cornelian) is a brownish-red mineral commonly used as a semiprecious stone.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

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Chaitya

A chaitya, chaitya hall, chaitya-griha, (Sanskrit:Caitya; Pāli: Cetiya) refers to a shrine, sanctuary, temple or prayer hall in Indian religions.

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Champa, Chhattisgarh

Champa was Zamindari Estate before Indian Independence.

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Charsadda

Chārsadda (چارسده;; چارسدہ) is a town and headquarters of Charsadda District, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

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Cotton

Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae.

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Dalverzin Tepe

Dalverzin Tepe is an ancient archaeological site founded by the Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom and located near to the modern city of Denau in the Surxondaryo Region of Uzbekistan.

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Dayuan

Dayuan (or Tayuan;; Middle Chinese dâiC-jwɐn Schuessler, Axel. (2009) Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese.. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 233, 268) is the Chinese exonym for a country that existed in Ferghana valley in Central Asia, described in the Chinese historical works of Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han.

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Denarius

The denarius (dēnāriī) was the standard Roman silver coin from its introduction in the Second Punic War to the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–244), when it was gradually replaced by the antoninianus.

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Dinar

The dinar is the name of the principal currency unit in several countries near the Mediterranean Sea, with a more widespread historical use.

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Drvaspa

Drvaspa (druuāspā, drvāspā, drwāspā) is the Avestan language name of an "enigmatic" and "strangely discreet".

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Eastern Iran

Eastern Iran includes the provinces North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan, South Khorasan and Sistan and Baluchestan some of which share a border with Afghanistan and Pakistan.

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Emperor An of Han

Emperor An of Han (9430 April 125) was an Emperor of the Han dynasty and the sixth emperor of the Eastern Han, ruling from 106 to 125.

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Emperor He of Han

Emperor He of Han (79 – 13 February 106) was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty who ruled from 88 to 106.

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Emperor Huan of Han

Emperor Huan of Han (132 – 25 January 168) was the 27th emperor of the Han dynasty after he was enthroned by the Empress Dowager and her brother Liang Ji on 1 August 146.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Fan Ye (historian)

Fan Ye (398 – 23 January 446), courtesy name Weizong, was a Chinese historian, philosopher, and politician of the Liu Song dynasty during the Southern and Northern dynasties period.

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Fayard

Fayard (complete name: Librairie Arthème Fayard) is a French Paris-based publishing house established in 1857.

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Gandhara

Gandhara was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan. Kushan Empire and Gandhara are ancient empires and kingdoms of India, ancient history of Afghanistan and ancient history of Pakistan.

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Gandhari language

Gāndhārī was an Indo-Aryan Prakrit language found mainly in texts dated between the 3rd century BCE and 4th century CE in the region of Gandhāra, located in the northwestern Indian subcontinent. Kushan Empire and Gandhari language are Buddhism in Afghanistan.

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Ganesha

Ganesha (गणेश), also spelled Ganesh, and also known as Ganapati, Vinayaka, Lambodara and Pillaiyar, is one of the best-known and most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon and is the Supreme God in the Ganapatya sect.

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Gansu

Gansu is an inland province in Northwestern China.

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Gansu Provincial Museum

The Gansu Provincial Museum is a museum in Lanzhou, China.

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Ginger

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine.

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Gold

Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.

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Government Museum, Mathura

Government Museum, Mathura, commonly referred to as Mathura museum, is an archaeological museum in Mathura city of Uttar Pradesh state in India.

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Greater India

Greater India, also known as the Indian cultural sphere, or the Indic world, is an area composed of several countries and regions in South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia that were historically influenced by Indian culture, which itself formed from the various distinct indigenous cultures of South Asia.

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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (lit) was a Greek state of the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia. Kushan Empire and Greco-Bactrian Kingdom are ancient history of Afghanistan and Lists of monarchs.

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Greco-Buddhism

Greco-Buddhism or Graeco-Buddhism denotes a supposed cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism developed between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD in Gandhara, in present-day Pakistan and parts of north-east Afghanistan. Kushan Empire and Greco-Buddhism are ancient history of Afghanistan and Buddhism in Afghanistan.

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Greco-Buddhist art

The Greco-Buddhist art or Gandhara art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between Ancient Greek art and Buddhism.

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Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Gupta Empire

The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire on the Indian subcontinent which existed from the mid 3rd century CE to mid 6th century CE. Kushan Empire and Gupta Empire are ancient empires and kingdoms of India, dynasties of India and former empires in Asia.

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Hadrian

Hadrian (Publius Aelius Hadrianus; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138.

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Han Chinese

The Han Chinese or the Han people, or colloquially known as the Chinese are an East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China.

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Han dynasty

The Han dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu.

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Hariti

Hārītī (Sanskrit), also known as, translit, is both a revered goddess and demon, depending on the Buddhist tradition.

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Harsha

Harshavardhana (IAST Harṣa-vardhana; 4 June 590–647 CE) was the emperor of Kannauj and ruled northern India from 606 to 647 CE.

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Hashtnagar

Hashtnagar (هشت نګر., more commonly known as اشنغر in Pashto) is one of the two constituent parts of the Charsadda District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

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Helios

In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Helios (Ἥλιος ||Sun; Homeric Greek: Ἠέλιος) is the god who personifies the Sun.

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Hellenistic art

Hellenistic art is the art of the Hellenistic period generally taken to begin with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and end with the conquest of the Greek world by the Romans, a process well underway by 146 BC, when the Greek mainland was taken, and essentially ending in 30 BC with the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt following the Battle of Actium.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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Hellenization

Hellenization (also spelled Hellenisation) or Hellenism is the adoption of Greek culture, religion, language, and identity by non-Greeks.

