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Lev Mekhlis, the Glossary

Index Lev Mekhlis

Lev Zakharovich Mekhlis (Лев Заха́рович Ме́хлис; January 13, 1889 – February 13, 1953) was a Soviet politician and a prominent officer in the Red Army from 1937 to 1940.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 63 relations: Alexei Vinogradov, Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Academy, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Council of People's Commissars, Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union, Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov, Eastern Front (World War II), Editor-in-chief, Eugen Varga, Front (military formation), Georgy Zhukov, Great Purge, Grigory Shtern, Imperial Russian Army, Institute of Red Professors, Joseph Stalin, Khabarovsk, Kliment Voroshilov, Konstantin Simonov, Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Massacre of Feodosia, Maximilian Saveliev, Mikhail Frinovsky, Ministry of State Control, Moscow, Nikita Khrushchev, Nikolai Bukharin, NKVD, Odesa, Operation Barbarossa, Order of Kutuzov, Order of Lenin, Order of Suvorov, Order of the Red Banner, Orgburo, Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Paul von Hindenburg, Poale Zion, Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Political commissar, Pravda, Rabkrin, Red Army, Red Square, Rosalia Zemlyachka, Russian Civil War, ... Expand index (13 more) »

  2. Candidates of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
  3. Great Purge perpetrators
  4. Members of the Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
  5. Members of the Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
  6. Military personnel from Odesa
  7. People from Odessky Uyezd
  8. Perpetrators of World War II prisoner of war massacres
  9. Political commissars of the Soviet Army
  10. Politicians from Odesa
  11. Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–1989)
  12. Russian Jews in the military

Alexei Vinogradov

Alexei Ivanovich Vinogradov (Алексе́й Ива́нович Виногра́дов; 12 February 1899 – 11 January 1940) was a Soviet kombrig and the commander of the 44th Rifle Division. Lev Mekhlis and Alexei Vinogradov are Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War.

See Lev Mekhlis and Alexei Vinogradov

Battle of the Kerch Peninsula

The Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, which commenced with the Soviet Kerch-Feodosia Landing Operation (Керченско-Феодосийская десантная операция, Kerchensko-Feodosiyskaya desantnaya operatsiya) and ended with the German Operation Bustard Hunt (Unternehmen Trappenjagd), was a World War II battle between Erich von Manstein's German and Romanian 11th Army and the Soviet Crimean Front forces in the Kerch Peninsula, in the eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula.

See Lev Mekhlis and Battle of the Kerch Peninsula

Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) sat from 10 February 1934 until the convening of the 18th Congress on 10 March 1939.

See Lev Mekhlis and Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 1939 until 1952, and was replenished in 1941.

See Lev Mekhlis and Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the highest organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between two congresses.

See Lev Mekhlis and Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Communist Academy

The Communist Academy (Russian: Коммунистическая академия, transliterated Kommunisticheskaya akademiya) was a higher educational establishment and research institute based in Moscow.

See Lev Mekhlis and Communist Academy

Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), at some points known as the Russian Communist Party, All-Union Communist Party and Bolshevik Party, and sometimes referred to as the Soviet Communist Party (SCP), was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.

See Lev Mekhlis and Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars (CPC) (Sovet narodnykh kommissarov (SNK)), commonly known as the Sovnarkom (Совнарком), were the highest executive authorities of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the Soviet Union (USSR), and the Soviet republics from 1917 to 1946.

See Lev Mekhlis and Council of People's Commissars

Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union

This is a list of all deputy premiers of the Soviet Union.

See Lev Mekhlis and Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union

Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov

Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov (Дми́трий Тимофе́евич Козло́в; October 23 (November 4) 1896, Razgulyayka, now in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast – December 6, 1967, Minsk) was a Soviet military commander. Lev Mekhlis and Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov are Russian military personnel of World War I, Soviet military personnel of World War II and Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War.

See Lev Mekhlis and Dmitry Timofeyevich Kozlov

Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in contemporary German and Ukrainian historiographies, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Allies, including the Soviet Union (USSR) and Poland.

