List of astronomers, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 854 relations: Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, Abdus Salam, Aberration (astronomy), Abolfadl Harawi, Abraham bar Hiyya, Abraham Zacuto, Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani, Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Abu Said Gorgani, Abu-Mahmud Khujandi, Adam Riess, Aden Meinel, Adolphe Quetelet, Adriaan Blaauw, Adriaan van Maanen, Adrien Auzout, Agrippa (astronomer), Ahmad Nahavandi, Akihiko Tago, Akimasa Nakamura, Al-Battani, Al-Biruni, Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht, Al-Farghani, Al-Khwarizmi, Al-Zarqali, Alain Maury, Alan Guth, Alan Hale (astronomer), Albert Einstein, Albert Marth, Albert Whitford (astronomer), Albertus Antonie Nijland, Albrecht Unsöld, Aleksander Wolszczan, Alex Filippenko, Alexander A. Gurshtein, Alexander Deutsch, Alexander Dubyago, Alexander Vyssotsky, Alexandre Schaumasse, Alexandria, Alexis Bouvard, Alfred Bohrmann, Alfred Fowler, Alfred Harrison Joy, Alfred Wegener, Algeria, Allan Sandage, Alphonse Borrelly, ... Expand index (804 more) »

2. Astronomers
3. Astronomy-related lists
4. Lists of space scientists

Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṣūfī (عبدالرحمن الصوفی; 7 December 90325 May 986) was a Persian Muslim astronomer.

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Abdus Salam

Mohammad Abdus Salam Salam adopted the forename "Mohammad" in 1974 in response to the anti-Ahmadiyya decrees in Pakistan, similarly he grew his beard.

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Aberration (astronomy)

In astronomy, aberration (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is a phenomenon where celestial objects exhibit an apparent motion about their true positions based on the velocity of the observer: It causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the observer's direction of motion.

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Abolfadl Harawi

Abolfadl Harawi (ابو الفضل هروى) was a 10th-century astronomer who, along with al-Khujandi, studied under the patronage of the Buyid dynasty in Rey, Persia.

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Abraham bar Hiyya

Abraham bar Ḥiyya ha-Nasi (– 1136 or 1145), also known as Abraham Savasorda, Abraham Albargeloni, and Abraham Judaeus, was a Catalan Jewish mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who resided in Barcelona, then in the County of Barcelona.

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Abraham Zacuto

Abraham Zacuto (אַבְרָהָם בֵּן שְׁמוּאֵל זַכּוּת|translit.

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Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani

Abū al-Wafāʾ Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Ismāʿīl ibn al-ʿAbbās al-Būzjānī or Abū al-Wafā Būzhjānī (ابو الوفا بوژگانی, ابو الوفا بوزجانی; 10 June 940 – 15 July 998) was a Persian mathematician and astronomer who worked in Baghdad.

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Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi

Abu Ma‘shar al-Balkhi, Latinized as Albumasar (also Albusar, Albuxar; full name Abū Maʿshar Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar al-Balkhī أبو معشر جعفر بن محمد بن عمر البلخي; 10 August 787 – 9 March 886, AH 171–272), was an early Persian Muslim astrologer, thought to be the greatest astrologer of the Abbasid court in Baghdad.

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Abu Said Gorgani

Abu Sa'id al-Dharir al-Jurjani (ابو سعيد الضرير الجرجاني), also Gurgani, was a 9th-century Persian mathematician and astronomer from Gurgan, Iran.

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Abu-Mahmud Khujandi

Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn al-Khidr al-Khujandi (known as Abu Mahmood Khujandi, al-khujandi or Khujandi, Persian: ابومحمود خجندی, - 1000) was a Muslim Transoxanian astronomer and mathematician born in Khujand (now part of Tajikistan) who lived in the late 10th century and helped build an observatory, near the city of Ray (near today's Tehran), in Iran.

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Adam Riess

Adam Guy Riess (born December 16, 1969) is an American astrophysicist and Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University and the Space Telescope Science Institute.

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Aden Meinel

Aden B. Meinel (November 25, 1922 – October 3, 2011) was an American astronomer.

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Adolphe Quetelet

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet FRSF or FRSE (22 February 1796 – 17 February 1874) was a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist who founded and directed the Brussels Observatory and was influential in introducing statistical methods to the social sciences.

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Adriaan Blaauw

Adriaan Blaauw (12 April 1914 – 1 December 2010) was a Dutch astronomer.

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Adriaan van Maanen

Adriaan van Maanen (March 31, 1884 – January 26, 1946) was a Dutch-American astronomer.

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Adrien Auzout

Adrien Auzout (28 January 1622 – 23 May 1691) was a French astronomer.

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Agrippa (astronomer)

Agrippa (Ἀγρίππας) was a Greek astronomer.

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Ahmad Nahavandi

Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Nahawandi (احمد نهاوندى), also called al-Nahawandi, was an 8th/9th century Persian astronomer.

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Akihiko Tago

is a Japanese amateur astronomer.

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Akimasa Nakamura

(born 1961) is a Japanese astronomer.

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Al-Battani

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī aṣ-Ṣābiʾ al-Battānī (محمد بن جابر بن سنان البتاني), usually called al-Battānī, a name that was in the past Latinized as Albategnius, (before 858929) was an astronomer, astrologer and mathematician, who lived and worked for most of his life at Raqqa, now in Syria.

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Al-Biruni

Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (ابوریحان بیرونی; أبو الريحان البيروني; 973after 1050), known as al-Biruni, was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age.

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Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht

Al-Fazl or Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht, (also written Nowbakht), was an 8th century Persian scholar.

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Al-Farghani

Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī (أبو العبّاس أحمد بن محمد بن كثير الفرغاني) also known as Alfraganus in the West (870), was an astronomer in the Abbasid court in Baghdad, and one of the most famous astronomers in the 9th century.

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Al-Khwarizmi

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (محمد بن موسى خوارزمی), often referred to as simply al-Khwarizmi, was a polymath who produced vastly influential Arabic-language works in mathematics, astronomy, and geography.

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Al-Zarqali

Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn Yaḥyā al-Naqqāsh al-Zarqālī al-Tujibi (إبراهيمبن يحيى الزرقالي); also known as Al-Zarkali or Ibn Zarqala (1029–1100), was an Arab maker of astronomical instruments and an astrologer from the western part of the Islamic world.

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Alain Maury

Alain J. Maury (born 1958) is a French astronomer who has discovered numerous asteroids.

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Alan Guth

Alan Harvey Guth (born February 27, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist and cosmologist who is the Victor Weisskopf Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Alan Hale (astronomer)

Alan Hale (born 1958) is an American professional astronomer, who co-discovered Comet Hale–Bopp along with amateur astronomer Thomas Bopp.

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Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".

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Albert Marth

Albert Marth (5 May 1828 – 6 August 1897) was a German astronomer who worked in Britain and Ireland.

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Albert Whitford (astronomer)

Albert Edward Whitford (October 22, 1905 – March 28, 2002) was an American physicist and astronomer.

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Albertus Antonie Nijland

Albertus (Albert) Antonie Nijland (30 October 1868 – 18 August 1936) was a Dutch astronomer.

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Albrecht Unsöld

Albrecht Otto Johannes Unsöld (20 April 1905 – 23 September 1995) was a German astrophysicist known for his contributions to spectroscopic analysis of stellar atmospheres.

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Aleksander Wolszczan

Aleksander Wolszczan (born 29 April 1946) is a Polish astronomer.

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Alex Filippenko

Alexei Vladimir "Alex" Filippenko (born July 25, 1958) is an American astrophysicist and professor of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley.

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Alexander A. Gurshtein

Alexander Aronovich Gurshtein (Александр Аронович Гурштейн, Aleksandr Aronovich Gurshteyn; February 21, 1937 – April 3, 2020) was a Soviet/Russian astronomer and historian of science.

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Alexander Deutsch

Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch (Aleksandr Nikolaevič Dejč; Александр Николаевич Дейч; December 31, 1899 – 22 November 1986) was a Soviet astronomer who worked at Pulkovo Observatory.

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Alexander Dubyago

Alexander Dmitriyevich Dubyago (Александр Дмитриевич Дубяго in Russian) (December 5(18), 1903, Kazan - October 29, 1959, Kazan) was a Soviet astronomer and expert in theoretical astrophysics.

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Alexander Vyssotsky

Alexander Nikolayevich Vyssotsky (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Высо́тский, 23 May 1888 – 31 December 1973) was a Russian-American astronomer.

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Alexandre Schaumasse

Alexandre Schaumasse (1882–1958) was a French astronomer and discoverer of comets and minor planets.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

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Alexis Bouvard

Alexis Bouvard (27 June 1767 – 7 June 1843) was a French astronomer.

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Alfred Bohrmann

Alfred Bohrmann (February 28, 1904 – January 4, 2000) was a German astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Alfred Fowler

Alfred Fowler, CBE FRS (22 March 1868, in Yorkshire – 24 June 1940) was an English astronomer and spectroscopist.

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Alfred Harrison Joy

Alfred Harrison Joy (September 23, 1882 in Greenville, Illinois – April 18, 1973 in Pasadena, California) was an astronomer best known for his work on stellar distances, the radial motion of stars, and variable stars.

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Alfred Wegener

Alfred Lothar Wegener (1 November 1880 – November 1930) was a German climatologist, geologist, geophysicist, meteorologist, and polar researcher.

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Algeria

Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.

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Allan Sandage

Allan Rex Sandage (June 18, 1926 – November 13, 2010) was an American astronomer.

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Alphonse Borrelly

Alphonse Louis Nicolas Borrelly (December 8, 1842 – February 28, 1926) was a French astronomer.

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Alyssa A. Goodman

Alyssa Ann Goodman (born July 1, 1962) is the Robert Wheeler Willson Professor of Applied Astronomy at Harvard University, former co-director for Science at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Research Associate of the Smithsonian Institution, and the founding director of the Harvard Initiative in Innovative Computing.

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Anders Celsius

Anders Celsius (27 November 170125 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician.

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André Patry

André Patry (22 November 1902 – 20 June 1960) was a French astronomer and discoverer of 9 minor planets in the late 1930s.

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André-Louis Danjon

André-Louis Danjon (6 April 1890 – 21 April 1967) was a French astronomer born in Caen to Louis Dominique Danjon and Marie Justine Binet.

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Andrea Di Paola

Andrea Di Paola (born 1970) is an Italian astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.

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Andrea M. Ghez

Andrea Mia Ghez (born June 16, 1965) is an American astrophysicist, Nobel laureate, and professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Lauren B. Leichtman & Arthur E. Levine chair in Astrophysics, at the University of California, Los Angeles.

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Andreas Cellarius

Andreas Cellarius (–1665) was a Dutch–German cartographer and cosmographer best known for his 1660 Harmonia Macrocosmica, a major star atlas.

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Andreas Gerasimos Michalitsianos

Dr.

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Andrew Ainslie Common

Andrew Ainslie Common FRS (1841–1903) was an English amateur astronomer best known for his pioneering work in astrophotography.

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Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin

Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin (6 February 1865 – 20 September 1939) was an astronomer of French and Huguenot descent who was born in Cushendun, County Antrim, Ireland.

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Andrew Graham (astronomer)

Andrew Graham (8 April 1815 – 5 November 1908) was an Irish astronomer, orbit computer and discoverer of the asteroid 9 Metis.

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Andrew Lyne

Andrew Geoffrey Lyne (born 13 July 1942) is a British physicist.

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Andronicus of Cyrrhus

Andronicus of Cyrrhus or Andronicus Cyrrhestes (Latin; Ἀνδρόνικος Κυρρήστης, Andrónikos Kyrrhēstēs) was a Hellenized Macedonian astronomer best known for designing the Tower of the Winds in Roman Athens.

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Angelo Secchi

Angelo Secchi (28 June 1818 – 26 February 1878) was an Italian Catholic priest and astronomer from the Italian region of Emilia.

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Anneila Sargent

Professor Anneila Isabel Sargent FRSE DSc (born Anneila Cassells, 1942) is a Scottish–American astronomer who specializes in star formation.