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Hephaestus

Hephaestus (eight spellings; Hḗphaistos) is the Greek god of artisans, blacksmiths, carpenters, craftsmen, fire, metallurgy, metalworking, sculpture and volcanoes.

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Hephthalites

The Hephthalites (translit), sometimes called the White Huns (also known as the White Hunas, in Iranian as the Spet Xyon and in Sanskrit as the Sveta-huna), were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, part of the larger group of the Iranian Huns. Kushan Empire and Hephthalites are nomadic groups in Eurasia.

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Heracles

Heracles (glory/fame of Hera), born Alcaeus (Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios) or Alcides (Ἀλκείδης, Alkeidēs), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.

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Heraios

Heraios (Bactrian: ΗλουĒlou, sometimes Heraus, Heraos, Miaos) was apparently a king or clan chief of the Kushans (reign: c. 1 –30 CE), one of the five constituent tribes of the Yuezhi, in Bactria, in the early 1st century CE.

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Hindu Kush

The Hindu Kush is an mountain range on the Iranian Plateau in Central and South Asia to the west of the Himalayas.

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Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

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Historia Augusta

The Historia Augusta (English: Augustan History) is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284.

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History of Afghanistan

The history of Afghanistan, preceding the establishment of the Emirate of Afghanistan in 1823 is shared with that of neighbouring Iran, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent.

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History of India

Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.

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History of Pakistan

The history of Pakistan preceding the country's creation in 1947. Although, Pakistan was created in 1947 as a whole new country by the British through partition of India, but the history of the land extends much further back and is intertwined with that of Afghanistan, India, and Iran.

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Hormizd I Kushanshah

Hormizd I Kushanshah was Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 275 to 300.

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Human migration

Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another, with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region).

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Huvishka

Huvishka (Kushan: Οοηϸκι, Ooēški, Brahmi: 𑀳𑀼𑀯𑀺𑀱𑁆𑀓;,; Kharosthi: 𐨱𐨂𐨬𐨅𐨮𐨿𐨐) was the emperor of the Kushan Empire from the death of Kanishka (assumed on the best evidence available to be in 150 CE) until the succession of Vasudeva I about thirty years later.

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Hyrcania

Hyrcania (Ὑρκανία Hyrkanía, Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 Varkâna,Lendering (1996) Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 Gurgān, Akkadian: Urqananu) is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian Sea in modern-day Iran and Turkmenistan, bound in the south by the Alborz mountain range and the Kopet Dag in the east.

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Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

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Indo-Gangetic Plain

The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the North Indian River Plain, is a fertile plain encompassing northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, including most of modern-day northern and eastern India, most of eastern-Pakistan, virtually all of Bangladesh and southern plains of Nepal.

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Indo-Greek Kingdom

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom (also Yavanarajya after the word Yona, which comes from Ionians), was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India. Kushan Empire and Indo-Greek Kingdom are ancient history of Afghanistan.

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Indo-Scythians

The Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic people of Iranic Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into the northwestern Indian subcontinent: the present-day South Asian regions of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Eastern Iran and northern India. Kushan Empire and Indo-Scythians are ancient history of Afghanistan, ancient history of Pakistan and Iranian nomads.

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Indus River

The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.

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Invasion

An invasion is a military offensive of combatants of one geopolitical entity, usually in large numbers, entering territory controlled by another similar entity.

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Iranian peoples

The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.

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Iranians in China

Iranian people, such as Persians and Sogdians, have lived in China throughout various periods in history.

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Janjgir–Champa district

Janjgir–Champa district is a district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh.

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John M. Rosenfield

John Max Rosenfield (October 9, 1924 – December 16, 2013) was an American art historian, with a specialization in Japanese art.

See Kushan Empire and John M. Rosenfield

Journal of World History

The Journal of World History is a peer-reviewed academic journal that presents historical analysis from a global point of view, focusing especially on forces that cross the boundaries of cultures and civilizations, including large-scale population movements, economic fluctuations, transfers of technology, the spread of infectious diseases, long-distance trade, and the spread of religious faiths, ideas, and values.

See Kushan Empire and Journal of World History

Julia Domna

Julia Domna (– 217 AD) was Roman empress from 193 to 211 as the wife of Emperor Septimius Severus.

See Kushan Empire and Julia Domna

Kabul

Kabul is the capital city of Afghanistan.

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Kampir Tepe

Kampir Tepe (Kampirtepa) is an archaeological site located within the Surxondaryo Region of Uzbekistan, near the village Shoʻrob, northwest of the city of Termez.

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Kanishka

Kanishka I, also known as Kanishka the Great, was an emperor of the Kushan dynasty, under whose reign (–150 CE) the empire reached its zenith.

See Kushan Empire and Kanishka

Kanishka II

Kanishka II (Brahmi: 𑀓𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀱𑁆𑀓) was one of the emperors of the Kushan Empire from around 225–245 CE.

See Kushan Empire and Kanishka II

Kanishka III

Samrat Kanishka III (Greco-Bactrian: ΚΑΝΗϷΚΕ Kanēške; Kharosthi: 𐨐𐨞𐨁𐨮𐨿𐨐,; Brahmi:,; कनिष्क), was a Kushan emperor who reigned from around the year 265 CE to 270 CE.

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Karakoram

The Karakoram is a mountain range in the Kashmir region spanning the border of Pakistan, China, and India, with the northwestern extremity of the range extending to Afghanistan and Tajikistan.

