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L'Africaine, the Glossary

Index L'Africaine

L'Africaine (The African Woman) is an 1865 French grand opéra in five acts with music by Giacomo Meyerbeer and a libretto by Eugène Scribe.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 109 relations: Adamastor, Anathema, Angelo Mariani (conductor), Antoine-Marin Lemierre, Armand Castelmary, Arthur Pougin, Auguste Alfred Rubé, Édouard Desplechin, Émile Perrin, Baritone, Bartolomeu Dias, Bass (voice type), Brahma, Brigham Young University, Cambridge University Press, Camille du Locle, Casa Ricordi, Charles Hubert Millevoye, Charles-Antoine Cambon, Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer, Classic Produktion Osnabrück, Claudia Mahnke, Cornélie Falcon, Critical edition (opera), Deutsche Oper Berlin, Dinorah, Don Carlos, Emilio Naudin, Eugène Scribe, Eugénie de Montijo, Fanfare (magazine), François George-Hainl, François-Joseph Fétis, Frank Beermann, French franc, Germain Delavigne, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Giangiacomo Guelfi, Google Books, Grand opera, Guido of Arezzo, Gustave Chouquet, Harold Rosenthal, Hernando de Soto, Jürgen Schläder, Jean-Baptiste Faure, Jean-Baptiste Lavastre, Jean-Pierre Dantan, Jessonda, Jessye Norman, ... Expand index (59 more) »

  2. 1865 operas
  3. Cultural depictions of Vasco da Gama
  4. Grand operas
  5. Libretti by Eugène Scribe
  6. Operas by Giacomo Meyerbeer
  7. Operas completed by others
  8. Operas set in Portugal
  9. Operas set in the 15th century

Adamastor

Adamastor is a mythological character created by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões in his epic poem Os Lusíadas (first printed in 1572), as a personification of the Cape of Good Hope, symbolizing the dangers of the sea and the formidable forces of nature challenged and ultimately overcome by the Portuguese during the Age of Discovery.

See L'Africaine and Adamastor

Anathema

The word anathema has two main meanings.

See L'Africaine and Anathema

Angelo Mariani (conductor)

Angelo Maurizio Gaspare Mariani (11 October 182113 June 1873) was an Italian opera conductor and composer.

See L'Africaine and Angelo Mariani (conductor)

Antoine-Marin Lemierre

Antoine-Marin Lemierre (12 January 17334 July 1793) was a French dramatist and poet.

See L'Africaine and Antoine-Marin Lemierre

Armand Castelmary

Armand Castelmary, real name Comte Armand de Castan, born Toulouse 16 August 1834, died New York City 10 February 1897, was a French operatic bass.

See L'Africaine and Armand Castelmary

Arthur Pougin

Arthur Pougin (6 August 1834 – 8 August 1921) was a French musical and dramatic critic and writer.

See L'Africaine and Arthur Pougin

Auguste Alfred Rubé

Auguste Alfred Rubé (20 June 1817 – 13 April 1899) was a French painter noted especially for his theatre decorations.

See L'Africaine and Auguste Alfred Rubé

Édouard Desplechin

Édouard Desplechin (12 April 1802 – 10 December 1871), was a 19th-century French scenic designer, one of the most famous of his time.

See L'Africaine and Édouard Desplechin

Émile Perrin

Émile-César-Victor Perrin was a French painter, mainly known as a theatre director and impresario, born in Rouen on 9 January 1814, died 8 October 1885.

See L'Africaine and Émile Perrin

Baritone

A baritone is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the bass and the tenor voice-types.

See L'Africaine and Baritone

Bartolomeu Dias

Bartolomeu Dias (1450 – 29 May 1500) was a Portuguese mariner and explorer.

See L'Africaine and Bartolomeu Dias

Bass (voice type)

A bass is a type of classical male singing voice and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types.

See L'Africaine and Bass (voice type)

Brahma

Brahma (ब्रह्मा) is a Hindu god, referred to as "the Creator" within the Trimurti, the trinity of supreme divinity that includes Vishnu and Shiva.