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Annibale de Gasparis

Annibale de Gasparis (9 November 1819 – 21 March 1892) was an Italian astronomer, known for discovering asteroids and his contributions to theoretical astronomy.

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Annie Jump Cannon

Annie Jump Cannon (December 11, 1863 – April 13, 1941) was an American astronomer whose cataloging work was instrumental in the development of contemporary stellar classification.

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Ansel Adams

Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist known for his black-and-white images of the American West.

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Anton Pannekoek

Antonie “Anton” Pannekoek (2 January 1873 – 28 April 1960) was a Dutch astronomer, historian, philosopher, Marxist theorist, and socialist revolutionary.

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Anton Staus

Anton Staus (5 September 1872 – 21 July 1955) was a German astronomer.

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Antonín Mrkos

Antonín Mrkos (27 January 1918, Střemchoví – 29 May 1996, Prague) was a Czech astronomer.

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Antonia Maury

Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Maury (March 21, 1866 – January 8, 1952) was an American astronomer who was the first to detect and calculate the orbit of a spectroscopic binary.

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Antonio Abetti

Antonio Abetti (19 June 1846 – 20 February 1928) was an Italian astronomer.

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Antonio de Ulloa

Antonio de Ulloa (12 January 1716 – 3 July 1795) was a Spanish naval officer, scientist, and administrator.

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Antony Hewish

Antony Hewish (11 May 1924 – 13 September 2021) was a British radio astronomer who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1974 (together with fellow radio-astronomer Martin Ryle) for his role in the discovery of pulsars.

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Aristarchus of Samos

Aristarchus of Samos (Ἀρίσταρχος ὁ Σάμιος, Aristarkhos ho Samios) was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the universe, with the Earth revolving around the Sun once a year and rotating about its axis once a day.

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Armin Otto Leuschner

Armin Otto Leuschner (January 16, 1868 – April 22, 1953) was an American astronomer and educator.

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Arno Allan Penzias

Arno Allan Penzias (April 26, 1933 – January 22, 2024) was an American physicist and radio astronomer.

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Arno Arthur Wachmann

Arno Arthur Wachmann (8 March 1902 – 24 July 1990) was a German astronomer and discoverer of comets and minor planets, who worked for many years at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg.

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Arthur Auwers

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Arthur Eddington

Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician.

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Aryabhata

Aryabhata (ISO) or Aryabhata I (476–550 CE) was the first of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy.

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Asada Goryu

was a Japanese physician and astronomer who helped integrate western and Japanese astronomy in the Edo period.

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Asaph Hall

Asaph Hall III (October 15, 1829 – November 22, 1907) was an American astronomer who is best known for having discovered the two moons of Mars, Deimos and Phobos, in 1877.

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Astronomer

An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. List of astronomers and astronomer are astronomers.

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Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

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Astrophysics

Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena.

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Atsuo Asami

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Atsushi Sugie

is a Japanese astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.

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Audrey C. Delsanti

Audrey Delsanti (born 27 August 1976) is a French astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile.

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August Ferdinand Möbius

August Ferdinand Möbius (17 November 1790 – 26 September 1868) was a German mathematician and theoretical astronomer.

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August Kopff

August Kopff (February 5, 1882 – April 25, 1960) was a German astronomer and discoverer of several comets and asteroids.

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Auguste Charlois

Auguste Honoré Charlois (November 26, 1864 – March 26, 1910) was a French astronomer who discovered 99 asteroids while working at the Nice Observatory in southeastern France.

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Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.

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Avi Loeb

Abraham "Avi" Loeb (אברהם (אבי) לייב; born February 26, 1962) is an Israeli-American theoretical physicist who works on astrophysics and cosmology.

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Axel Firsoff

Valdemar Axel Firsoff FRAS was known principally as an amateur astronomer.

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Axial tilt

In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, which is the line perpendicular to its orbital plane; equivalently, it is the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane.

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Álvaro López-García

Álvaro López-García (1941-2019) was a Spanish astronomer, professor of astronomy at University of Valencia and director of the Valencia University Observatory during the years 1968-2000.

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Ángel López Jiménez

Ángel López Jiménez (born 1955) is a Spanish astronomer.

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Édouard Stephan

Édouard Jean-Marie Stephan (31 August 1837 – 31 December 1923) was a French astronomer.

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Ľubor Kresák

Ľubor Kresák (23 August 1927 in Topoľčany – 20 January 1994 in Bratislava) was a Slovak astronomer.

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Ľudmila Pajdušáková

Ľudmila Pajdušáková (29 June 1916 – 6 October 1979) was a Slovak astronomer.

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Babylonia

Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).

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Banū Mūsā brothers

The three brothers Abū Jaʿfar, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (before 803 – February 873); Abū al‐Qāsim, Aḥmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century) and Al-Ḥasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir (d. 9th century), were Persian scholars who lived and worked in Baghdad.

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Bangladesh

Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia.

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Barnard's Star

Barnard's Star is a small red dwarf star in the constellation of Ophiuchus.

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Bart Bok

Bartholomeus Jan "Bart" Bok (April 28, 1906 – August 5, 1983) was a Dutch-American astronomer, teacher, and lecturer.

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Beatrice Tinsley

Beatrice Muriel Hill Tinsley (27 January 1941 – 23 March 1981) was a British-born New Zealand astronomer and cosmologist, and the first female professor of astronomy at Yale University, whose research made fundamental contributions to the astronomical understanding of how galaxies evolve, grow and die.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

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Bengt Gustafsson (astronomer)

Bengt Gustafsson (born 18 July 1943) is a Swedish astronomer and emeritus professor in theoretical astrophysics at Uppsala University.

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Bengt Strömgren

Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren (21 January 1908 – 4 July 1987) was a Danish astronomer and astrophysicist.

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Benjamin Apthorp Gould

Benjamin Apthorp Gould (September 27, 1824 – November 26, 1896) was a pioneering American astronomer.

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Benjamin Baillaud

Édouard Benjamin Baillaud (14 February 1848 – 8 July 1934) was a French astronomer.

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Benjamin Banneker

Benjamin Banneker (November 9, 1731October 19, 1806) was an African-American naturalist, mathematician, astronomer and almanac author.

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Benjamin Jekhowsky

Benjamin Jekhowsky (Вениамин Павлович Жеховский, born 1881 in Saint-Petersburg (Russia), died in 1975, Encausse-les-Thermes (France)) was a Russian–French astronomer, born in Saint-Petersburg in a noble family of a Russian railroad official.

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Benjamin Valz

Jean Elias Benjamin Valz (May 27, 1787 – April 22, 1867) was a French astronomer.

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Bernard Lovell

Sir Alfred Charles Bernard Lovell (31 August 19136 August 2012) was an English physicist and radio astronomer.

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Bernard Lyot

Bernard Ferdinand Lyot (27 February 1897 in Paris – 2 April 1952 in Cairo) was a French astronomer.

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Bernhard Schmidt

Bernhard Woldemar Schmidt (Nargen, Estonia – 1 December 1935, Hamburg) was an Estonian optician.

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Bertil Lindblad

Bertil Lindblad (Örebro, 26 November 1895 – Saltsjöbaden, outside Stockholm, 25 June 1965) was a Swedish astronomer.

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Bhāskara I

Bhāskara (commonly called Bhāskara I to avoid confusion with the 12th-century mathematician Bhāskara II) was a 7th-century Indian mathematician and astronomer who was the first to write numbers in the Hindu–Arabic decimal system with a circle for the zero, and who gave a unique and remarkable rational approximation of the sine function in his commentary on Aryabhata's work.

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Bhāskara II

Bhāskara II (1114–1185), also known as Bhāskarāchārya, was an Indian polymath, mathematician, astronomer and engineer.

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Bilad al-Sham

Bilad al-Sham (Bilād al-Shām), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates.

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Binary star

A binary star or binary star system is a system of two stars that are gravitationally bound to and in orbit around each other.

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Black hole

A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light and other electromagnetic waves, is capable of possessing enough energy to escape it.

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Bohdan Paczyński

Bohdan Paczyński or Bohdan Paczynski (8 February 1940 – 19 April 2007) was a Polish astronomer notable for his theories and work in the fields of stellar evolution, accretion discs, and gamma ray bursts.

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Bok globule

In astronomy, Bok globules are isolated and relatively small dark nebulae containing dense cosmic dust and gas from which star formation may take place.

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Bonaventura Cavalieri

Bonaventura Francesco Cavalieri (Bonaventura Cavalerius; 1598 – 30 November 1647) was an Italian mathematician and a Jesuate.

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Brahmagupta

Brahmagupta (–) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer.

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Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

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Brian A. Skiff

Brian A. Skiff is an American astronomer noted for discovering numerous asteroids and a number of comets including the periodic comets 114P/Wiseman–Skiff (with Jennifer Wiseman) and 140P/Bowell–Skiff (with Edward Bowell).

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Brian G. Marsden

Brian Geoffrey Marsden (5 August 1937 – 18 November 2010) was a British astronomer and the longtime director of the Minor Planet Center (MPC) at the Center for Astrophysics ! Harvard & Smithsonian (director emeritus from 2006 to 2010).

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Brian May

Sir Brian Harold May (born 19 July 1947) is an English musician, songwriter, record producer, animal rights activist and astrophysicist.

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Brian Schmidt

Brian Paul Schmidt (born 24 February 1967) is a Distinguished Professor and astrophysicist at the Australian National University's Mount Stromlo Observatory and Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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Brown dwarf

Brown dwarfs are substellar objects that have more mass than the biggest gas giant planets, but less than the least massive main-sequence stars.

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Bruno Rossi

Bruno Benedetto Rossi (13 April 1905 – 21 November 1993) was an Italian experimental physicist.

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Bryan Gaensler

Bryan Malcolm Gaensler (born 1973) is an Australian astronomer based at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

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Camille Flammarion

Nicolas Camille Flammarion FRAS (26 February 1842 – 3 June 1925) was a French astronomer and author.

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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.

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Carbon star

A carbon star (C-type star) is typically an asymptotic giant branch star, a luminous red giant, whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen.

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Carl A. Wirtanen

Carl Alvar Wirtanen (November 11, 1910 – March 7, 1990) was an American astronomer and discoverer of comets and minor planets who worked at Lick Observatory.

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Carl August von Steinheil

Carl August von Steinheil (12 October 1801 – 14 September 1870) was a German physicist, inventor, engineer and astronomer.

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Carl Charlier

Carl Vilhelm Ludwig Charlier (1 April 1862 – 4 November 1934) was a Swedish astronomer.

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Carl Friedrich Gauss

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (Gauß; Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science.

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Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker

Carl Friedrich Freiherr von Weizsäcker (28 June 1912 – 28 April 2007) was a German physicist and philosopher.

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Carl Gustav Witt

Carl Gustav Witt (29 October 1866 – 3 January 1946) was a German astronomer and discoverer of two asteroids who worked at the Berlin Urania Observatory, a popular observatory of the Urania astronomical association of Berlin.

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Carl K. Seyfert

Carl Keenan Seyfert (February 11, 1911 – June 13, 1960) was an American astronomer.

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Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, and science communicator.

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Carl W. Hergenrother

Carl William Hergenrother (born 1973) is an American astronomer and discoverer of minor planets and comets.

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Caroline Herschel

Caroline Lucretia Herschel (16 March 1750 – 9 January 1848) was a German-born British astronomer, whose most significant contributions to astronomy were the discoveries of several comets, including the periodic comet 35P/Herschel–Rigollet, which bears her name.

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Carolyn Porco

Carolyn C. Porco (born March 6, 1953) is an American planetary scientist who explores the outer Solar System, beginning with her imaging work on the Voyager missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune in the 1980s.

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Carolyn S. Shoemaker

Carolyn Jean Spellmann Shoemaker (June 24, 1929 – August 13, 2021) was an American astronomer and a co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9.

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Cartography

Cartography (from χάρτης chartēs, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and γράφειν graphein, 'write') is the study and practice of making and using maps.

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Cataclysmic variable star

In astronomy, cataclysmic variable stars (CVs) are stars which irregularly increase in brightness by a large factor, then drop back down to a quiescent state.