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Kartikeya

Kartikeya, also known as Skanda, Subrahmanya, Shanmukha and Murugan, is the Hindu god of war.

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Kashgar

Kashgar (قەشقەر) or Kashi (c) is a city in the Tarim Basin region of southern Xinjiang, China.

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Kashmir

Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent.

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Khalchayan

Khalchayan (also Khaltchaïan) is an archaeological site, thought to be a small palace or a reception hall, located near the modern town of Denov in Surxondaryo Region of southern Uzbekistan.

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Kharosthi

The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, was an ancient Indic script used by various peoples from the north-western outskirts of the Indian subcontinent (present-day Pakistan) to Central Asia via Afghanistan. Kushan Empire and Kharosthi are ancient history of Afghanistan and ancient history of Pakistan.

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Khvarenah

Khvarenah (also spelled khwarenah or xwarra(h): 𐬓𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬥𐬀𐬵) is an Avestan word for a Zoroastrian concept literally denoting "glory" or "splendour" but understood as a divine mystical force or power projected upon and aiding the appointed.

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Khwarazm

Khwarazm (Hwârazmiya; خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.

See Kushan Empire and Khwarazm

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (خېبر پښتونخوا; Hindko and,; abbr. KP), formerly known as North West Frontier Province (NWFP), is a province of Pakistan.

See Kushan Empire and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Kidara I

Kidara I (Late Brahmi script: Ki-da-ra) fl. 350-390 CE) was the first major ruler of the Kidarite Kingdom, which replaced the Indo-Sasanians in northwestern India, in the areas of Kushanshahr, Gandhara, Kashmir and Punjab.

See Kushan Empire and Kidara I

Kidarites

The Kidarites, or Kidara Huns, were a dynasty that ruled Bactria and adjoining parts of Central Asia and South Asia in the 4th and 5th centuries. Kushan Empire and Kidarites are empires and kingdoms of India, Iranian nomads and nomadic groups in Eurasia.

See Kushan Empire and Kidarites

Kimbell seated Bodhisattva

The Kimbell seated Bodhisattva is a statue of a "bodhisattva" (probably the Buddha after his renunciation of princely life, but before his Enlightenment) from the art of Mathura, now in the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas.

See Kushan Empire and Kimbell seated Bodhisattva

Kingdom of Aksum

The Kingdom of Aksum (ʾÄksum; 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣,; Axōmítēs) also known as the Kingdom of Axum, or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom in East Africa and South Arabia from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. Kushan Empire and kingdom of Aksum are former empires in Asia.

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Kingdom of Kapisa

The Kingdom of Kapisa (known in contemporary Chinese sources as and) was a state located in what is now Afghanistan during the late 1st millennium CE.

See Kushan Empire and Kingdom of Kapisa

Kingdom of Khotan

The Kingdom of Khotan was an ancient Buddhist Saka kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin (modern-day Xinjiang, China).

See Kushan Empire and Kingdom of Khotan

Kipunada

Kipunada (Brahmi script: Ki-pu-ṇa-dha), also Kipanadha, was probably the last ruler of the Kushan Empire around 335-350 CE.

See Kushan Empire and Kipunada

Koine Greek

Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.

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Kosambi

Kosambi (Pali) or Kaushambi (Sanskrit) was an ancient city in India, characterized by its importance as a trading center along the Ganges Plain and its status as the capital of the Vatsa Kingdom, one of the sixteen mahajanapadas.

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Kshatra Vairya

Kshatra Vairya (Avestan: 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 xšaθra vairiia, also Šahrewar Middle Persian: 𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩𐭥𐭥, and Xšaθra 𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀, a cognate of Sanskrit kṣatrá in the Avestan language, from Proto-Indo-Iranian kšatrám) is one of the great seven "bounteous immortals" of Ahura Mazda in the Zoroastrian religion.

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Kucha

Kucha or Kuche (also: Kuçar, Kuchar; كۇچار, Кучар; p, p; translit) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of what is now the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin and south of the Muzat River.

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Kujula Kadphises

Kujula Kadphises (Kushan language: ΚοζουλουΚαδφιζου, also Κοζολα Καδαφες; Kharosthi: 𐨐𐨂𐨗𐨂𐨫 𐨐𐨯, IAST:,;; r.

See Kushan Empire and Kujula Kadphises

Kundina

Kundina is an ancient Indian city, named as part of Kanishka's territory in the Rabatak inscription.

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Kushan coinage

In the coinage of the North Indian and Central Asian Kushan Empire (approximately 30–375 CE), the main coins issued were gold, weighing 7.9 grams, and base metal issues of various weights between 12 g and 1.5 g.

See Kushan Empire and Kushan coinage

Kushan Empire

The Kushan Empire (– AD) was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. Kushan Empire and Kushan Empire are 1st-century establishments in India, 375 disestablishments, 4th-century disestablishments in India, ancient empires and kingdoms of India, ancient history of Afghanistan, ancient history of Pakistan, Buddhism in Afghanistan, dynasties of India, empires and kingdoms of India, former empires in Asia, history of Buddhism in India, history of Buddhism in Pakistan, history of Tajikistan, Iranian nomads, Lists of monarchs, nomadic empires, nomadic groups in Eurasia and Yuezhi.

See Kushan Empire and Kushan Empire

Kushan script

The unknown Kushan script (écriture inconnue in French, neizvestnoe pis’mo in Russian, both meaning unknown lettering) is a partially deciphered writing system and abugida, written from right to left, used to record a Middle Iranian language related to Bactrian.