See Lev Mekhlis and Eastern Front (World War II)

Editor-in-chief

An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies.

See Lev Mekhlis and Editor-in-chief

Eugen Varga

Eugen Samuilovich "Jenő" Varga (born as Eugen Weisz, November 6, 1879 – October 7, 1964) was a Soviet economist of Hungarian origin.

See Lev Mekhlis and Eugen Varga

Front (military formation)

A front (front) is a type of military formation that originated in the Russian Empire, and has been used by the Polish Army, the Red Army, the Soviet Army, and Turkey.

See Lev Mekhlis and Front (military formation)

Georgy Zhukov

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (a; 189618 June 1974) was a Marshal of the Soviet Union. Lev Mekhlis and Georgy Zhukov are Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–1989), Russian military personnel of World War I, Soviet military personnel of World War II and Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War.

See Lev Mekhlis and Georgy Zhukov

Great Purge

The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (translit), also known as the Year of '37 (label) and the Yezhovshchina (label), was Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin's campaign to consolidate power over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet state.

See Lev Mekhlis and Great Purge

Grigory Shtern

Grigory Mikhailovich Shtern (Григорий Михайлович Штерн; – 28 October 1941) was a Soviet officer in the Red Army and military advisor during the Spanish Civil War. Lev Mekhlis and Grigory Shtern are Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Soviet Jews in the military.

See Lev Mekhlis and Grigory Shtern

Imperial Russian Army

The Imperial Russian Army or Russian Imperial Army (Rússkaya imperátorskaya ármiya) was the armed land force of the Russian Empire, active from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917.

See Lev Mekhlis and Imperial Russian Army

Institute of Red Professors

The Institute of Red Professors of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (Институ́т кра́сной профессу́ры, ИКП) was an institute of graduate-level education in the Marxist social sciences located in the Orthodox Convent of the Passion, Moscow.

See Lev Mekhlis and Institute of Red Professors

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. Lev Mekhlis and Joseph Stalin are Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Great Purge perpetrators, Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Members of the Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Members of the Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

See Lev Mekhlis and Joseph Stalin

Khabarovsk

Khabarovsk (Хабаровск) is the largest city and the administrative centre of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia,Law #109 located from the China–Russia border, at the confluence of the Amur and Ussuri Rivers, about north of Vladivostok.

See Lev Mekhlis and Khabarovsk

Kliment Voroshilov

Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov (Климент Ефремович Ворошилов; Klyment Okhrimovych Voroshylov), popularly known as Klim Voroshilov (Клим Ворошилов; 4 February 1881 – 2 December 1969), was a prominent Soviet military officer and politician during the Stalin-era. Lev Mekhlis and Kliment Voroshilov are Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Great Purge perpetrators, Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union and Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War.

See Lev Mekhlis and Kliment Voroshilov

Konstantin Simonov

Konstantin Mikhailovich Simonov, born Kirill Mikhailovich Simonov (Константи́н Миха́йлович Си́монов, – 28 August 1979), was a Soviet author, war poet, playwright and wartime correspondent, arguably most famous for his 1941 poem "Wait for Me". Lev Mekhlis and Konstantin Simonov are Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union and Soviet military personnel of World War II.

See Lev Mekhlis and Konstantin Simonov

Kremlin Wall Necropolis

The Kremlin Wall Necropolis is the former national cemetery of the Soviet Union, located in Red Square in Moscow beside the Kremlin Wall.

See Lev Mekhlis and Kremlin Wall Necropolis

Massacre of Feodosia

The Massacre of Feodosia was a war crime by the Red Army against 160 wounded Wehrmacht POWs between December 29, 1941 and January 1, 1942.

See Lev Mekhlis and Massacre of Feodosia

Maximilian Saveliev

Maximilian Alexandrovich Saveliev (Russian: Максимилиа́н Алекса́ндрович Саве́льев; February 19, 1884, Nizhny Novgorod – May 15, 1939, Moscow) was a Russian Bolshevik, Soviet academic, economist, journalist and historian.