See L'Africaine and Brahma

Brigham Young University

Brigham Young University (BYU) is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States.

See L'Africaine and Brigham Young University

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

See L'Africaine and Cambridge University Press

Camille du Locle

Camille du Locle (16 July 18329 October 1903) was a French theatre manager and a librettist.

See L'Africaine and Camille du Locle

Casa Ricordi

Casa Ricordi is a publisher of primarily classical music and opera.

See L'Africaine and Casa Ricordi

Charles Hubert Millevoye

Charles Hubert Millevoye (24 December 1782 in Abbeville – 12 August 1816 in Paris) was a French poet several times honored by the Académie française.

See L'Africaine and Charles Hubert Millevoye

Charles-Antoine Cambon

Charles-Antoine Cambon (21 April 1802 – 22 October 1875) was a French scenographer, theatrical production designer, who acquired international renown in the Romantic Era.

See L'Africaine and Charles-Antoine Cambon

Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer

Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer (23 June 1800 in Stuttgart25 August 1868 in Berlin) was a German actress, writer, director of the Stadttheater in Zürich for six years, and author of over 100 plays and libretto.

See L'Africaine and Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer

Classic Produktion Osnabrück

Classic Produktion Osnabrück (often referred to as cpo, in lowercase) is a record label founded in 1986 by Georg Ortmann and several others.

See L'Africaine and Classic Produktion Osnabrück

Claudia Mahnke

Claudia Mahnke is a German operatic mezzo-soprano, a member of the Oper Frankfurt, with guest appearances at leading opera houses and the Bayreuth Festival.

See L'Africaine and Claudia Mahnke

Cornélie Falcon

Cornélie Falcon (28 January 1814 – 25 February 1897) was a French dramatic soprano who sang at the Opéra in Paris.

See L'Africaine and Cornélie Falcon

Critical edition (opera)

A critical edition of an opera has been defined by American musicologist Philip Gossett as "an edition that bases itself wherever possible on the very finest and most accurate sources for an opera.

See L'Africaine and Critical edition (opera)

Deutsche Oper Berlin

The Deutsche Oper Berlin is a German opera company located in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin.

See L'Africaine and Deutsche Oper Berlin

Dinorah

Dinorah, originally Le pardon de Ploërmel (The Pardon of Ploërmel), is an 1859 French opéra comique in three acts with music by Giacomo Meyerbeer and a libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré. L'Africaine and Dinorah are French-language operas and operas by Giacomo Meyerbeer.

See L'Africaine and Dinorah

Don Carlos

Don Carlos is an 1867 five-act grand opera composed by Giuseppe Verdi to a French-language libretto by Joseph Méry and Camille du Locle, based on the dramatic play Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos, Infante of Spain) by Friedrich Schiller. L'Africaine and Don Carlos are French-language operas, grand operas and opera world premieres at the Paris Opera.

See L'Africaine and Don Carlos

Emilio Naudin

Emilio Naudin (23 October 1823 in Parma – 5 May 1890 in Bologna) was an Italian tenor.

See L'Africaine and Emilio Naudin

Eugène Scribe

Augustin Eugène Scribe (24 December 179120 February 1861) was a French dramatist and librettist.

See L'Africaine and Eugène Scribe

Eugénie de Montijo

Doña María Eugenia Ignacia Agustina de Palafox y Kirkpatrick, 19th Countess of Teba, 16th Marquise of Ardales (5 May 1826 – 11 July 1920), known as Eugénie de Montijo, was Empress of the French from her marriage to Napoleon III on 30 January 1853 until the Emperor was overthrown on 4 September 1870.

See L'Africaine and Eugénie de Montijo

Fanfare (magazine)

Fanfare is an American bimonthly magazine devoted to reviewing recorded music in all playback formats.