See Kushan Empire and Kushan script

Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom

The Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom (or Indo-Sasanians) was a polity established by the Sasanian Empire in Bactria during the 3rd and 4th centuries. Kushan Empire and Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom are ancient history of Afghanistan and ancient history of Pakistan.

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Kushanshah

Kushanshah (Bactrian: KΟÞANΟ ÞAΟ, Koshano Shao, Pahlavi: Kwšan MLK Kushan Malik) was the title of the rulers of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, the parts of the former Kushan Empire in the areas of Sogdiana, Bactria and Gandhara, named Kushanshahr and held by the Sasanian Empire, during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE.

See Kushan Empire and Kushanshah

Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges.

See Kushan Empire and Kyrgyzstan

Library of Congress Country Studies

The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the United States Library of Congress, freely available for use by researchers.

See Kushan Empire and Library of Congress Country Studies

Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)

Lokakṣema (लोकक्षेम) (flourished 147–189) was a Kushan Buddhist monk from Gandhara who traveled to China during the Han dynasty and translated Buddhist texts into Chinese, and, as such, is an important figure in Chinese Buddhism.

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Loophole (firearm)

A loophole is a protected small opening, which allows a firearm to be aimed and discharged, while providing cover and concealment for the rifleman.

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Loriyan Tangai

Loriyan Tangai is an archaeological site in the Gandhara area of Pakistan, consisting of many stupas and religious buildings where many Buddhist statues were discovered.

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Luoyang

Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of the Luo River and the Yellow River in the west of Henan province.

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Mace (bludgeon)

A mace is a blunt weapon, a type of club or virge that uses a heavy head on the end of a handle to deliver powerful strikes.

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Mah

Mångha is the Avestan for "Moon, month", equivalent to Persian Māh (ماه‎; Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐏃). It is the name of the lunar deity in Zoroastrianism.

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Maharashtra

Maharashtra (ISO: Mahārāṣṭra) is a state in the western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau.

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Mahayana

Mahāyāna is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, texts, philosophies, and practices developed in ancient India (onwards).

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Mahi (Kushan)

Mahi (Brahmi script: Ma-hi) was a Kushan ruler, whose reign is dated to circa 300–305 CE.

See Kushan Empire and Mahi (Kushan)

Maitreya

Maitreya (Sanskrit) or Metteyya (Pali), is a bodhisattva who is regarded as the future Buddha of this world in all schools of Buddhism, prophesied to become Maitreya Buddha or Metteyya Buddha.

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Malwa

Malwa is a historical region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin.

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Mankiala

Mankiala (مانكياله.; also known as Manikyala and Manikiyala) is a village in the Potohar plateau, Punjab near Rawalpindi, Pakistan, known for the nearby Mankiala stupa – a Buddhist stupa located at the site where, according to legend, Buddha sacrificed some of his body parts to feed seven hungry tiger cubs.

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Mathura

Mathura is a city and the administrative headquarters of Mathura district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

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Menander I

Menander I Soter (Ménandros Sōtḗr,; italic; sometimes called Menander the Great) was a Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek King (reigned /155Bopearachchi (1998) and (1991), respectively. The first date is estimated by Osmund Bopearachchi and R. C. Senior, the other Boperachchi –130 BC) who administered a large territory in the Northwestern regions of the Indian Subcontinent and Central Asia.

See Kushan Empire and Menander I

Merv

Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; translit), also known as the Merve Oasis, was a major Iranian city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, near today's Mary, Turkmenistan.

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Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City.

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Mithra

Mithra (𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 Miθra, 𐎷𐎰𐎼 Miθra), commonly known as Mehr or Mithras among Romans, is an ancient Iranian deity of covenants, light, oath, justice, the sun, contracts, and friendship.

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Mitra

Mitra (Proto-Indo-Iranian: ''*mitrás'') is the name of an Indo-Iranian divinity that predates the Rigvedic Mitrá and Avestan Mithra.

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Nagarjuna

Nagarjuna (Sanskrit: नागार्जुन/ Nāgārjuna) was an Indian monk and Mahāyāna Buddhist philosopher of the Madhyamaka (Centrism, Middle Way) school.

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Nana (Bactrian goddess)

Nana was an ancient Eastern Iranian goddess worshiped by Bactrians, Sogdians and Chorasmians, as well as by non-Iranian Yuezhi, including Kushans, as the head of their respective pantheons.

See Kushan Empire and Nana (Bactrian goddess)

Nanjing

Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu province in eastern China. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of, and a population of 9,423,400. Situated in the Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to 1949, and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to one of the world's largest inland ports.

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Naqsh-e Rostam

Naqsh-e Rostam (نقش رستم) is an ancient archeological site and necropolis located about 13 km northwest of Persepolis, in Fars Province, Iran.

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Narmada River

The Narmada River, previously also known as Narbada or anglicised as Nerbudda, is the 5th longest river in India and overall the longest west-flowing river in the country.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

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Nezak Huns

The Nezak Huns (Pahlavi: 𐭭𐭩𐭰𐭪𐭩 nycky), also Nezak Shahs, was a significant principality in the south of the Hindu Kush region of South Asia from circa 484 to 665 CE. Kushan Empire and Nezak Huns are nomadic groups in Eurasia.

See Kushan Empire and Nezak Huns

Nike (mythology)

In Greek mythology and ancient religion, Nike (lit;, modern) is the goddess who personifies victory in any field including art, music, war, and athletics.