See Lev Mekhlis and Maximilian Saveliev

Mikhail Frinovsky

Mikhail Petrovich Frinovsky (7 February 1898 – 4 February 1940) was a Soviet secret police official who served as a deputy head of the NKVD under Nikolai Yezhov during the Great Purge. Lev Mekhlis and Mikhail Frinovsky are Russian military personnel of World War I and Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War.

See Lev Mekhlis and Mikhail Frinovsky

Ministry of State Control

The Ministry of State Control (Mingoskon; Министерство государственного контроля СССР) was a government ministry in the Soviet Union.

See Lev Mekhlis and Ministry of State Control

Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

See Lev Mekhlis and Moscow

Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1958 to 1964. Lev Mekhlis and Nikita Khrushchev are Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union, Soviet military personnel of World War II and Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War.

See Lev Mekhlis and Nikita Khrushchev

Nikolai Bukharin

Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (p; – 15 March 1938) was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and Marxist theorist. Lev Mekhlis and Nikolai Bukharin are Candidates of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).

See Lev Mekhlis and Nikolai Bukharin

NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del), abbreviated as NKVD, was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946.

See Lev Mekhlis and NKVD

Odesa

Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.

See Lev Mekhlis and Odesa

Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.

See Lev Mekhlis and Operation Barbarossa

Order of Kutuzov

The Order of Kutuzov (орден Кутузова orden Kutuzova) is a military decoration of the Russian Federation named after famous Russian Field Marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745–1813).

See Lev Mekhlis and Order of Kutuzov

Order of Lenin

The Order of Lenin (Orden Lenina) was an award named after Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the October Revolution.

See Lev Mekhlis and Order of Lenin

Order of Suvorov

The Order of Suvorov is a military decoration of the Russian Federation named in honor of Russian Generalissimo Prince Alexander Suvorov (1729–1800).

See Lev Mekhlis and Order of Suvorov

The Order of the Red Banner (Orden Krasnogo Znameni) was the first Soviet military decoration.

See Lev Mekhlis and Order of the Red Banner

Orgburo

The Orgburo (Оргбюро́), also known as the Organisational Bureau (организационное бюро.), of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union existed from 1919 to 1952, when it was abolished at the 19th Congress of the Communist Party and its functions were transferred to the enlarged Secretariat.

See Lev Mekhlis and Orgburo

Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The 18th Orgburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was elected by the 1st Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, in the immediate aftermath of the 18th Congress.

See Lev Mekhlis and Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Paul von Hindenburg

Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (abbreviated; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I. He later became president of Germany from 1925 until his death.

See Lev Mekhlis and Paul von Hindenburg

Poale Zion

Poale Zion (also spelled Poalei Tziyon or Poaley Syjon, meaning "Workers of Zion") was a movement of Marxist–Zionist Jewish workers founded in various cities of Poland, Europe and the Russian Empire at about the turn of the 20th century after the Bund rejected Zionism in 1901.

See Lev Mekhlis and Poale Zion

Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was in session from 1934 to 1939.

See Lev Mekhlis and Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Political commissar

In the military, a political commissar or political officer (or politruk, a portmanteau word from politicheskiy rukovoditel; or political instructor) is a supervisory officer responsible for the political education (ideology) and organization of the unit to which they are assigned, with the intention of ensuring political control of the military.

See Lev Mekhlis and Political commissar

Pravda

Pravda (a, 'Truth') is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, and was the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most influential papers in the country with a circulation of 11 million.

See Lev Mekhlis and Pravda

Rabkrin

The People's Commissariat of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection, also known as Rabkrin (РКИ, RKI; Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, WPI), was a governmental establishment in the Soviet Union of ministerial level (people's commissariat) that was responsible for scrutinizing the state, local and enterprise administrations.

See Lev Mekhlis and Rabkrin

Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.