See L'Africaine and Fanfare (magazine)

François George-Hainl

François George-Hainl (16 November 1807 – 2 June 1873) was a French cellist and conductor.

See L'Africaine and François George-Hainl

François-Joseph Fétis

François-Joseph Fétis (25 March 1784 – 26 March 1871) was a Belgian musicologist, critic, teacher and composer.

See L'Africaine and François-Joseph Fétis

Frank Beermann

Frank Beermann (born 13 March 1965) is a German conductor.

See L'Africaine and Frank Beermann

French franc

The franc (franc français,; sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France.

See L'Africaine and French franc

Germain Delavigne

Louis Marie Germain Delavigne (1 February 1790 – 3 November 1868) was a French playwright and librettist.

See L'Africaine and Germain Delavigne

Giacomo Meyerbeer

Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jakob Liebmann Meyer Beer; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer, "the most frequently performed opera composer during the nineteenth century, linking Mozart and Wagner".

See L'Africaine and Giacomo Meyerbeer

Giangiacomo Guelfi

Giangiacomo Guelfi (21 December 1924 – 8 February 2012) was an Italian operatic baritone, particularly associated with Verdi and Puccini.

See L'Africaine and Giangiacomo Guelfi

Google Books

Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.

See L'Africaine and Google Books

Grand opera

Grand opera is a genre of 19th-century opera generally in four or five acts, characterized by large-scale casts and orchestras. L'Africaine and Grand opera are grand operas.

See L'Africaine and Grand opera

Guido of Arezzo

Guido of Arezzo (Guido d'Arezzo; – after 1033) was an Italian music theorist and pedagogue of High medieval music.

See L'Africaine and Guido of Arezzo

Gustave Chouquet

Gustave Chouquet (16 April 1819 – 30 January 1886)Grove & Charlton 2001.

See L'Africaine and Gustave Chouquet

Harold Rosenthal

Harold David Rosenthal OBE (30 September 1917 – 19 March 1987) was an English music critic, writer, lecturer, and broadcaster about opera.

See L'Africaine and Harold Rosenthal

Hernando de Soto

Hernando de Soto (1497 – 21 May 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who was involved in expeditions in Nicaragua and the Yucatan Peninsula.

See L'Africaine and Hernando de Soto

Jürgen Schläder

Jürgen Schläder (born 1948 in Hagen) is a German theatre director and musicologist, who was from May 1987 to March 2014 Professor of Theatre Studies with a focus on stage music at the LMU München.

See L'Africaine and Jürgen Schläder

Jean-Baptiste Faure

Jean-Baptiste Faure (15 January 1830 – 9 November 1914) was a French operatic baritone and art collector who also composed several classical songs.

See L'Africaine and Jean-Baptiste Faure

Jean-Baptiste Lavastre

Jean-Baptiste Lavastre (24 August 1839 – 24 April 1891) was a French landscape painter and scenic designer.

See L'Africaine and Jean-Baptiste Lavastre

Jean-Pierre Dantan

Jean-Pierre Dantan (28 December 1800, in Paris – 6 September 1869, in Baden-Baden), known as Dantan the Younger, was a French portrait sculptor.

See L'Africaine and Jean-Pierre Dantan

Jessonda

Jessonda is a grand opera (Große Oper) by Louis Spohr, written in 1822.

See L'Africaine and Jessonda

Jessye Norman

Jessye Mae Norman (September 15, 1945 – September 30, 2019) was an American opera singer and recitalist.

See L'Africaine and Jessye Norman

John Warrack

John Hamilton Warrack (born 9 February 1928) is an English music critic, writer on music, and oboist.

See L'Africaine and John Warrack

Joseph Rouleau

Joseph A. Rouleau, (February 28, 1929 – July 12, 2019) was a French Canadian bass opera singer, particularly associated with the Italian and French repertoires.

See L'Africaine and Joseph Rouleau

Justino Díaz

Justino Díaz (born January 29, 1940) is a Puerto Rican operatic bass-baritone.