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César-François Cassini de Thury

César-François Cassini de Thury (17 June 1714 – 4 September 1784), also called Cassini III or Cassini de Thury, was a French astronomer and cartographer.

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Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (born Cecilia Helena Payne; –) was a British-born American astronomer and astrophysicist.

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Cepheid variable

A Cepheid variable is a type of variable star that pulsates radially, varying in both diameter and temperature.

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Ceres (dwarf planet)

Ceres (minor-planet designation: 1 Ceres) is a dwarf planet in the middle main asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

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Chad Trujillo

Chadwick A. Trujillo (born November 22, 1973) is an American astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and the co-discoverer of Eris, the most massive dwarf planet known in the Solar System.

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Chandra Wickramasinghe

Nalin Chandra Wickramasinghe (born 20 January 1939) is a Sri Lankan-born British mathematician, astronomer and astrobiologist of Sinhalese ethnicity.

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Charles Augustus Young

Charles Augustus Young (15 December 1834 – 4 January 1908) one of the foremost solar spectroscopist astronomers in the United States.

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Charles Dillon Perrine

Charles Dillon Perrine (July 28, 1867June 21, 1951) was an American astronomer at the Lick Observatory in California (1893-1909) who moved to Cordoba, Argentina to accept the position of Director of the Argentine National Observatory (1909-1936).

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Charles Fehrenbach (astronomer)

Charles Fehrenbach (born 29 April 1914 in Strasbourg; died 9 January 2008 in Nîmes) was a French astronomer and member of the French Academy of Sciences.

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Charles Greeley Abbot

Charles Greeley Abbot (May 31, 1872 – December 17, 1973) was an American astrophysicist and the fifth secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, serving from 1928 until 1944.

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Charles Green (astronomer)

Charles Green (baptised 26 December 1734 – 29 January 1771) was a British astronomer, noted for his assignment by the Royal Society in 1768 to the expedition sent to the Pacific Ocean in order to observe the transit of Venus aboard James Cook's Endeavour.

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Charles H. Townes

Charles Hard Townes (July 28, 1915 – January 27, 2015) was an American physicist.

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Charles Mason

Charles Mason (25 April 1728. Retrieved 6 July 201525 October 1786) was an English-American astronomer who made significant contributions to 18th-century science and American history, particularly through his survey with Jeremiah Dixon of the Mason–Dixon line, which came to mark the border between Maryland and Pennsylvania (1764–1768).

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Charles Messier

Charles Messier (26 June 1730 – 12 April 1817) was a French astronomer.

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Charles Pritchard

Reverend Charles Pritchard (29 February 1808 – 28 May 1893) was a British astronomer, clergyman, and educational reformer.

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Charles T. Kowal

Charles Thomas Kowal (November 8, 1940 – November 28, 2011) was an American astronomer known for his observations and discoveries in the Solar System.

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Charles-Eugène Delaunay

Charles-Eugène Delaunay (9 April 1816 – 5 August 1872) was a French astronomer and mathematician.

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Charlotte Moore Sitterly

Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly (September 24, 1898 – March 3, 1990) was an American astronomer.

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Charon (moon)

Charon, or (134340) Pluto I, is the largest of the five known natural satellites of the dwarf planet Pluto.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Christen Sørensen Longomontanus

Christen Sørensen Longomontanus (also as Longberg or Severin) (4 October 1562 – 8 October 1647) was a Danish astronomer.

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Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens, Lord of Zeelhem, (also spelled Huyghens; Hugenius; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor who is regarded as a key figure in the Scientific Revolution.

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Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters

Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters (September 19, 1813 – July 18, 1890) was a German–American astronomer and professor at Hamilton College, New York, and a pioneer in the study and visual discovery of asteroids.

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Christian Pollas

Christian Pollas (b. 1947) is a French astronomer, known for the discovery and observation of minor planets and supernovae.

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Christoph Arnold

Christoph Arnold (17 December 1650 – 15 April 1695) was a German farmer and amateur astronomer.

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Christopher Hansteen

Christopher Hansteen (26 September 1784 – 11 April 1873) was a Norwegian geophysicist, astronomer and physicist, best known for his mapping of Earth's magnetic field.

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Christopher McKee

Christopher Fulton McKee (born 1942) is an astrophysicist.

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Chushiro Hayashi

was a Japanese astrophysicist.

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Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist

Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist (born 1944) is a Swedish astronomer at the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory.

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Clyde Tombaugh

Clyde William Tombaugh (February 4, 1906 January 17, 1997) was an American astronomer.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.

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Cornelis Johannes van Houten

Cornelis Johannes van Houten (18 February 1920 – 24 August 2002) was a Dutch astronomer, sometimes referred to as Kees van Houten.

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Cornell Mayer

Cornell Henry Mayer (10 December 1921 – 19 November 2005) was a radio astronomer, who was the first to accurately measure the temperature of Venus by measuring the planet's thermal radiation.

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Cosmic latte

Cosmic latte is the average color of the galaxies of the universe as perceived from the Earth, found by a team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University (JHU).

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Cosmology

Cosmology is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe, the cosmos.

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Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.

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Cuno Hoffmeister

Cuno Hoffmeister (2 February 1892 – 2 January 1968) was a German astronomer, observer and discoverer of variable stars, comets and minor planets, and founder of Sonneberg Observatory.

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Cyril Jackson (astronomer)

Cyril V. Jackson (5 December 1903 – February 1988) was a South African astronomer, known for discovering 72 asteroids and a number of comets.

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Czech Republic

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.

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Dalmatia

Dalmatia (Dalmacija; Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Central Croatia, Slavonia, and Istria, located on the east shore of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia.

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Daniel Kirkwood

Daniel Kirkwood (September 27, 1814 – June 11, 1895) was an American astronomer.

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Dark matter

In astronomy, dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that appears not to interact with light or the electromagnetic field.

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David C. Jewitt

David Clifford Jewitt (born 1958) is a British-American astronomer who studies the Solar System, especially its minor bodies.

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David Fabricius

David Fabricius (9 March 1564 – 7 May 1617) was a German pastor who made two major discoveries in the early days of telescopic astronomy, jointly with his eldest son, Johannes Fabricius (1587–1615).

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David Gill (astronomer)

Sir David Gill (12 June 1843 – 24 January 1914) was a Scottish astronomer who is known for measuring astronomical distances, for astrophotography and geodesy.

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David J. Stevenson

David John Stevenson (born 2 September 1948) is a professor of planetary science at Caltech.

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David L. Rabinowitz

David Lincoln Rabinowitz (born 1960) is an American astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and researcher at Yale University.

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David Rittenhouse

David Rittenhouse (April 8, 1732 – June 26, 1796) was an American astronomer, inventor, clockmaker, mathematician, surveyor, scientific instrument craftsman, and public official.

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Debra Fischer

Debra Ann Fischer is an American astronomer who is the Eugene Higgins professor of astronomy at Yale University researching detection and characterization of exoplanets.

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Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.

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Dennis Walsh

Dennis Walsh (12 June 1933 – 1 June 2005) was an English astronomer.

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Dirk Brouwer

Dirk Brouwer (September 1, 1902 – January 31, 1966) was a Dutch-American astronomer.

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Dirk Frimout

Dirk Dries David Damiaan, Viscount Frimout (born 21 March 1941 in Poperinge, Belgium) is an astrophysicist for the European Space Agency.

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Dmitry Dubyago

Dmitry Ivanovich Dubyago (Дмитрий Иванович Дубяго in Russian) (September 21 (N.S. October 3), 1849 – October 22, 1918) was a Russian astronomer and expert in theoretical astrophysics, astrometry, and gravimetry.

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Dominique, comte de Cassini

Jean-Dominique, comte de Cassini (30 June 174818 October 1845), also called Cassini IV, was a French astronomer, son of César-François Cassini de Thury and great-grandson of Giovanni Domenico Cassini.

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Donald Edward Osterbrock

Donald Edward Osterbrock (July 13, 1924 – January 11, 2007) was an American astronomer, best known for his work on star formation and on the history of astronomy.

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Donald Lynden-Bell

Donald Lynden-Bell CBE FRS (5 April 1935 – 6 February 2018) was a British theoretical astrophysicist.

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Dorrit Hoffleit

Ellen Dorrit Hoffleit (March 12, 1907 – April 9, 2007) was an American senior research astronomer at Yale University.

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Duchy of Prussia

The Duchy of Prussia (Herzogtum Preußen, Księstwo Pruskie, Prūsijos kunigaikštystė) or Ducal Prussia (Herzogliches Preußen; Prusy Książęce) was a duchy in the region of Prussia established as a result of secularization of the Monastic Prussia, the territory that remained under the control of the State of the Teutonic Order until the Protestant Reformation in 1525.

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Dwarf planet

A dwarf planet is a small planetary-mass object that is in direct orbit around the Sun, massive enough to be gravitationally rounded, but insufficient to achieve orbital dominance like the eight classical planets of the Solar System.

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Dwarf spheroidal galaxy

A dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) is a term in astronomy applied to small, low-luminosity galaxies with very little dust and an older stellar population.

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E. M. Antoniadi

Eugène Michel Antoniadi (Greek: Ευγένιος Αντωνιάδης; 1 March 1870 – 10 February 1944) was a Greek-French astronomer.

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Ed Krupp

Edwin Charles Krupp (born November 18, 1944) is an American astronomer, researcher, author, and popularizer of science.

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Eddington luminosity

The Eddington luminosity, also referred to as the Eddington limit, is the maximum luminosity a body (such as a star) can achieve when there is balance between the force of radiation acting outward and the gravitational force acting inward.

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Edward Arthur Milne

Edward Arthur Milne FRS (14 February 1896 – 21 September 1950) was a British astrophysicist and mathematician.

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Edward Charles Pickering

Edward Charles Pickering (July 19, 1846 – February 3, 1919) was an American astronomer and physicist and the older brother of William Henry Pickering.

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Edward Emerson Barnard

Edward Emerson Barnard (December 16, 1857 – February 6, 1923) was an American astronomer.

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Edward Israel

Edward Israel (July 1, 1859 – May 27, 1884) was an astronomer and Polar explorer.

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Edward James Stone

Edward James Stone FRS FRAS (28 February 18316 May 1897) was an English astronomer.

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Edward Sabine

Sir Edward Sabine (14 October 1788 – 26 June 1883) was an Irish astronomer, geophysicist, ornithologist, explorer, soldier and the 30th president of the Royal Society.

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Edward Walter Maunder

Edward Walter Maunder (12 April 1851 – 21 March 1928) was an English astronomer.

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Edwin Brant Frost

Edwin Brant Frost II (July 14, 1866 – May 14, 1935) was an American astronomer and longest serving Director of the Yerkes Observatory serving from 1905 to 1932.

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Edwin E. Salpeter

Edwin Ernest Salpeter (3 December 1924 – 26 November 2008) was an Austrian–Australian–American astrophysicist.

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Edwin Foster Coddington

Edwin Foster Coddington (June 24, 1870 – December 21, 1950) was an American astronomer and discoverer of astronomical objects.

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Edwin Hubble

Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer.

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Eise Eisinga

Eise Jeltes Eisinga (21 February 1744 – 27 August 1828) was a Frisian amateur astronomer who built the Eise Eisinga Planetarium in his house in Franeker, Dutch Republic.

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Ejnar Hertzsprung

Ejnar Hertzsprung (8 October 1873 – 21 October 1967) was a Danish chemist and astronomer.

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Eleanor F. Helin

Eleanor Francis "Glo" Helin (née Francis, 19 November 1932 – 25 January 2009) was an American astronomer.

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Elia Millosevich

Elia Filippo Francesco Giuseppe Maria Millosevich (5 September 1848 in Venice, Austrian Empire – 5 December 1919 in Rome) was an Italian astronomer.

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Elizabeth Roemer

Elizabeth "Pat" Roemer (September 4, 1929April 8, 2016) was an American astronomer and educator who specialized in astronomy with a particular focus on comets and minor planets.

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Emil Ernst

Emil Ernst (6 June 1889– 26 June 1942) was a German astronomer and discoverer of a minor planet.