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Nisa, Turkmenistan

Nisa (Νῖσος, Νίσα, Νίσαιον; Nusaý; also Parthaunisa) was an ancient settlement of the Parthians, located near the of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 18 km west of the city center.

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North India

North India, also called Northern India, is a geographical and broad cultural region comprising the northern part of India (or historically, the Indian subcontinent) wherein Indo-Aryans form the prominent majority population.

See Kushan Empire and North India

Odisha

Odisha (English), formerly Orissa (the official name until 2011), is an Indian state located in Eastern India.

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Oesho

Oesho (Οηϸο) is a deity found on coins of 2nd to 6th-century, particularly the 2nd-century Kushan era.

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Old Chinese

Old Chinese, also called Archaic Chinese in older works, is the oldest attested stage of Chinese, and the ancestor of all modern varieties of Chinese.

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Osroene

Osroene or Osrhoene (Ὀσροηνή) was an ancient region and state in Upper Mesopotamia.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Palladium

Palladium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pd and atomic number 46.

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Pantheon (religion)

A pantheon is the particular set of all gods of any individual polytheistic religion, mythology, or tradition.

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Paratarajas

The Pāratarājas (Brahmi: Pāratarāja, Kharosthi: 𐨤𐨪𐨟𐨪𐨗,, "Kings of Pārata") or Pāradarājas was a dynasty of Parthian kings in the territory of modern-day western Pakistan from circa 125 CE to circa 300 CE.

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Parthamaspates of Parthia

Parthamaspates was a Parthian prince who ruled as a Roman client king in Mesopotamia, and later of Osroene during the early second century AD.

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Parvati

Parvati (पार्वती), also known as Uma (उमा) and Gauri (गौरी), is the Hindu goddess of power, energy, nourishment, harmony, love, beauty, devotion, and motherhood.

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Pataliputra

Pataliputra (IAST), adjacent to modern-day Patna, Bihar, was a city in ancient India, originally built by Magadha ruler Ajatashatru in 490 BCE, as a small fort near the Ganges river.

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Pauni

Pauni is a town and a Municipal Council in Bhandara district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.

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Pax Kushana

Pax Kushana or Pax Kushanica (Latin for "Kushan Peace", modelled after Pax Romana) is a historiographical term sometimes used to describe the social and economic peace in the regions under the Kushan Empire between 2nd and 4th centuries AD, notably in the Indus Valley, Gandhara and parts of Central Asia.

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Peroz I Kushanshah

Peroz I Kushanshah (Bactrian script: Πιρωςο Κοϸανο ϸαηο) was Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 245 to 275.

See Kushan Empire and Peroz I Kushanshah

Peshawar

Peshawar (پېښور; پشور;; پشاور) is the sixth most populous city of Pakistan, with a district population of over 4.7 million in the 2023 census.

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Philadelphia Museum of Art

The Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMoA) is an art museum originally chartered in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.

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Platinum

Platinum is a chemical element; it has symbol Pt and atomic number 78.

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Pothohar Plateau

The Pothohar Plateau (پوٹھوار,: Pо̄ṭhvār; سطح مرتفع پوٹھوہار, Satāh Murtafā Pо̄ṭhohār), also known as Pothwar, is a plateau in the northern region of Punjab, Pakistan, located between the Indus and Jhelum rivers.

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Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Punjab

Punjab (also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb), also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India.

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Punjab, India

Punjab (Also and other variants) is a state in northwestern India.

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Qila Mubarak

Qila Mubarak, is a historical monument in the heart of the city of Bathinda in Punjab, India.

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Rabatak inscription

The Rabatak Inscription is a stone inscribed with text written in the Bactrian language and Greek script, found in 1993 at Rabatak, near Surkh Kotal in Afghanistan.

See Kushan Empire and Rabatak inscription

Rag-i-Bibi

Rag-i-Bibi (Veins of the Lady) refers to a Sassanian rock relief on a cliff in Bactria, modern-day Afghanistan.

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Rajatarangini

Rājataraṅgiṇī (Sanskrit: राजतरङ्गिणी, romanized: rājataraṅgiṇī, IPA: ɾɑː.d͡ʑɐ.t̪ɐˈɾɐŋ.ɡi.ɳiː, "The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of Indian sub-continent, particularly the kings of Kashmir.

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Records of the Grand Historian

Records of the Grand Historian, also known by its Chinese name Shiji, is a monumental history of China that is the first of China's Twenty-Four Histories.

See Kushan Empire and Records of the Grand Historian

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome. Kushan Empire and Roman Empire are former empires in Asia.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Rudra

Rudra (रुद्र) is a Rigvedic deity associated with Shiva, the wind or storms, Vayu, medicine, and the hunt.

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Rupiamma

Rupiamma was a Great Satrap in India during the 2nd century CE, who is known from an inscription found at Pauni in Central India, south of the Narmada River.

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Sadashkana

Within Buddhist mythology, Sadashkana (Kharosthi: 𐨮𐨿𐨐𐨞𐨆‎𐨯𐨡) according to the gold plate inscription of Senavarman, mentions Sadashkana as the Devaputra (son of god), son of maharaja rayatiraya Kujula Kataphsa (Kujula Kadphises): He was the son of the founder of Kushan empire and his brother was Sadaṣkaṇa, their next generation was Kanishka.

See Kushan Empire and Sadashkana

Saka

The Saka were a group of nomadic Eastern Iranian peoples who historically inhabited the northern and eastern Eurasian Steppe and the Tarim Basin. Kushan Empire and Saka are Iranian nomads and nomadic groups in Eurasia.