See L'Africaine and Justino Díaz

Kevin Anderson (tenor)

Kevin Paul Anderson is an American operatic tenor.

See L'Africaine and Kevin Anderson (tenor)

L'étoile du nord

(The North Star) is an opéra comique in three acts by Giacomo Meyerbeer. L'Africaine and L'étoile du nord are French-language operas, libretti by Eugène Scribe and operas by Giacomo Meyerbeer.

See L'Africaine and L'étoile du nord

La Fenice

Teatro La Fenice ("The Phoenix") is a historic opera house in Venice, Italy.

See L'Africaine and La Fenice

Le prophète

Le prophète (The Prophet) is a grand opera in five acts by Giacomo Meyerbeer, which was premiered in Paris on 16 April 1849. L'Africaine and Le prophète are French-language operas, grand operas, libretti by Eugène Scribe, opera world premieres at the Paris Opera and operas by Giacomo Meyerbeer.

See L'Africaine and Le prophète

Liceu

The Gran Teatre del Liceu ("Great Theater of the Lyceum"), usually known as El Liceu, is an opera house in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

See L'Africaine and Liceu

Lisbon

Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.

See L'Africaine and Lisbon

Louis Mérante

Louis Alexandre Mérante (23 July 1828–Courbevoie, 17 July 1887) was a dancer and choreographer, the Maître de Ballet (First Balletmaster/Chief Choreographer) of the Paris Opera Ballet at the Salle Le Peletier until its destruction by fire in 1873, and subsequently the first Ballet Master at the company's new Palais Garnier, which opened in 1875.

See L'Africaine and Louis Mérante

Louis Spohr

Louis Spohr (5 April 178422 October 1859), baptized Ludewig Spohr, later often in the modern German form of the name Ludwig was a German composer, violinist and conductor.

See L'Africaine and Louis Spohr

Louis-Henri Obin

Louis-Henri Obin, born in Ascq, near Lille on 4 August 1820, died in Paris on 9 November 1895, was a French operatic bass.

See L'Africaine and Louis-Henri Obin

Luís de Camões

Luís Vaz de Camões (or 1525 – 10 June 1580), sometimes rendered in English as Camoens or Camoëns, is considered Portugal's and the Portuguese language's greatest poet.

See L'Africaine and Luís de Camões

Madagascar

Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar and the Fourth Republic of Madagascar, is an island country comprising the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands.

See L'Africaine and Madagascar

Maggio Musicale Fiorentino

The Maggio Musicale Fiorentino (English: Florence Musical May) is an annual Italian arts festival in Florence, including a notable opera festival, under the auspices of the Opera di Firenze.

See L'Africaine and Maggio Musicale Fiorentino

Manchineel

The manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella) is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae).

See L'Africaine and Manchineel

Marie Battu

Marie Battu (30 May 1838 – 12 June 1919) was a French soprano.

See L'Africaine and Marie Battu

Marie Sasse

Marie Constance Sasse (26 January 1834 – 8 November 1907) was a Belgian operatic soprano.

See L'Africaine and Marie Sasse

Mark Delavan

Mark Delavan is an American operatic bass-baritone.

See L'Africaine and Mark Delavan

Mélesville

Baron Anne-Honoré-Joseph Duveyrier, pen-name Mélesville (13 December 1787 in Paris – 7 November 1865 in Marly-le-Roi) was a French dramatist.

See L'Africaine and Mélesville

Mezzo-soprano

A mezzo-soprano or mezzo (meaning "half soprano") is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types.

See L'Africaine and Mezzo-soprano

Michael Spyres

Michael Spyres (born 1979) is an American operatic baritenor.

See L'Africaine and Michael Spyres

Montserrat Caballé

María de Montserrat Bibiana Concepción Caballé i Folch or Folc (12 April 1933 – 6 October 2018), known simply as Montserrat Caballé (i Folch), was a Spanish operatic soprano from Catalonia.

See L'Africaine and Montserrat Caballé

Napoleon III

Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.