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Emma Vyssotsky

Emma Vyssotsky (October 23, 1894 – May 12, 1975, née Emma T. R. Williams) was an American astronomer who was honored with the Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy in 1946.

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Erasmus Reinhold

Erasmus Reinhold (22 October 1511 – 19 February 1553) was a German astronomer and mathematician, considered to be the most influential astronomical pedagogue of his generation.

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Eratosthenes

Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Ἐρατοσθένης; –) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.

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Eric Walter Elst

Eric Walter Elst (30 November 1936 – 2 January 2022) was a Belgian astronomer at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle and a prolific discoverer of asteroids.

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Eris (dwarf planet)

Eris (minor-planet designation: 136199 Eris) is the most massive and second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System.

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Ernest Esclangon

Ernest Benjamin Esclangon (17 March 1876 – 28 January 1954) was a French astronomer and mathematician.

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Ernest Mouchez

Ernest Amédée Barthélemy Mouchez (24 August 1821 – 29 June 1892) was a French naval officer who became director of the Paris Observatory and launched the ill-fated Carte du Ciel project in 1887.

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Ernest William Brown

Ernest William Brown FRS (29 November 1866 – 22 July 1938) was an English mathematician and astronomer, who spent the majority of his career working in the United States and became a naturalised American citizen in 1923.

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Ernst Öpik

Ernst Julius Öpik (– 10 September 1985) was an Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist who spent the second half of his career (1948–1981) at the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland.

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Erwin Finlay-Freundlich

Erwin Finlay-Freundlich (29 May 1885 – 24 July 1964) was a German astronomer, a pupil of Felix Klein.

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Eudoxus of Cnidus

Eudoxus of Cnidus (Εὔδοξος ὁ Κνίδιος, Eúdoxos ho Knídios) was an ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, doctor, and lawmaker.

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Eugène Joseph Delporte

Eugène Joseph Delporte (10 January 1882 – 19 October 1955) was a Belgian astronomer born in Genappe.

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Eugene Merle Shoemaker

Eugene Merle Shoemaker (April 28, 1928 – July 18, 1997) was an American geologist.

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Eugene Parker

Eugene Newman Parker (June 10, 1927 – March 15, 2022) was an American solar and plasma physicist.

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Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs

Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs (11 August 1912 – 9 March 1954) was a German astronomer.

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Ewine van Dishoeck

Ewine Fleur van Dishoeck (born 13 June 1955, in Leiden) is a Dutch astronomer and chemist.

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F. J. M. Stratton

Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick John Marrian Stratton PRAS (16 October 1881 – 2 September 1960) was a British astrophysicist, Professor of Astrophysics (1909) at the University of Cambridge from 1928 to 1947 and a decorated British Army officer.

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Félix Tisserand

François Félix Tisserand (13 January 1845 – 20 October 1896) was a French astronomer.

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Fernand Rigaux

Fernand Rigaux (1905 – 21 September 1962) was a Belgian astronomer and observer of variable stars, minor planets and comets at the Royal Observatory at Uccle, Belgium.

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Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

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Florence Cushman

Florence Cushman (1860-1940) was an American astronomer specializing in stellar classification at the Harvard College Observatory who worked on the ''Henry Draper Catalogue''.

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François Arago

Dominique François Jean Arago (Domènec Francesc Joan Aragó), known simply as François Arago (Catalan: Francesc Aragó,; 26 February 17862 October 1853), was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer, freemason, supporter of the Carbonari revolutionaries and politician.

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François Gonnessiat

François Gonnessiat (May 22, 1856 (Nurieux-Volognat)–October 18, 1934) was a French astronomer, observer of comets and discoverer of two minor planets.

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Francis Baily

Francis Baily (28 April 177430 August 1844) was an English astronomer.

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Frank Drake

Frank Donald Drake (May 28, 1930 – September 2, 2022) was an American astrophysicist and astrobiologist.

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Frank K. Edmondson

Frank Kelley Edmondson (August 1, 1912 – December 8, 2008) was an American astronomer.

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Frank Schlesinger

Frank Schlesinger (May 11, 1871 – July 10, 1943) was an American astronomer.

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Frank Skjellerup

John Francis Skjellerup (aka James Francis Skjellerup; 16 May 1875 – 6 January 1952) was an Australian amateur astronomer who spent two decades working as a telegraphist in South Africa.

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Frank Washington Very

Frank Washington Very (February 12, 1852 – November 23, 1927) was a U.S. astronomer, astrophysicist, and meteorologist.

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Frank Watson Dyson

Sir Frank Watson Dyson, KBE, FRS, FRSE (8 January 1868 – 25 May 1939) was an English astronomer and the ninth Astronomer Royal who is remembered today largely for introducing time signals ("pips") from Greenwich, England, and for the role he played in proving Einstein's theory of general relativity.

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Franz Kaiser

Franz Heinrich Kaiser (25 April 1891 – 13 March 1962) was a German astronomer.

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Franz Xaver von Zach

Baron Franz Xaver von Zach (Franz Xaver Freiherr von Zach; 4 June 1754 – 2 September 1832) was a Hungarian astronomer born at Pest, Hungary (now Budapest in Hungary).

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Frédéric Sy

Frédéric Sy (1861-1917) was a French astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.

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Fred Espenak

Fred Espenak is a retired emeritus American astrophysicist.

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Fred Hoyle

Sir Fred Hoyle (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and was one of the authors of the influential B2FH paper.

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Fred Lawrence Whipple

Fred Lawrence Whipple (November 5, 1906 – August 30, 2004) was an American astronomer, who worked at the Harvard College Observatory for more than 70 years.

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Frederick Hanley Seares

Frederick Hanley Seares (May 17, 1873 – July 20, 1964) was an American astronomer.

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Freeman Dyson

Freeman John Dyson (15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020) was a British-American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his works in quantum field theory, astrophysics, random matrices, mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and engineering.

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Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke

Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke (5 February 1835 in Groß-Heere, near Hannover – 3 December 1897 in Bonn) was a German astronomer.

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Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (Василий Яковлевич Струве, trans. Vasily Yakovlevich Struve; 15 April 1793 –) was a Baltic German astronomer and geodesist.

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Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann

Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann (25 March 1870 – 19 January 1964) was a German astronomer and a discoverer of 22 minor planets and 4 comets, who worked at AOP in Potsdam and at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg.

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Friedrich Tietjen

Friedrich Tietjen (1832 in Westerstede, Oldenburg – 1895 in Berlin) was a German astronomer.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander

Friedrich Wilhelm August Argelander (22 March 1799 – 17 February 1875) was a German astronomer.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel

Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (22 July 1784 – 17 March 1846) was a German astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and geodesist.

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Fritz Zwicky

Fritz Zwicky (February 14, 1898 – February 8, 1974) was a Swiss astronomer.

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Fumiaki Uto

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.

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Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion

Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion (née Renaudot) (31 May 1877 – 28 October 1962) was a French astronomer.

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Galaxy

A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity.

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Gan De

Gan De also known as the Lord Gan (Gan Gong), was an ancient Chinese astronomer and astrologer born in the State of Qi.

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Gart Westerhout

Gart Westerhout (15 June 1927 – 14 October 2012) was a Dutch-American astronomer.

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Gautama Siddha

Gautama Siddha, (fl. 8th century) astronomer, astrologer and compiler of Indian descent, known for leading the compilation of the Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era during the Tang dynasty.

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Gérard de Vaucouleurs

Gérard Henri de Vaucouleurs (25 April 1918 – 7 October 1995) was a French astronomer best known for his studies of galaxies.

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Geminiano Montanari

Geminiano Montanari (1 June 1633 – 13 October 1687) was an Italian astronomer, lens-maker, and proponent of the experimental approach to science.

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Geoffrey Marcy

Geoffrey William Marcy (born September 29, 1954) is an American astronomer.

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Georg von Peuerbach

Georg von Peuerbach (also Purbach, Peurbach; Purbachius; 30 May 1423 – 8 April 1461) was an Austrian astronomer, poet, mathematician and instrument maker, best known for his streamlined presentation of Ptolemaic astronomy in the Theoricae Novae Planetarum. Peuerbach was instrumental in making astronomy, mathematics and literature simple and accessible for Europeans during the Renaissance and beyond.

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George Alcock

George Eric Deacon Alcock, MBE (28 August 1912, in Peterborough, Northamptonshire – 15 December 2000) was an English amateur astronomer.

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George Biddell Airy

Sir George Biddell Airy (27 July 18012 January 1892) was an English mathematician and astronomer, as well as the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1826 to 1828 and the seventh Astronomer Royal from 1835 to 1881.

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George Darwin

Sir George Howard Darwin, (9 July 1845 – 7 December 1912) was an English barrister and astronomer, the second son and fifth child of Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin.

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George Ellery Hale

George Ellery Hale (June 29, 1868 – February 21, 1938) was an American astrophysicist, best known for his discovery of magnetic fields in sunspots, and as the leader or key figure in the planning or construction of several world-leading telescopes; namely, the 40-inch refracting telescope at Yerkes Observatory, 60-inch Hale reflecting telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory, 100-inch Hooker reflecting telescope at Mount Wilson, and the 200-inch Hale reflecting telescope at Palomar Observatory.

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George Gamow

George Gamow (sometimes Gammoff; born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov; Георгий Антонович Гамов; 4 March 1904 – 19 August 1968) was a Soviet and American polymath, theoretical physicist and cosmologist.

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George Henry Peters

George Henry Peters (1863–October 18, 1947) was a US astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.

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George Herbig

George Howard Herbig (January 2, 1920 – October 12, 2013) was an American astronomer at the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for Astronomy.

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George Mary Searle

George Mary Searle (June 27, 1839 – July 7, 1918) was an American astronomer and Catholic priest.

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George O. Abell

George Ogden Abell (March 27, 1927 – October 7, 1983) was an American educator.

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George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield

George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, FRS (c. 1697 17 March 1764) was an English peer and astronomer.

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George Van Biesbroeck

George A. Van Biesbroeck (or Georges-Achille Van Biesbroeck,, January 21, 1880 – February 23, 1974) was a Belgian–American astronomer.

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George Wetherill

George Wetherill (August 12, 1925 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – July 19, 2006 Washington, D.C.) was a physicist and geologist and the director emeritus of the department of terrestrial magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC, US.

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George William Hill

George William Hill (March 3, 1838 – April 16, 1914) was an American astronomer and mathematician.

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George Willis Ritchey

George Willis Ritchey (December 31, 1864 – November 4, 1945) was an American optician and telescope maker and astronomer born at Tuppers Plains, Ohio.

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Georges Lemaître

Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître (17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian Catholic priest, theoretical physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.

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Gerard K. O'Neill

Gerard Kitchen O'Neill (February 6, 1927 – April 27, 1992) was an American physicist and space activist.

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Gerard Kuiper

Gerard Peter Kuiper (born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper,; 7 December 1905 – 23 December 1973) was a Dutch-American astronomer, planetary scientist, selenographer, author and professor.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Giorgio Abetti

Prof Giorgio Abetti HFRSE (5 October 1882 – 24 August 1982) was an Italian solar astronomer.

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Giovanni Battista Donati

Giovanni Battista Donati (16 December 182620 September 1873) was an Italian astronomer.

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Giovanni Battista Riccioli

Giovanni Battista Riccioli, SJ (17 April 1598 – 25 June 1671) was an Italian astronomer and a Catholic priest in the Jesuit order.

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Giovanni Domenico Cassini

Giovanni Domenico Cassini, also known as Jean-Dominique Cassini (8 June 1625 – 14 September 1712) was an Italian (naturalised French) mathematician, astronomer and engineer.

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Giovanni Plana

Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana (6 November 1781 – 20 January 1864) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician.

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Giovanni Schiaparelli

Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (14 March 1835 – 4 July 1910) was an Italian astronomer and science historian.

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Giuseppe Asclepi

Giuseppe Maria Asclepi (1706–1776) was an Italian astronomer and physician.

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Giuseppe Piazzi

Giuseppe Piazzi (16 July 1746 – 22 July 1826) was an Italian Catholic priest of the Theatine order, mathematician, and astronomer.