See Kushan Empire and Saka

Samatata

Samataṭa (Brahmi script: sa-ma-ta-ṭa) was an ancient geopolitical division of Bengal in the eastern Indian subcontinent.

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Samudragupta

Samudragupta (Gupta script: Sa-mu-dra-gu-pta, (c. 335–375 CE) was the second emperor of the Gupta Empire of ancient India, and is regarded among the greatest rulers of India. As a son of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta I and the Licchavi princess Kumaradevi, he greatly expanded his dynasty's political and military power.

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Sanchi

Sanchi Stupa is a Buddhist complex, famous for its Great Stupa, on a hilltop at Sanchi Town in Raisen District of the State of Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Sanskrit

Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Sarnath

Sarnath (also referred to as Sarangnath, Isipatana, Rishipattana, Migadaya, or Mrigadava) is a place located northeast of Varanasi, near the confluence of the Ganges and the Varuna rivers in Uttar Pradesh, India.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries. Kushan Empire and Sasanian Empire are ancient history of Afghanistan, ancient history of Pakistan and former empires in Asia.

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Satavahana dynasty

The Satavahanas (Sādavāhana or Sātavāhana, IAST), also referred to as the Andhras (also Andhra-bhṛtyas or Andhra-jatiyas) in the Puranas, were an ancient Indian dynasty. Kushan Empire and Satavahana dynasty are ancient empires and kingdoms of India, dynasties of India and empires and kingdoms of India.

See Kushan Empire and Satavahana dynasty

Satrap

A satrap was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.

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Sāketa

Sākēta is a Sanskrit appellation of the Indian city of Ayodhya.

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Schøyen Collection

The Schøyen Collection is one of the largest private manuscript collections in the world, mostly located in Oslo and London.

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Selene

In ancient Greek mythology and religion, Selene (Σελήνη, meaning "Moon")A Greek–English Lexicon.

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Septimius Severus

Lucius Septimius Severus (11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was a Roman politician who served as emperor from 193 to 211.

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Serapis

Serapis or Sarapis is a Graeco-Egyptian god.

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Shaanxi

Shaanxi is an inland province in Northwestern China.

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Shaivism

Shaivism (translit-std) is one of the major Hindu traditions, which worships Shiva as the Supreme Being.

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Shaka (Kushan)

Shaka (Gupta script: Sha-kā) may have been one of the last rulers of the Kushan Empire around 325-345.

See Kushan Empire and Shaka (Kushan)

Shapur I

Shapur I (also spelled Shabuhr I; Šābuhr) was the second Sasanian King of Kings of Iran.

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Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht

Shapur I's Ka'ba-ye Zartosht inscription (shortened as Shapur-KZ, ŠKZ, SKZ), also referred to as The Great Inscription of Shapur I, and Res Gestae Divi Saporis (RGDS), is a trilingual inscription made during the reign of the Sasanian king Shapur I (240–270) after his victories over the Romans.

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Shapur III

Shapur III (𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩), was the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran from 383 to 388.

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Shiva

Shiva (lit), also known as Mahadeva (Category:Trimurti Category:Wisdom gods Category:Time and fate gods Category:Indian yogis.

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Kushan Empire and Silk Road are ancient history of Afghanistan.

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Silk Road transmission of Buddhism

Buddhism entered Han China via the Silk Road, beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE.

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Sima Qian

Sima Qian (司馬遷; was a Chinese historian during the early Han dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his Records of the Grand Historian, a general history of China covering more than two thousand years beginning from the rise of the legendary Yellow Emperor and the formation of the first Chinese polity to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, during which Sima wrote.

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Sirsukh

Sirsukh (سر سکھ) is an ancient city that forms part of the ruins at Taxila, near the modern day city of Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan.

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Skandagupta

Skandagupta (Gupta script: Ska-nda-gu-pta, r. -467) was a Gupta Emperor of India.

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Social Science History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal.

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Sogdia

Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

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South Asia

South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.

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Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania.

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Sugar candy

Sugar candy is any candy whose primary ingredient is sugar.

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Surkh Kotal

Surkh Kotal (چشمه شیر Chashma-i Shir; also called Sar-i Chashma, is an ancient archaeological site located in the southern part of the region of Bactria, about north of the city of Puli Khumri, the capital of Baghlan Province of Afghanistan. It is the location of monumental constructions made during the rule of the Kushans.

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Sword

A sword is an edged, bladed weapon intended for manual cutting or thrusting.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought.

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Tajikistan

Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.

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Takht-i Sangin

Takht-i Sangin (") is an archaeological site located near the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj rivers, the source of the Amu Darya, in southern Tajikistan.

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Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is an endorheic basin in Xinjiang, Northwestern China occupying an area of about and one of the largest basins in Northwest China.

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Taxila

Taxila or Takshashila (Takṣaśilā; Takkasilā) is a city in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Pakistan.

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Taylor & Francis

Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.

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Thames & Hudson

Thames & Hudson (sometimes T&H for brevity) is a publisher of illustrated books in all visually creative categories: art, architecture, design, photography, fashion, film, and the performing arts.

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The Buddha

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha ('the awakened'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.

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Tianzhu (India)

Tianzhu is the historical Chinese name for India.

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Tishtrya

Tishtrya (Tištrya, Tir) is the Avestan name of a Zoroastrian benevolent divinity associated with life-bringing rainfall and fertility.

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Tocharians

The Tocharians or Tokharians were speakers of the Tocharian languages, Indo-European languages known from around 7,600 documents from around AD 400 to 1200, found on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (modern-day Xinjiang, China).