See Lev Mekhlis and Red Army

Red Square

Red Square (Krasnaya ploshchad') is one of the oldest and largest squares in Moscow, the capital of Russia.

See Lev Mekhlis and Red Square

Rosalia Zemlyachka

Rosalia Samoilovna Zemlyachka, née Zalkind (Розалия Самойловна Землячка; 20 March 187621 January 1947) was a Russian revolutionary and Soviet politician. Lev Mekhlis and Rosalia Zemlyachka are Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union.

See Lev Mekhlis and Rosalia Zemlyachka

Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.

See Lev Mekhlis and Russian Civil War

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

See Lev Mekhlis and Russian Empire

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR..

See Lev Mekhlis and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was responsible for managing and directing the day-to-day operations of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, while the Politburo was charged with the policy-making aspects of the party.

See Lev Mekhlis and Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

Semyon Budyonny

Semyon Mikhailovich Budyonny (a; – 26 October 1973) was a Soviet cavalryman, military commander during the Russian Civil War, Polish-Soviet War and World War II, and politician, who was a close political ally of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Lev Mekhlis and Semyon Budyonny are Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, Candidates of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Russian military personnel of World War I, Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union and Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War.

See Lev Mekhlis and Semyon Budyonny

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

See Lev Mekhlis and Soviet Union

Stavka

The Stavka (Russian and Ukrainian: Ставка, Belarusian: Стаўка) is a name of the high command of the armed forces formerly used formerly in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union and currently in Ukraine.

See Lev Mekhlis and Stavka

Vasily Blyukher

Vasily Konstantinovich Blyukher (Vasiliy Konstantinovich Blyukher; 1 December 1889 – 9 November 1938) was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union. Lev Mekhlis and Vasily Blyukher are Candidates of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Russian military personnel of World War I and Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War.

See Lev Mekhlis and Vasily Blyukher

Vsevolod Merkulov

Vsevolod Nikolayevich (Boris) Merkulov (Всеволод Николаевич Меркулов; – 23 December 1953) was the head of NKGB from February to July 1941, and again from April 1943 to March 1946. Lev Mekhlis and Vsevolod Merkulov are Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Perpetrators of World War II prisoner of war massacres and Russian military personnel of World War I.

See Lev Mekhlis and Vsevolod Merkulov

Vyacheslav Molotov

Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (9 March 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician, diplomat, and revolutionary who was a leading figure in the government of the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s, as one of Joseph Stalin's closest allies. Lev Mekhlis and Vyacheslav Molotov are Great Purge perpetrators, Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union.

See Lev Mekhlis and Vyacheslav Molotov

Winter War

The Winter War was a war between the Soviet Union and Finland.

See Lev Mekhlis and Winter War

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

See Lev Mekhlis and World War I

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See Lev Mekhlis and World War II

Yan Gamarnik

Yan Gamarnik (birth name Jakov Tzudikovich Gamarnik (Я́ков Цу́дикович Гама́рник)), sometimes known as Yakov Gamarnik (Я́ков Гама́рник; – 31 May 1937), was the Chief of the Political Department of the Red Army from 1930 to 1937, Deputy Commissar of Defense 1930—1934 and First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia 1928–1930. Lev Mekhlis and Yan Gamarnik are Members of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), political commissars of the Soviet Army and Soviet Jews in the military.

See Lev Mekhlis and Yan Gamarnik

See also

Candidates of the Central Committee of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Great Purge perpetrators

Members of the Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Members of the Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

Military personnel from Odesa

People from Odessky Uyezd

Perpetrators of World War II prisoner of war massacres

Political commissars of the Soviet Army

Politicians from Odesa

Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–1989)

Russian Jews in the military

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Mekhlis

Also known as Lev Z. Mehlis, Mekhlis.

, Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Semyon Budyonny, Soviet Union, Stavka, Vasily Blyukher, Vsevolod Merkulov, Vyacheslav Molotov, Winter War, World War I, World War II, Yan Gamarnik.