See L'Africaine and Napoleon III

Nice

Nice (Niçard: Niça, classical norm, or Nissa, Mistralian norm,; Nizza; Nissa; Νίκαια; Nicaea) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France.

See L'Africaine and Nice

Nicole Wild

Nicole Wild (20 June 1929 – 29 December 2017) was a French musicologist, chief curator at the Paris Opera Library and Museum, and a specialist in the history and iconography of opera in France in the 19th century.

See L'Africaine and Nicole Wild

Niger River

The Niger River is the main river of West Africa, extending about. Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in south-eastern Guinea near the Sierra Leone border. It runs in a crescent shape through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean.

See L'Africaine and Niger River

Oper Frankfurt

The Oper Frankfurt (Frankfurt Opera) is a German opera company based in Frankfurt.

See L'Africaine and Oper Frankfurt

Opera (British magazine)

Opera is a monthly British magazine devoted to covering all things related to opera.

See L'Africaine and Opera (British magazine)

Opernwelt

Opernwelt (Opera World) is a monthly German magazine for opera, operetta and ballet.

See L'Africaine and Opernwelt

Os Lusíadas

Os Lusíadas, usually translated as The Lusiads, is a Portuguese epic poem written by Luís Vaz de Camões (– 1580) and first published in 1572. L'Africaine and Os Lusíadas are cultural depictions of Vasco da Gama.

See L'Africaine and Os Lusíadas

Palais Garnier

The italic (Garnier Palace), also known as italic (Garnier Opera), is a historic 1,979-seatBeauvert 1996, p. 102.

See L'Africaine and Palais Garnier

Paris Opera

The Paris Opera is the primary opera and ballet company of France.

See L'Africaine and Paris Opera

Philip III of Spain

Philip III (Felipe III; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain.

See L'Africaine and Philip III of Spain

Philippe Chaperon

Philippe Chaperon (2 February 1823 – 21 December 1906) was a French painter and scenic designer, particularly known for his work at the Paris Opera.

See L'Africaine and Philippe Chaperon

Plácido Domingo

José Plácido Domingo Embil (born 21 January 1941) is a Spanish opera singer, conductor, and arts administrator.

See L'Africaine and Plácido Domingo

Riccardo Muti

Riccardo Muti (born 28 July 1941) is an Italian conductor.

See L'Africaine and Riccardo Muti

Robert Letellier

Robert Ignatius Letellier (born 1953, in Durban, South Africa) is a cultural historian and academic, specialising in the history of music, Romantic literature and the Bible.

See L'Africaine and Robert Letellier

Roberto Alagna

Roberto Alagna (born 7 June 1963) is a French operatic tenor.

See L'Africaine and Roberto Alagna

Royal Opera House

The Royal Opera House (ROH) is a historic opera house and major performing arts venue in Covent Garden, central London.

See L'Africaine and Royal Opera House

Ruth Ann Swenson

Ruth Ann Swenson (born August 25, 1959) is an American soprano who is renowned for her coloratura roles.

See L'Africaine and Ruth Ann Swenson

Salle Le Peletier

The Salle Le Peletier or Lepeletier (sometimes referred to as the Salle de la rue Le Peletier or the Opéra Le Peletier) was the home of the Paris Opera from 1821 until the building was destroyed by fire in 1873.

See L'Africaine and Salle Le Peletier

San Francisco Opera

The San Francisco Opera (SFO) is an American opera company founded in 1923 by Gaetano Merola (1881–1953) based in San Francisco, California.

See L'Africaine and San Francisco Opera

Sanjay Subrahmanyam

Sanjay Subrahmanyam (born 21 May 1961) is a historian of the early modern period.

See L'Africaine and Sanjay Subrahmanyam

Sheet music

Sheet music is a handwritten or printed form of musical notation that uses musical symbols to indicate the pitches, rhythms, or chords of a song or instrumental musical piece.