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Gordon J. Garradd

Gordon John Garradd (born 1959) is an Australian amateur astronomer and photographer from Loomberah, New South Wales.

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Grigory Neujmin

Grigory Nikolayevich Neujmin (Григорий Николаевич Неуймин; – 17 December 1946) was a Georgian–Russian astronomer, native of Tbilisi in Georgia, and a discoverer of numerous minor planets as well as 6 periodic and a hyperbolic comet at the Pulkovo and Simeiz Observatories during the first half of the 20th century.

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Grigory Shajn

Grigory Abramovich Shajn (Григорий Абрамович Шайн) (April 19, 1892 – August 4, 1956) was a Soviet/Russian astronomer.

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Grote Reber

Grote Reber (December 22, 1911 – December 20, 2002) was an American pioneer of radio astronomy, which combined his interests in amateur radio and amateur astronomy.

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Guillaume Bigourdan

Camille Guillaume Bigourdan (6 April 1851 – 28 February 1932) was a French astronomer.

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Guillaume Le Gentil

Guillaume Joseph Hyacinthe Jean-Baptiste Le Gentil de la Galaisière (12 September 1725 – 22 October 1792) was a French astronomer who discovered several nebulae and was appointed to the Royal Academy of Sciences.

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Guillermo Haro

Guillermo Haro Barraza (21 March 1913 – 26 April 1988) was a Mexican astronomer.

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Guo Shoujing

Guo Shoujing (1231–1316), courtesy name Ruosi (若思), was a Chinese astronomer, hydraulic engineer, mathematician, and politician of the Yuan dynasty.

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Gustav Spörer

Friederich Wilhelm Gustav Spörer (23 October 1822 – 7 July 1895) was a German astronomer.

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Gustave-Adolphe Hirn

Gustave-Adolphe Hirn (21 August 1815 – 14 January 1890) was a French physicist, astronomer, mathematician, and engineer who made important measurements of the mechanical equivalent of heat and contributions to the early development of thermodynamics.

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Guy Consolmagno

Brother Guy J. Consolmagno, SJ (born September 19, 1952), is an American research astronomer, physicist, religious brother, director of the Vatican Observatory, and President of the Vatican Observatory Foundation.

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György Kulin

György Kulin (28 January 1905 – 22 April 1989) was a Hungarian astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Gyula Fényi

Fényi Gyula (8 January 1845 – 21 December 1927) was a Hungarian Jesuit and astronomer.

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H. G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen

Hendricus Gerardus van de Sande Bakhuyzen (April 2, 1838, The Hague – January 8, 1923, Leiden) was a Dutch astronomer.

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Habitable zone

In astronomy and astrobiology, the habitable zone (HZ), or more precisely the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ), is the range of orbits around a star within which a planetary surface can support liquid water given sufficient atmospheric pressure.

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Halton Arp

Halton Christian "Chip" Arp (March 21, 1927 – December 28, 2013) was an American astronomer.

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Hannes Alfvén

Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (30 May 1908 – 2 April 1995) was a Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD).

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Hans Bethe

Hans Albrecht Bethe (July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American theoretical physicist who made major contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics, and solid-state physics, and who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.

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Hans-Emil Schuster

Hans-Emil Schuster (born 19 September 1934 in Hamburg) is a German astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets and comets, who retired in October 1991.

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Hans-Walter Rix

Hans-Walter Rix is a German astronomer and director of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg.

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Harlow Shapley

Harlow Shapley (November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972) was an American scientist, head of the Harvard College Observatory (1921–1952), and political activist during the latter New Deal and Fair Deal.

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Harold Alden

Harold Lee Alden (January 10, 1890 – February 3, 1964) was an American astronomer.

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Harold D. Babcock

Harold Delos Babcock (January 24, 1882 – April 8, 1968) was an American astronomer and the father of Horace W. Babcock.

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Harold Spencer Jones

Sir Harold Spencer Jones KBE FRS FRSE PRAS (29 March 1890 – 3 November 1960) was an English astronomer.

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Harutaro Murakami

(1872–1947) was a Japanese physicist and astronomer.

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Haumea

Haumea (minor-planet designation: 136108 Haumea) is a dwarf planet located beyond Neptune's orbit.

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Hōei Nojiri

was a Japanese essayist and astronomer.

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Heather Couper

Heather Anita Couper, (2 June 1949 – 19 February 2020) was a British astronomer, broadcaster and science populariser.

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Heber Doust Curtis

Heber Doust Curtis (June 27, 1872 – January 9, 1942) was an American astronomer.

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Heinrich Christian Schumacher

Prof Heinrich Christian Schumacher FRS(For) FRSE (3 September 1780 – 28 December 1850) was a German-Danish astronomer and mathematician.

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Heinrich Kreutz

Heinrich Carl Friedrich Kreutz (September 8, 1854 – July 13, 1907) was a German astronomer, most notable for his studies of the orbits of several sungrazing comets, which revealed that they were all related objects, produced when a very large Sun-grazing comet fragmented several hundred years previously.

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Heinrich Louis d'Arrest

Heinrich Louis d'Arrest (13 August 1822 – 14 June 1875) was a German astronomer, born in Berlin.

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Heinrich Schwabe

Samuel Heinrich Schwabe (25 October 1789 – 11 April 1875) was a German amateur astronomer remembered for his work on sunspots.

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Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers

Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers (11 October 1758 – 2 March 1840) was a German astronomer.

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Helen Sawyer Hogg

Helen Battles Sawyer Hogg (August 1, 1905 – January 28, 1993) was an American-Canadian astronomer who pioneered research into globular clusters and variable stars.

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Heliocentrism

Heliocentrism (also known as the heliocentric model) is a superseded astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe.

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Heliometer

A heliometer (from Greek ἥλιος hḗlios "sun" and measure) is an instrument originally designed for measuring the variation of the Sun's diameter at different seasons of the year, but applied now to the modern form of the instrument which is capable of much wider use.

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Hendrik C. van de Hulst

Hendrik Christoffel "Henk" van de Hulst (19 November 1918 – 31 July 2000) was a Dutch astronomer.

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Hendrik van Gent

Hendrik van Gent (14 September 1899, Pernis – March 29, 1947, Amsterdam) was a Dutch astronomer.

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Henri Debehogne

Henri Debehogne (30 December 1928 – 9 December 2007) was a Belgian astronomer and a prolific discoverer of minor planets.

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Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin

Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin (December 19, 1845 – February 29, 1904) was a French astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.

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Henri-Alexandre Deslandres

Henri Alexandre Deslandres (24 July 1853 – 15 January 1948) was a French astronomer, director of the Meudon and Paris Observatories, who carried out intensive studies on the behaviour of the atmosphere of the Sun.

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Henrietta Swan Leavitt

Henrietta Swan Leavitt (July 4, 1868 – December 12, 1921) was an American astronomer.

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Henry Draper

Henry Draper (March 7, 1837 – November 20, 1882) was an American medical doctor and amateur astronomer.

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Henry L. Giclas

Henry Lee Giclas (December 9, 1910 – April 2, 2007) was an American astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets and comets.

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Henry Norris Russell

Henry Norris Russell ForMemRS HFRSE FRAS (October 25, 1877 – February 18, 1957) was an American astronomer who, along with Ejnar Hertzsprung, developed the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (1910).

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Herbert Dingle

Herbert Dingle (2 August 1890 – 4 September 1978) was an English physicist and philosopher of science, who served as president of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1951 to 1953.

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Herbert Hall Turner

Herbert Hall Turner (13 August 1861 – 20 August 1930) was a British astronomer and seismologist.

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Hermann Carl Vogel

Hermann Carl Vogel (3 April 1841 – 13 August 1907) was a German astrophysicist.

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Hermann Goldschmidt

Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt (June 17, 1802 – August 30 or September 10 1866) was a German-French astronomer and painter who spent much of his life in France.

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Hermann von Struve

Karl Hermann von Struve (– 12 August 1920) was a Baltic German astronomer.

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Hervé Faye

Hervé Auguste Étienne Albans Faye (&ndash) was a French astronomer, born at Saint-Benoît-du-Sault (Indre) and educated at the École Polytechnique, which he left in 1834, before completing his course, to accept a position in the Paris Observatory to which he had been appointed on the recommendation of M.

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Hipparchus

Hipparchus (Ἵππαρχος, Hipparkhos; BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician.

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Hiroshi Abe (astronomer)

is a Japanese amateur astronomer affiliated with the Yatsuka Observatory.

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Hiroshi Araki

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Hiroshi Kaneda

is a Japanese astronomer and discoverer of minor planets from Sapporo, in the northernmost prefecture of Japan.

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Hiroshi Mori (astronomer)

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Hisashi Kimura

was a Japanese astronomer originally from Kanazawa, Ishikawa.

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Honoré Flaugergues

Pierre-Gilles-Antoine-Honoré Flaugergues, usually known as Honoré Flaugergues (16 May 1755 in Viviers, Ardèche – 26 November 1835 or 20 November 1830) was a French astronomer.

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Horace Parnell Tuttle

Horace Parnell Tuttle (March 17, 1837 – August 16, 1923) was an American astronomer, an American Civil War veteran and brother of astronomer Charles Wesley Tuttle (November 1, 1829 – July 17, 1881).

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Horace W. Babcock

Horace Welcome Babcock (September 13, 1912 – August 29, 2003) was an American astronomer.

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Hubble's law

Hubble's law, also known as the Hubble–Lemaître law, is the observation in physical cosmology that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance.

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Hubert Reeves

Hubert Reeves (July 13, 1932 – October 13, 2023) was a Canadian astrophysicist and popularizer of science.

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Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Hypatia

Hypatia (born 350–370; died 415 AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Icko Iben

Icko Iben, Jr. (born June 27, 1931) is an American astronomer and a Distinguished Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld

Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld (21 October 1921 – 30 March 2015) was a Dutch astronomer.

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International Astronomical Union

The International Astronomical Union (IAU; Union astronomique internationale, UAI) is an international non-governmental organization (INGO) with the objective of advancing astronomy in all aspects, including promoting astronomical research, outreach, education, and development through global cooperation.

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Iosif Shklovsky

Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky (Ио́сиф Самуи́лович Шкло́вский; sometimes transliterated Josif, Josif, Shklovskii, Shklovskij) (1 July 1916 – 3 March 1985) was a Soviet astronomer and astrophysicist.

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Ira Sprague Bowen

Ira Sprague Bowen (December 21, 1898 – February 6, 1973) was an American physicist and astronomer.

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Ireland

Ireland (Éire; Ulster-Scots: Airlann) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe.

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Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.

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Issei Yamamoto

was a Japanese astronomer and professor at Kyoto University.

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J. Allen Hynek

Josef Allen Hynek (May 1, 1910 – April 27, 1986) was an American astronomer, professor, and ufologist.

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J. Richard Fisher

James Richard Fisher (born December 10, 1943) is an American astronomer.

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Jack Wisdom

Jack Wisdom (born 1953) is a Professor of Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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Jacobus Kapteyn

Prof Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn FRS FRSE LLD (19 January 1851 – 18 June 1922) was a Dutch astronomer.

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Jacques Cassini

Jacques Cassini (18 February 1677 – 16 April 1756) was a French astronomer, son of the famous Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini.

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Jacques d'Allonville

Jacques Eugène d'Allonville de Louville (14 July 1671 – 10 September 1732) was a French astronomer and mathematician.

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Jamaica

Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At, it is the third largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the island containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and south-east of the Cayman Islands (a British Overseas Territory).

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James Bradley

James Bradley (September 1692 – 13 July 1762) was an English astronomer and priest who served as the third Astronomer Royal from 1742.

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James Carpenter (astronomer)

James Carpenter (1840–1899) was a British astronomer at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich.

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James Challis

James Challis FRS (12 December 1803 – 3 December 1882) was an English clergyman, physicist and astronomer.

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James Craig Watson

James Craig Watson (January 28, 1838 – November 23, 1880) was a Canadian-American astronomer, discoverer of comets and minor planets, director of the University of Michigan's Detroit Observatory in Ann Arbor, and awarded with the Lalande Prize in 1869.