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Tokharistan

Tokharistan (formed from "Tokhara" and the suffix -stan meaning "place of" in Persian) is an ancient Early Middle Ages name given to the area which was known as Bactria in Ancient Greek sources.

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Toprak-Kala

Toprak-Kala, in modern Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, was an ancient palace city and the capital of in Chorasmia in the 2nd/3rd century CE, where wall paintings, coins and archives were discovered.

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Trajan

Trajan (born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, adopted name Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.

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Triratna

The Triratna (ti-ratana or; tri-ratna or) is a Buddhist symbol, thought to visually represent the Three Jewels of Buddhism (the Buddha, the Dhamma, the Sangha).

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages. Kushan Empire and Turkic peoples are nomadic groups in Eurasia.

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Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.

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Turpan

Turpan (تۇرپان), generally known in English as Turfan (s), is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China.

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Tyrant

A tyrant, in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty.

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Ujjain

Ujjain (Hindustani pronunciation: ʊd͡ːʒɛːn, old name Avantika) or Ujjayinī is a city in Ujjain district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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University of Allahabad

The University of Allahabad is a Public Central University located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.

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Varanasi

Varanasi (ISO:,; also Benares, Banaras or Kashi) is a city on the Ganges river in northern India that has a central place in the traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning in the Hindu world.

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Vasudeva I

Vāsudeva I (Kushano Bactrian: Βαζοδηο Bazodeo; Middle Brahmi: 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀼𑀤𑁂𑀯;, Chinese: 波調 Bodiao; fl. 200 CE) was a Kushan emperor, last of the "Great Kushans." Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of Kanishka's era suggest his reign extended from at least 191 to 232 CE.

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Vasudeva II

Vasudeva II (Middle Brahmi script: Vā-su-de-va) was a Kushan emperor who ruled.

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Vayu-Vata

Vāyu-Vāta or Vāta-Vāyu (IPA) is the Avestan language name of a dual-natured Zoroastrian divinity of the wind (Vayu) and of the atmosphere (Vata).

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Vāsishka

Vāsishka (Bactrian: BAZHÞKO Bazēško; Middle Brahmi: 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀱𑁆𑀓;,; Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨗𐨿𐨱𐨅𐨮𐨿𐨐,; ruled –265 CE) was a Kushan emperor, who seems to have had a short reign following Kanishka II.

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Verethragna

Verethragna or Bahram (𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬚𐬭𐬀𐬖𐬥𐬀‎ vərəθraγna) is an Indo-Iranian deity.

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Vidisha

Vidisha (विदिशा, formerly known as Bhelsa and known as Besnagar and Bhaddilpur in ancient times) is a city in central Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Vihāra

Vihāra generally refers to a Buddhist monastery for Buddhist renunciates, mostly in the Indian subcontinent.

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Viktor Sarianidi

Viktor Ivanovich Sarianidi or Victor Sarigiannides (Ви́ктор Ива́нович Сариани́ди; Βίκτωρ Σαρηγιαννίδης; September 23, 1929 – December 22, 2013) was a Soviet archaeologist.

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Vima Kadphises

Vima Kadphises (Greek: Οοημο Καδφιϲηϲ Ooēmo Kadphisēs (epigraphic); Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨁𐨨 𐨐𐨫𐨿𐨤𐨁𐨭) was a Kushan emperor from approximately 113 to 127 CE.

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Vima Takto

Vima Takto or Vima Taktu (Greco-Bactrian: Οοημο Τακτοο, Oēmo Taktoo; Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨅𐨨 𐨟𐨑𐨆) was a Kushan emperor who reigned –90 CE.

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Vishākhā

Vishākhā is a nakshatra in Indian astronomy spread in Tula or Libra (The 7th House of Natural Vedic Astrology).

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Vohu Manah

Vohu Manah (Avestan: 𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵 vohu manah) is the Avestan language term for a Zoroastrian concept, generally translated as "Good Purpose", "Good Mind", or "Good Thought", referring to the good state of mind that enables an individual to accomplish their duties.

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Weilüe

The Weilüe was a Chinese historical text written by Yu Huan between 239 and 265.

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Western Satraps

The Western Satraps, or Western Kshatrapas (Brahmi:, Mahakṣatrapa, "Great Satraps") were Indo-Scythian (Saka) rulers of the western and central parts of India (extending from Saurashtra in the south and Malwa in the east, covering modern-day Sindh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh states), between 35 and 415 CE. Kushan Empire and western Satraps are dynasties of India.

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Western Turkic Khaganate

The Western Turkic Khaganate or Onoq Khaganate (Ten arrow people) was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia, formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593–603 CE) after the split of the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century on the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan), into a western and an eastern Khaganate. Kushan Empire and western Turkic Khaganate are nomadic groups in Eurasia.

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Xiongnu

The Xiongnu were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Kushan Empire and Xiongnu are nomadic empires and nomadic groups in Eurasia.

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Xionites

Xionites, Chionites, or Chionitae (Middle Persian: Xiyōn or Hiyōn; Avestan: Xiiaona; Sogdian xwn; Pahlavi Xyōn) were a nomadic people in the Central Asian regions of Transoxiana and Bactria. Kushan Empire and Xionites are Iranian nomads and nomadic groups in Eurasia.

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Yarkant County

Yarkant County,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also Shache County,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also transliterated from Uyghur as Yakan County, is a county in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China, located on the southern rim of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin.

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Yaudheya

Yaudheya (Brahmi script: 𑀬𑁅𑀥𑁂𑀬) or Yoddheya Gana (Yoddheya Republic) was an ancient militant gana (confederation) based in the Eastern region of the Sapta Sindhu.