See L'Africaine and Sheet music

Shirley Verrett

Shirley Verrett (May 31, 1931 – November 5, 2010) was an American operatic mezzo-soprano who successfully transitioned into soprano roles making her a Soprano sfogato.

See L'Africaine and Shirley Verrett

Sophie Cruvelli

Sophie Johanne Charlotte Crüwell, vicountess Vigier, stage name Sophie Cruvelli (12 March 1826 – 6 November 1907) was a German opera singer.

See L'Africaine and Sophie Cruvelli

Sophie Koch

Sophie Koch (born 19 February 1969) is a French operatic mezzo-soprano who made an international career, performing Rosina in Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia at the Royal Opera House, the Composer in Ariadne auf Naxos by Richard Strauss at the Semperoper in Dresden, and Charlotte in Massenet's Werther at the Paris Opera, among others.

See L'Africaine and Sophie Koch

Soprano

A soprano is a type of classical female singing voice and has the highest vocal range of all voice types.

See L'Africaine and Soprano

Stanley Sadie

Stanley John Sadie (30 October 1930 – 21 March 2005) was an influential and prolific British musicologist, music critic, and editor.

See L'Africaine and Stanley Sadie

Telegraphy

Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message.

See L'Africaine and Telegraphy

Tenor

A tenor is a type of classical male singing voice whose vocal range lies between the countertenor and baritone voice types.

See L'Africaine and Tenor

The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

See L'Africaine and The Guardian

The New Grove Dictionary of Opera

The New Grove Dictionary of Opera is an encyclopedia of opera.

See L'Africaine and The New Grove Dictionary of Opera

Theater Chemnitz

Theater Chemnitz is a German municipal theater organization based in Chemnitz.

See L'Africaine and Theater Chemnitz

Vasco da Gama

D. Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (– 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and nobleman who was the first European to reach India by sea.

See L'Africaine and Vasco da Gama

Victor Warot

Victor Alexandre Joseph Warot (18 September 1834, Verviers – 29 March 1906, Bois-Colombes) was a Belgian opera singer.

See L'Africaine and Victor Warot

Voice type

A voice type is a group of voices with similar vocal ranges, capable of singing in a similar tessitura, and with similar vocal transition points (passaggi).

See L'Africaine and Voice type

War Memorial Opera House

The War Memorial Opera House is an opera house in San Francisco, California, located on the western side of Van Ness Avenue across from the west side/rear facade of the San Francisco City Hall.

See L'Africaine and War Memorial Opera House

See also

1865 operas

Cultural depictions of Vasco da Gama

Grand operas

Libretti by Eugène Scribe

Operas by Giacomo Meyerbeer

Operas completed by others

Operas set in Portugal

Operas set in the 15th century

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Africaine

Also known as African Girl, L' Africaine, L'africana, The African Girl, Vasco da Gama (opera), Vasco de Gama (opera).

, John Warrack, Joseph Rouleau, Justino Díaz, Kevin Anderson (tenor), L'étoile du nord, La Fenice, Le prophète, Liceu, Lisbon, Louis Mérante, Louis Spohr, Louis-Henri Obin, Luís de Camões, Madagascar, Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Manchineel, Marie Battu, Marie Sasse, Mark Delavan, Mélesville, Mezzo-soprano, Michael Spyres, Montserrat Caballé, Napoleon III, Nice, Nicole Wild, Niger River, Oper Frankfurt, Opera (British magazine), Opernwelt, Os Lusíadas, Palais Garnier, Paris Opera, Philip III of Spain, Philippe Chaperon, Plácido Domingo, Riccardo Muti, Robert Letellier, Roberto Alagna, Royal Opera House, Ruth Ann Swenson, Salle Le Peletier, San Francisco Opera, Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Sheet music, Shirley Verrett, Sophie Cruvelli, Sophie Koch, Soprano, Stanley Sadie, Telegraphy, Tenor, The Guardian, The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Theater Chemnitz, Vasco da Gama, Victor Warot, Voice type, War Memorial Opera House.