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James Dunlop

James Dunlop FRSE (31 October 1793 – 22 September 1848) was a Scottish astronomer, noted for his work in Australia.

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James Edward Keeler

James Edward Keeler (September 10, 1857 – August 12, 1900) was an American astronomer.

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James Ferguson (American astronomer)

James Ferguson (August 31, 1797 – September 26, 1867) was a Scottish-born American astronomer and engineer, who made the first discovery of an asteroid from North America (31 Euphrosyne).

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James Jeans

Sir James Hopwood Jeans (11 September 1877 – 16 September 1946) was an English physicist, astronomer and mathematician.

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James South

Sir James South FRS FRSE PRAS FLS LLD (October 1785 – 19 October 1867) was a British astronomer.

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James V. Scotti

James Vernon Scotti (born 1960) is an American astronomer.

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James Van Allen

James Alfred Van Allen (September 7, 1914August 9, 2006) was an American space physicist at the University of Iowa.

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James W. Christy

James Walter "Jim" Christy (born September 15, 1938) is an American astronomer known for discovering Charon, the largest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto.

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James Whitney Young

James Whitney Young (born January 24, 1941) is an American astronomer who worked in the field of asteroid research.

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Jan Oort

Jan Hendrik Oort (or; 28 April 1900 – 5 November 1992) was a Dutch astronomer who made significant contributions to the understanding of the Milky Way and who was a pioneer in the field of radio astronomy.

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Jane Luu

Jane X. Luu (Lưu Lệ Hằng; born July 1963) is a Vietnamese-American astronomer and defense systems engineer.

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Janet Akyüz Mattei

Janet Hanula Mattei (Akyüz; January 2, 1943 – March 22, 2004) was a Turkish-American astronomer who was the director of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) from 1973 to 2004.

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Jaume Nomen

Jaume Nomen Torres (also: Jaime Nomen; born June 23, 1960, in Tortosa, Catalonia) is a Spanish oral and maxillofacial surgeon, amateur astronomer, and discoverer of numerous minor planets.

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Jayant Narlikar

Jayant Vishnu Narlikar (born 19 July 1938) is an Indian astrophysicist and emeritus professor at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA).

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Jérôme Eugène Coggia

Jérôme Eugène Coggia (18 February 1849 – 15 January 1919) was a 19th-century French astronomer and discoverer of asteroids and comets, who was born in the Corsican town of Ajaccio.

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Jérôme Lalande

Joseph Jérôme Lefrançois de Lalande (11 July 1732 – 4April 1807) was a French astronomer, freemason and writer.

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Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans

Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans (Amsterdam, 16 December 1827 – Utrecht, 14 December 1906) was a Dutch astronomer.

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Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre

Jean Baptiste Joseph, chevalier Delambre (19 September 1749 – 19 August 1822) was a French mathematician, astronomer, historian of astronomy, and geodesist.

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Jean Chacornac

Jean Chacornac (21 June 1823 – 23 September 1873) was a French astronomer and discoverer of a comet and several asteroids.

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Jean Mueller

Jean Mueller (born 1950) is an American astronomer and discoverer of comets, minor planets, and a large number of supernovas at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California.

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Jean Sylvain Bailly

Jean Sylvain Bailly (15 September 1736 – 12 November 1793) was a French astronomer, mathematician, freemason, and political leader of the early part of the French Revolution.

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Jean-Louis Pons

Jean-Louis Pons (24 December 176114 October 1831) was a French astronomer.

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Jesse L. Greenstein

Jesse Leonard Greenstein (October 15, 1909 – October 21, 2002) was an American astronomer.

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Jiao Bingzhen

Jiao Bingzhen (active 1689–1726) was a native of Jining, Shandong who became a noted painter and astronomer.

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Jill Tarter

Jill Cornell Tarter (born January 16, 1944) is an American astronomer best known for her work on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).

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Jim Peebles

Phillip James Edwin Peebles (born April 25, 1935) is a Canadian-American astrophysicist, astronomer, and theoretical cosmologist who is currently the Albert Einstein Professor in Science, emeritus, at Princeton University.

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Jocelyn Bell Burnell

Dame Susan Jocelyn Bell Burnell (Bell; born 15 July 1943) is an astrophysicist from Northern Ireland who, as a postgraduate student, discovered the first radio pulsars in 1967.

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Joel Hastings Metcalf

Joel Hastings Metcalf (January 4, 1866 – February 23, 1925) was an American astronomer, humanitarian and minister.

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Joel Stebbins

Joel Stebbins (July 30, 1878 – March 16, 1966) was an American astronomer who pioneered photoelectric photometry in astronomy.

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Johann Baptist Cysat

Johann Baptist Cysat (Latinized as Cysatus; in French, Jean-Baptiste Cysat) (c. 1587 – March 17, 1657) was a Swiss Jesuit mathematician and astronomer, after whom the lunar crater Cysatus is named.

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Johann Bayer

Johann Bayer (1572 – 7 March 1625) was a German lawyer and uranographer (celestial cartographer).

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Johann Daniel Titius

Johann Daniel Titius (born Johann Daniel Tietz(e), 2 January 1729 – 16 December 1796) was a German astronomer and a professor at Wittenberg.

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Johann Elert Bode

Johann Elert Bode (19 January 1747 – 23 November 1826) was a German astronomer known for his reformulation and popularisation of the Titius–Bode law.

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Johann Franz Encke

Johann Franz Encke (23 September 179126 August 1865) was a German astronomer.

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Johann Georg Palitzsch

Johann Georg Palitzsch (11 June 1723 in Prohlis, Electorate of Saxony, Holy Roman Empire (today Dresden-Prohlis (de)) – 21 February 1788 in Prohlis) was a German astronomer who became famous for recovering Comet 1P/Halley (better known as Halley's Comet) on Christmas Day, 1758.

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Johann Gottfried Galle

Johann Gottfried Galle (9 June 1812 – 10 July 1910) was a German astronomer from Radis, Germany, at the Berlin Observatory who, on 23 September 1846, with the assistance of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was the first person to view the planet Neptune and know what he was looking at.

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Johann Heinrich Lambert

Johann Heinrich Lambert (Jean-Henri Lambert in French; 26 or 28 August 1728 – 25 September 1777) was a polymath from the Republic of Mulhouse, generally identified as either Swiss or French, who made important contributions to the subjects of mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy and map projections.

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Johann Heinrich von Mädler

Johann Heinrich von Mädler (29 May 1794, Berlin – 14 March 1874, Hannover) was a German astronomer.

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Johann Heinrich Westphal

Johann Heinrich Westphal (January 31, 1794 – 1831) was a German astronomer.

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Johann Hieronymus Schröter

Johann Hieronymus Schröter (30 August 1745, Erfurt – 29 August 1816, Lilienthal) was a German astronomer.

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Johann Palisa

Johann Palisa (6 December 1848 – 2 May 1925) was an Austrian astronomer, born in Troppau, Austrian Silesia, now Czech Republic.

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Johannes Fabricius

Johann Goldsmid, better known by his Latinized name Johann(es) Fabricius (8 January 1587 – 19 March 1616), eldest son of David Fabricius (1564–1617), was a Frisian/German astronomer and a modern era discoverer of sunspots in 1611, preceded by Thomas Harriot and followed by Galileo Galilei.

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Johannes Hevelius

Johannes Hevelius Some sources refer to Hevelius as Polish.

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Johannes Kepler

Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.

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John Archibald Wheeler

John Archibald Wheeler (July 9, 1911April 13, 2008) was an American theoretical physicist.

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John August Anderson

John August Anderson (August 7, 1876 – December 2, 1959) was an American astronomer who made significant contributions to improving astronomical instruments in the early 20th century, especially diffraction gratings.

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John Bainbridge (astronomer)

John Bainbridge (1582 – 3 November 1643) was an English astronomer and mathematician.

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John Brashear

John Alfred Brashear (November 24, 1840 – April 8, 1920) was an American astronomer and instrument builder.

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John Carroll (astronomer)

Sir John Anthony Carroll (8 January 1899 – 2 May 1974) was a British astronomer and physicist.

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John Couch Adams

John Couch Adams (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892) was a British mathematician and astronomer.

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John E. Baldwin

John Evan Baldwin FRS (6 December 1931 – 7 December 2010) was a British astronomer who worked at the Cavendish Astrophysics Group (formerly Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory) from 1954.

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John Flamsteed

John Flamsteed (19 August 1646 – 31 December 1719) was an English astronomer and the first Astronomer Royal.

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John Gatenby Bolton

John Gatenby Bolton (5 June 1922 – 6 July 1993) was a British-Australian astronomer who was fundamental to the development of radio astronomy.

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John Goodricke

John Goodricke FRS (17 September 1764 – 20 April 1786) was an English amateur astronomer.

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John Herschel

Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet (7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and experimental photographer who invented the blueprint and did botanical work.

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John Louis Emil Dreyer

John Louis Emil Dreyer (13 February 1852 – 14 September 1926), also Johan Ludvig Emil Dreyer, was a Danish astronomer who spent most of his career working in Ireland.

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John M. Grunsfeld

John Mace Grunsfeld (born 10 October 1958) is an American physicist and a former NASA astronaut.

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John M. Thome

John Macon Thome (August 22, 1843 – September 27, 1908) was an American-Argentine astronomer.

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John Michell

John Michell (25 December 1724 – 21 April 1793) was an English natural philosopher and clergyman who provided pioneering insights into a wide range of scientific fields including astronomy, geology, optics, and gravitation.

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John N. Bahcall

John Norris Bahcall (December 30, 1934 – August 17, 2005) was an American astrophysicist and the Richard Black Professor for Astrophysics at the Institute for Advanced Study.

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John Pond

John Pond FRS (1767 – 7 September 1836) was an English astronomer who became the sixth Astronomer Royal, serving from 1811 to 1835.

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John Russell Hind

John Russell Hind FRS FRSE LLD (12 May 1823 – 23 December 1895) was an English astronomer.

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John Stanley Plaskett

John Stanley Plaskett (November 17, 1865 – October 17, 1941) was a Canadian astronomer.

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John Tebbutt

John Tebbutt (25 May 1834 – 29 November 1916) was an Australian astronomer, famous for discovering the "Great Comet of 1861".

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John Winthrop (educator)

John Winthrop (December 19, 1714 – May 3, 1779) was an American mathematician, physicist and astronomer.

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José Luis Ortiz Moreno

José Luis Ortiz Moreno (born 1967) is a Spanish astronomer, and former vice director of Technology at the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA), Spain.

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Josep Comas i Solà

Josep Comas i Solà (Barcelona 17 December 1868 – 2 December 1937) was a Spanish astronomer, of Catalan origin, discoverer of minor planets, comets, and double stars.

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Joseph Ashbrook

Joseph Ashbrook (April 4, 1918 – August 4, 1980) was an American astronomer.

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Joseph Helffrich

Joseph Helffrich (12 January 1890 in Mannheim, Baden – 1971) was a German astronomer.

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Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.

Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (born March 29, 1941) is an American astrophysicist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physics for his discovery with Russell Alan Hulse of a "new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation.".

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Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent

Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent (or Joseph Laurent) (died 1900) was a French amateur astronomer and chemist who discovered the asteroid 51 Nemausa in 1858, for which he was a recipient of the Lalande Prize awarded by the French Academy of Sciences.

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Joseph Johann von Littrow

Joseph Johann von Littrow (13 March 1781, Horšovský Týn (Bischofteinitz) – 30 November 1840, Vienna) was an Austrian astronomer.

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Joseph von Fraunhofer

Joseph Ritter von Fraunhofer (6 March 1787 – 7 June 1826) was a German physicist and optical lens manufacturer.

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Joseph-Louis Lagrange

Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Luigi Lagrangia, Encyclopædia Britannica or Giuseppe Ludovico De la Grange Tournier; 25 January 1736 – 10 April 1813), also reported as Giuseppe Luigi Lagrange or Lagrangia, was an Italian mathematician, physicist and astronomer, later naturalized French.