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Yavana era

The Yavana Era, or Yona (Prakrit: Yoṇaṇa vaṣaye) was a computational era used in the Indian subcontinent from the 2nd century BCE for several centuries thereafter, probably starting in 174 BCE.

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Yuezhi

The Yuezhi were an ancient people first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC. After a major defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu in 176 BC, the Yuezhi split into two groups migrating in different directions: the Greater Yuezhi (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) and Lesser Yuezhi (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏). Kushan Empire and Yuezhi are nomadic groups in Eurasia.

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Zeus

Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.

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Zoomorphism

The word zoomorphism derives from and.

See Kushan Empire and Zoomorphism

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire

Also known as Koshani, Koshanis, Kusana, Kushan Dynasty, Kushan Kingdom, Kushan Period, Kushan Ruler, Kushan expansion, Kushana, Kushana Dynasty, Kushana Empire, Kushana Kingdom, Kushanas, Kushans, Kuṣāṇas.

, Buddhism, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, Cambridge University Press, Carnelian, Central Asia, Chaitya, Champa, Chhattisgarh, Charsadda, Cotton, Dalverzin Tepe, Dayuan, Denarius, Dinar, Drvaspa, Eastern Iran, Emperor An of Han, Emperor He of Han, Emperor Huan of Han, Encyclopædia Britannica, Fan Ye (historian), Fayard, Gandhara, Gandhari language, Ganesha, Gansu, Gansu Provincial Museum, Ginger, Gold, Government Museum, Mathura, Greater India, Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Greco-Buddhism, Greco-Buddhist art, Greek alphabet, Greek language, Gupta Empire, Hadrian, Han Chinese, Han dynasty, Hariti, Harsha, Hashtnagar, Helios, Hellenistic art, Hellenistic period, Hellenization, Hephaestus, Hephthalites, Heracles, Heraios, Hindu Kush, Hinduism, Historia Augusta, History of Afghanistan, History of India, History of Pakistan, Hormizd I Kushanshah, Human migration, Huvishka, Hyrcania, Indian Ocean, Indian subcontinent, Indo-European languages, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Indo-Greek Kingdom, Indo-Scythians, Indus River, Invasion, Iranian peoples, Iranians in China, Janjgir–Champa district, John M. Rosenfield, Journal of World History, Julia Domna, Kabul, Kampir Tepe, Kanishka, Kanishka II, Kanishka III, Karakoram, Kartikeya, Kashgar, Kashmir, Khalchayan, Kharosthi, Khvarenah, Khwarazm, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kidara I, Kidarites, Kimbell seated Bodhisattva, Kingdom of Aksum, Kingdom of Kapisa, Kingdom of Khotan, Kipunada, Koine Greek, Kosambi, Kshatra Vairya, Kucha, Kujula Kadphises, Kundina, Kushan coinage, Kushan Empire, Kushan script, Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, Kushanshah, Kyrgyzstan, Library of Congress Country Studies, Lokaksema (Buddhist monk), Loophole (firearm), Loriyan Tangai, Luoyang, Mace (bludgeon), Mah, Maharashtra, Mahayana, Mahi (Kushan), Maitreya, Malwa, Mankiala, Mathura, Menander I, Merv, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Mithra, Mitra, Nagarjuna, Nana (Bactrian goddess), Nanjing, Naqsh-e Rostam, Narmada River, Nationalism, Nezak Huns, Nike (mythology), Nisa, Turkmenistan, North India, Odisha, Oesho, Old Chinese, Osroene, Pakistan, Palladium, Pantheon (religion), Paratarajas, Parthamaspates of Parthia, Parvati, Pataliputra, Pauni, Pax Kushana, Peroz I Kushanshah, Peshawar, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Platinum, Pothohar Plateau, Princeton University Press, Punjab, Punjab, India, Qila Mubarak, Rabatak inscription, Rag-i-Bibi, Rajatarangini, Records of the Grand Historian, Roman Empire, Rome, Rudra, Rupiamma, Sadashkana, Saka, Samatata, Samudragupta, Sanchi, Sanskrit, Sarnath, Sasanian Empire, Satavahana dynasty, Satrap, Sāketa, Schøyen Collection, Selene, Septimius Severus, Serapis, Shaanxi, Shaivism, Shaka (Kushan), Shapur I, Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht, Shapur III, Shiva, Silk Road, Silk Road transmission of Buddhism, Sima Qian, Sirsukh, Skandagupta, Social Science History, Sogdia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Sugar candy, Surkh Kotal, Sword, Syncretism, Tajikistan, Takht-i Sangin, Tarim Basin, Taxila, Taylor & Francis, Thames & Hudson, The Buddha, Tianzhu (India), Tishtrya, Tocharians, Tokharistan, Toprak-Kala, Trajan, Triratna, Turkic peoples, Turkmenistan, Turpan, Tyrant, Ujjain, UNESCO, University of Allahabad, Uzbekistan, Varanasi, Vasudeva I, Vasudeva II, Vayu-Vata, Vāsishka, Verethragna, Vidisha, Vihāra, Viktor Sarianidi, Vima Kadphises, Vima Takto, Vishākhā, Vohu Manah, Weilüe, Western Satraps, Western Turkic Khaganate, Xiongnu, Xionites, Yarkant County, Yaudheya, Yavana era, Yuezhi, Zeus, Zoomorphism, Zoroastrianism.

Kushan Empire, the Glossary

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