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Julie Vinter Hansen

Julie Marie Vinter Hansen (20 July 1890 – 27 July 1960) was a Danish astronomer.

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Julio Garavito Armero

Julio Garavito Armero (January 5, 1865 – March 11, 1920) was a Colombian astronomer.

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Justus Georg Westphal

Justus Georg Westphal (18 March 1824 – 9 November 1859) was a German astronomer and mathematician.

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Kaoru Ikeya

is a Japanese amateur astronomer who discovered a number of comets.

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Karen Jean Meech

Karen J. Meech (born 1959) is an American planetary astronomer at the Institute for Astronomy (IfA) of the University of Hawaiʻi.

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Karl Glazebrook

Karl Glazebrook (born 1965) is a British astronomer, known for his work on galaxy formation, for playing a key role in developing the "nod and shuffle" technique for doing redshift surveys with large telescopes, and for originating the Perl Data Language (PDL).

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Karl Guthe Jansky

Karl Guthe Jansky (October 22, 1905 – February 14, 1950) was an American physicist and radio engineer who in April 1933 first announced his discovery of radio waves emanating from the Milky Way in the constellation Sagittarius.

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Karl Ludwig Harding

Karl Ludwig Harding (29 September 1765 – 31 August 1834) was a German astronomer, who discovered Juno, the third asteroid of the main-belt in 1804.

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Karl Ludwig Hencke

Karl Ludwig Hencke (8 April 1793 – 21 September 1866) was a German amateur astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Karl Ludwig Littrow

Karl Ludwig Edler von Littrow (18 July 1811 – 16 November 1877) was an Austrian astronomer.

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Karl Schwarzschild

Karl Schwarzschild (9 October 1873 – 11 May 1916) was a German physicist and astronomer.

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Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth

Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth (4 April 1892 in Heidelberg – 6 May 1979 in Heidelberg) was a German astronomer and a prolific discoverer of 395 minor planets.

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Kazuo Kubokawa

was a Japanese astronomer, who, together with astronomer Okuro Oikawa, co-discovered the Mars-crosser asteroid 1139 Atami in 1929.

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Kazuro Watanabe

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and prolific discoverer of minor planets.

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Kōichirō Tomita

was a Japanese astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and comets.

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Kōyō Kawanishi

is a Japanese dentist, amateur astronomer and discoverer of 13 minor planets.

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Khwarazm

Khwarazm (Hwârazmiya; خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.

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Kidinnu

Kidinnu (also Kidunnu; possibly fl. 4th century BC; possibly died 14 August 330 BC) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician.

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Kip Thorne

Kip Stephen Thorne (born June 1, 1940) is an American theoretical physicist and writer known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics.

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Kiyotaka Kanai

is a Japanese amateur astronomer, observer of variable stars, discoverer of comet C/1970 B1, and co-discoverer of the main-belt asteroid 7752 Otauchunokai, named after the Ota Uchuno Kai group, an amateur astronomers' club at Ōta city, of which he is a member of.

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Kiyotsugu Hirayama

was a Japanese astronomer, best known for his discovery that many asteroid orbits were more similar to one another than chance would allow, leading to the concept of asteroid families, now called "Hirayama families" in his honour.

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Knidos

Knidos or Cnidus (Κνίδος,,, Knídos) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis, in south-western Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey.

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Knut Jørgen Røed Ødegaard

Knut Jørgen Røed Ødegaard (born 6 May 1966) is a Norwegian astronomer formerly employed as a media contact at the University of Oslo's Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics.

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Knut Lundmark

Knut Emil Lundmark (14 June 1889 in Älvsbyn, Sweden – 23 April 1958 in Lund, Sweden), was a Swedish astronomer, professor of astronomy and head of the observatory at Lund University from 1929 to 1955.

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Korado Korlević

Korado Korlević (born 19 September 1958 in Poreč) is a Croatian teacher and prolific amateur astronomer, who ranks among the world's top 20 discoverers of minor planets.

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Kuiper belt

The Kuiper belt is a circumstellar disc in the outer Solar System, extending from the orbit of Neptune at 30 astronomical units (AU) to approximately 50 AU from the Sun.

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Larry W. Esposito

Larry W. Esposito (born April 15, 1951) is an American planetary astronomer and a professor at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder.

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Latvia

Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

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Lawrence H. Aller

Lawrence Hugh Aller (September 24, 1913 – March 16, 2003) was an American astronomer.

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Leo Anton Karl de Ball

Leo Anton Karl de Ball (November 23, 1853 – December 12, 1916) was a German-Austrian astronomer.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

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Leslie Peltier

Leslie Copus Peltier (January 2, 1900 – May 10, 1980) was an American amateur astronomer and discoverer of several comets and novae, including Nova Herculis 1963.

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Lewis A. Swift

Lewis A. Swift (February 29, 1820 – January 5, 1913) was an American astronomer who discovered 13 comets and 1,248 previously uncatalogued nebulae.

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Lewis Boss

Lewis Boss (26 October 1846 – 5 October 1912) was an American astronomer.

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Li Fan (Han dynasty)

Li Fan was a Chinese astronomer during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD).

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Liisi Oterma

Liisi Oterma (6 January 1915 – 4 April 2001) was a Finnish astronomer, the first woman to get a Ph.D. degree in astronomy in Finland.

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Lipót Schulhof

Lipót Schulhof (12 March 1847 in Baja – October 1921 in Paris; Schulhof Lipót; Leopold Schulhof or Schulhoff; Léopold Schulhof) was a Hungarian-Jewish astronomer, born in the Austrian Empire, who first worked at the Vienna Observatory and later spent most of his time at the Paris Observatory, observing comets and asteroids.

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List of astronomical instrument makers

The following is a list of astronomical instrument makers, along with lifespan and country of work, if available. List of astronomers and list of astronomical instrument makers are astronomy-related lists.

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Liu Xin (scholar)

Liu Xin (23 CE), courtesy name Zijun, was a Chinese astronomer, classicist, librarian, mathematician, and politician during the Western Han and Xin dynasties.

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Louis Boyer (astronomer)

Louis Boyer (1901–1999) was a French astronomer who worked at the Algiers Observatory, North Africa, where he discovered 40 asteroids between 1930 and 1952.

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Louise Freeland Jenkins

Louise Freeland Jenkins (July 5, 1888 – May 9, 1970) was an American astronomer who compiled a valuable catalogue of stars within 10 parsecs of the sun, as well as editing the 3rd edition of the Yale Bright Star Catalogue.

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Luís Cruls

Luíz Cruls or Luís Cruls or Louis Ferdinand Cruls (21 January 1848 – 21 June 1908) was a Belgian-Brazilian astronomer and geodesist.

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Luboš Kohoutek

Luboš Kohoutek (29 January 1935 – 30 December 2023) was a Czech astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets and comets, including Comet Kohoutek which was visible to the naked eye in 1973.

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Ludwig Biermann

Ludwig Franz Benedikt Biermann (March 13, 1907 in Hamm – January 12, 1986 in München) was a German astronomer, obtaining his Ph.D. from Göttingen University in 1932.

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Ludwig von Struve

Gustav Wilhelm Ludwig von Struve (November 1, 1858 – November 4, 1920) was a Baltic German astronomer, part of the famous Baltic German Struve family.

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Luigi Carnera

Luigi Carnera (born in Trieste April 14, 1875, died in Florence, July 30, 1962) was an Italian astronomer and mathematician.

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Luminosity

Luminosity is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy (light) per unit time, and is synonymous with the radiant power emitted by a light-emitting object.

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Lupitus of Barcelona

Lupitus of Barcelona, identified with a Christian archdeacon called Sunifred, was an astronomer in late 10th century Barcelona, then part of the Marca Hispanica, the borderland of Christian France fronting Islamic al-Andalus.

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Lyman Spitzer

Lyman Spitzer Jr. (June 26, 1914 – March 31, 1997) was an American theoretical physicist, astronomer and mountaineer.

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Lyudmila Chernykh

Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh (Людми́ла Ива́новна Черны́х, June 13, 1935 in Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast – July 28, 2017) was a Ukrainian-Russian-Soviet astronomer, wife and colleague of Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, and a prolific discoverer of minor planets.

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Lyudmila Karachkina

Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina (Людмила Георгиевна Карачкина, born 3 September 1948, Rostov-on-Don) is an astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Lyudmila Zhuravleva

Lyudmila Vasilyevna Zhuravleva (Людмила Васильевна Журавлёва, translit; born 22 May 1946) is a Soviet, Russian and Ukrainian astronomer, who worked at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij, where she discovered 213 minor planets.

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Ma Yize

Ma Yize (traditional: 馬依澤, simplified: 马依泽,July 29, 921 –June 19, 1005) was a Muslim Hui Chinese astronomer and astronomer of Arab origin who worked as the chief official of the astronomical observatory for the Song dynasty.

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Maarten Schmidt

Maarten Schmidt (28 December 1929 – 17 September 2022) was a Dutch-born American astronomer who first measured the distances of quasars.

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Mahendra Sūri

Mahendra Sūri (c. 1340 – 1400) is the 14th century Jain astronomer who wrote the Yantraraja, the first Indian treatise on the astrolabe.

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Makemake

Makemake (minor-planet designation: 136472 Makemake) is a dwarf planet and the second-largest of what is known as the classical population of Kuiper belt objects, with a diameter approximately that of Saturn's moon Iapetus, or 60% that of Pluto.

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Makio Akiyama

is a Japanese astronomer affiliated with the Susono Observatory (886).

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Marc Aaronson

Marc Aaronson (August 24, 1950 – April 30, 1987) was an American astronomer.

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Marcel Minnaert

Marcel Gilles Jozef Minnaert (12 February 1893 – 26 October 1970) was a Belgian-Dutch astronomer.

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Marcelo Gleiser

Marcelo Gleiser (born 19 March 1959) is a Brazilian physicist and astronomer.

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Margaret Burbidge

Eleanor Margaret Burbidge, FRS (12 August 1919 – 5 April 2020) was a British-American observational astronomer and astrophysicist.

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Margaret Geller

Margaret J. Geller (born December 8, 1947) is an American astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics ! Harvard & Smithsonian.

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Maria Margaretha Kirch

Maria Margaretha Kirch (née Winckelmann, in historic sources named Maria Margaretha Kirchin; 25 February 1670 – 29 December 1720) was a German astronomer.

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Maria Mitchell

Maria Mitchell (/məˈraɪə/; August 1, 1818 – June 28, 1889) was an American astronomer, librarian, naturalist, and educator.

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Martin Rees

Martin John Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow, One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: (born 23 June 1942) is a British cosmologist and astrophysicist.

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Martin Ryle

Sir Martin Ryle (27 September 1918 – 14 October 1984) was an English radio astronomer who developed revolutionary radio telescope systems (see e.g. aperture synthesis) and used them for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources.

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Martin Schwarzschild

Martin Schwarzschild (May 31, 1912 – April 10, 1997) was a German-American astrophysicist.

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Martin van den Hove

Martin (Maarten) van den Hove (Latinized as Martinus Hortensius (Ortensius)) (1605 – 7 August 1639) was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician.

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Mary Somerville

Mary Somerville (formerly Greig; 26 December 1780 – 29 November 1872) was a Scottish scientist, writer, and polymath.

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Mary Watson Whitney

Mary Watson Whitney (September 11, 1847 – January 20, 1921) was an American astronomer and was the head of the Vassar College Observatory for 22 years, where 102 scientific papers were published under her guidance.

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Masahiro Koishikawa

was a Japanese astronomer.

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Masakatsu Aoki

is a Japanese amateur astronomer who operates from his private Aoki Astronomical Observatory at Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, Japan.

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Masanori Hirasawa

is a Japanese astronomer and a prolific discoverer of asteroids.

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Masaru Arai

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets and comets.

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Masaru Mukai

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Masayuki Iwamoto

is a Japanese astronomer from Awa in the Tokushima Prefecture.

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Masayuki Yanai

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691), more formally the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, was an English settlement on the east coast of North America around the Massachusetts Bay, one of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

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Matsuo Sugano

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Matthew Fontaine Maury

Matthew Fontaine Maury (January 14, 1806February 1, 1873) was an American oceanographer and naval officer, serving the United States and then joining the Confederacy during the American Civil War.

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Maurice Loewy

Maurice (Moritz) Loewy (15 April 1833 – 15 October 1907) was a French astronomer.

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Max Wolf

Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf (21 June 1863 – 3 October 1932) was a German astronomer and a pioneer in the field of astrophotography.

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Maximilian Hell

Maximilian Hell (Hell Miksa) (born Rudolf Maximilian Höll; May 15, 1720 – April 14, 1792) was an astronomer and an ordained Jesuit priest from the Kingdom of Hungary.

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Meghnad Saha

Meghnad Saha (6 October 1893 – 16 February 1956) was an Indian astrophysicist who helped devise the theory of thermal ionisation.

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Mercury (planet)

Mercury is the first planet from the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System.

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Mexico

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.

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Michael E. Brown

Michael E. Brown (born June 5, 1965) is an American astronomer, who has been professor of planetary astronomy at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) since 2003.

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Michel Giacobini

Michel Giacobini (1873–1938) was a French astronomer.

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Michel Mayor

Michel Gustave Édouard Mayor (born 12 January 1942) is a Swiss astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the University of Geneva's Department of Astronomy.

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Milky Way

The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.

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Milorad B. Protić

Milorad B. Protić (Милорад Б.; 19 September 1911, Belgrade – 29 October 2001, Belgrade) was a Serbian astronomer, discoverer of comets and minor planets, and three times director of the Belgrade Observatory.

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Milton L. Humason

Milton La Salle Humason (August 19, 1891 – June 18, 1972) was an American astronomer.

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Minoru Honda

was a Japanese astronomer.

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Minoru Kizawa

is a Japanese astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Moon

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite.

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Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi

Al-Urdi (full name: Moayad Al-Din Al-Urdi Al-Amiri Al-Dimashqi) (d. 1266) was a medieval Syrian Arab astronomer and geometer.

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Naburimannu

Nabu-ri-man-nu (also spelled Nabu-rimanni; Greek sources called him Ναβουριανός, Nabourianos, Latin Naburianus) (fl. c. 6th – 3rd century BC) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician.

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Nancy Roman

Nancy Grace Roman (May 16, 1925 – December 25, 2018) was an American astronomer who made important contributions to stellar classification and motions.

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Naoto Satō

is a Japanese amateur astronomer, discoverer of minor planets, and, by profession, a junior high school science teacher.

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Nathaniel Bliss

Nathaniel Bliss (28 November 1700 – 2 September 1764) was an English astronomer of the 18th century, serving as Britain's fourth Astronomer Royal between 1762 and 1764.

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National Museum of American History

The National Museum of American History: Kenneth E. Behring Center is a historical museum in Washington, D.C. It collects, preserves, and displays the heritage of the United States in the areas of social, political, cultural, scientific, and military history.

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Naubakht

Nobakht Ahvazi (نوبخت اهوازى), also spelled Naubakht Ahvaz and Naubakht, along with his sons were astrologers from Ahvaz (in the present-day Khuzestan Province, Iran) who lived in the 8th and 9th centuries AD.

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Nebula

A nebula (cloud, fog;: nebulae, nebulæ, or nebulas) is a distinct luminescent part of interstellar medium, which can consist of ionized, neutral, or molecular hydrogen and also cosmic dust.

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Neil deGrasse Tyson

Neil deGrasse Tyson (or; born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator.

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Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory

Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, previously called the Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Explorer, is a NASA three-telescope space observatory for studying gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and monitoring the afterglow in X-ray, and UV/Visible light at the location of a burst.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

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Neutron star

A neutron star is the collapsed core of a massive supergiant star.

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Nevil Maskelyne

Nevil Maskelyne (6 October 1732 – 9 February 1811) was the fifth British Astronomer Royal.

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New Zealand

New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.

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Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille

Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille (15 March 171321 March 1762), formerly sometimes spelled de la Caille, was a French astronomer and geodesist who named 14 out of the 88 constellations.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.

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Nicolaus Olahus

Nicolaus Olahus (Latin for Nicholas, the Vlach; Oláh Miklós; Nicolae Valahul); 10 January 1493 – 15 January 1568) was the Archbishop of Esztergom, Primate of Hungary, and a distinguished Catholic prelate, humanist and historiographer.

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Niels Bohr

Niels Henrik David Bohr (7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922.

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Nikolai Chernykh

Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh (nʲɪkɐˈlaj sʲtʲɪˈpanəvʲɪtɕ tɕɪrˈnɨx; 6 October 1931 – 25 May 2004) was a Russian-born Soviet astronomer and discoverer of minor planets and comets at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnyi, Crimea.

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Nilakantha Somayaji

Keļallur Nīlakaṇṭha Somayāji (14 June 1444 – 1544), also referred to as Keļallur Comatiri, was a major mathematician and astronomer of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.

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Nils Mustelin

Nils Olof Mustelin (11 August 1931 in Turku – 28 April 2004 in Helsinki) was a Finnish professor of physics, noted astronomer, and popular skeptic.

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Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is an annual award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions to mankind in the field of physics.

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Nobuhiro Kawasato

is a Japanese astronomer credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 105 asteroids he made partially in collaboration with astronomer Tsutomu Hioki at Okutama Observatory, Japan, between 1988 and 2000.

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Nobuhisa Kojima

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Norman Lockyer

Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer (17 May 1836 – 16 August 1920) was an English scientist and astronomer.

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Norway

Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.

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Nuclear astrophysics

Nuclear astrophysics is an interdisciplinary part of both nuclear physics and astrophysics, involving close collaboration among researchers in various subfields of each of these fields.

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Nuclear fusion

Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei, usually deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotopes), combine to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).

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Nutation

Nutation is a rocking, swaying, or nodding motion in the axis of rotation of a largely axially symmetric object, such as a gyroscope, planet, or bullet in flight, or as an intended behaviour of a mechanism.

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Okuro Oikawa

was a Japanese astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Ole Rømer

Ole Christensen Rømer (25 September 1644 – 19 September 1710) was a Danish astronomer who, in 1676, first demonstrated that light travels at a finite speed.

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Olin Chaddock Wilson

Olin Chaddock Wilson (January 13, 1909 – July 13, 1994) was an American astronomer best known for his work as a stellar spectroscopist.

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Olin J. Eggen

Olin Jeuck Eggen (July 9, 1919 – October 2, 1998) was an American-Australian astronomer.

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Omar Khayyam

Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm Nīsābūrī (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), commonly known as Omar Khayyam (عمر خیّام), was a Persian polymath, known for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and poetry.

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Osamu Muramatsu

is a Japanese astronomer and discoverer of asteroids and comets.

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Oskar Backlund

Johan Oskar Backlund (28 April 1846 – 29 August 1916) was a Swedish-Russian astronomer.

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Otto August Rosenberger

Otto August Rosenberger (10 August 1800 – 23 January 1890) was a Baltic German astronomer from Tukums in Courland.

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Otto E. Neugebauer

Otto Eduard Neugebauer (May 26, 1899 – February 19, 1990) was an Austrian-American mathematician and historian of science who became known for his research on the history of astronomy and the other exact sciences as they were practiced in antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Otto Heckmann

Otto Hermann Leopold Heckmann (June 23, 1901 – May 13, 1983) was a German mathematician and astronomer, director of the Hamburg Observatory from 1941 to 1962, after which he became the first director of the European Southern Observatory.

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Otto Struve

Otto Lyudvigovich Struve (Отто Людвигович Струве; 12 August 1897 – 6 April 1963) was a Ukrainian-American astronomer of Baltic German origin.

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Otto Wilhelm von Struve

Otto Wilhelm von Struve (May 7, 1819 (Julian calendar: April 25) – April 14, 1905) was a Russian astronomer of Baltic German origins.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Pablo Cottenot

Pablo Cottenot (born 1800) was a 19th-century French astronomer and discoverer of a minor planet.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Parallax

Parallax is a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight and is measured by the angle or half-angle of inclination between those two lines.

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Parsec

The parsec (symbol: pc) is a unit of length used to measure the large distances to astronomical objects outside the Solar System, approximately equal to or (AU), i.e..

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Patrick Moore

Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore (4 March 1923 – 9 December 2012) was an English amateur astronomer who attained prominence in that field as a writer, researcher, radio commentator and television presenter.

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Paul Götz

Paul Götz (1883–1962) was a German astronomer and discoverer of 20 minor planets between 1903 and 1905.

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Paul Henry and Prosper Henry

Paul-Pierre Henry (21 August 1848 – 4 January 1905) and his brother Prosper-Mathieu Henry (10 December 1849 – 25 July 1903) were French opticians and astronomers.

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Paul Oswald Ahnert

Paul Oswald Ahnert (22 November 1897 – 27 February 1989) was a German astronomer.

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Paul W. Merrill

Paul Willard Merrill (August 15, 1887 – July 19, 1961) was an American astronomer whose specialty was spectroscopy.

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Paul Wild (Swiss astronomer)

Paul Wild (5 October 1925 – 2 July 2014) was a Swiss astronomer and director of the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern, who discovered numerous comets, asteroids and supernovae.

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Paulo R. Holvorcem

Paulo Renato Centeno Holvorcem (born 10 July 1967) is a Brazilian amateur astronomer and mathematician who lives in Brasilia, Brazil.

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Pelageya Shajn

Pelageya Fedorovna Shajn, née Sannikova (Пелагея Фёдоровна Шайн) (22 September 1894 – 27 August 1956), was a Russian astronomer in the Soviet Union, and the first woman credited with the discovery of a minor planet, at the Simeiz Observatory in 1928.

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Percival Lowell

Percival Lowell (March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer who fueled speculation that there were canals on Mars, and furthered theories of a ninth planet within the Solar System.

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Petar Đurković

Petar Đurković (Петар Ђурковић, 1908–1981) was a Serbian astronomer known for discovering two asteroids in 1936 and 1940, respectively.

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Peter Andreas Hansen

Peter Andreas Hansen (born 8 December 1795, Tønder, Schleswig, Denmark; died 28 March 1874, Gotha, Thuringia, Germany) was a Danish-born German astronomer.

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Peter Goldreich

Peter Goldreich (born July 14, 1939) is an American astrophysicist whose research focuses on celestial mechanics, planetary rings, helioseismology and neutron stars.

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Peter Nilson

Peter Nilson (17 October 1937 – 8 March 1998) was a Swedish astronomer and novelist.

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Peter van de Kamp

Piet van de Kamp (December 26, 1901 – May 18, 1995), known as Peter van de Kamp in the United States, was a Dutch astronomer who lived in the United States most of his life.

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Petrus Alphonsi

Petrus Alphonsi (died after 1116) was a Spanish physician, writer, astronomer and polemicist who was a former Jew, but later on converted to Christianity in 1106.

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Petrus Apianus

Petrus Apianus (April 16, 1495 – April 21, 1552), also known as Peter Apian, Peter Bennewitz, and Peter Bienewitz, was a German humanist, known for his works in mathematics, astronomy and cartography.

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Petrus Plancius

Petrus Plancius (1552 – 15 May 1622) was a Dutch-Flemish astronomer, cartographer and clergyman.

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Phil Plait

Philip Cary Plait (born September 30, 1964), also known as The Bad Astronomer, is an American astronomer, skeptic, and popular science blogger.

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Philibert Jacques Melotte

Philibert Jacques Melotte (29 January 1880 – 30 March 1961) was a British astronomer whose parents emigrated from Belgium.

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Philip Fox (astronomer)

Philip Fox (March 7, 1878 – July 21, 1944) was an American astronomer and an officer in the U.S. Army.

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Philip Herbert Cowell

Philip Herbert Cowell FRS (1870 – 1949) was a British astronomer.

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Philippe Véron

Philippe Véron (2 March 1939 – 7 August 2014) was a French astronomer.

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Pierre Janssen

Pierre Jules César Janssen (22 February 1824 – 23 December 1907), usually known as Jules Janssen, was a French astronomer who, along with English scientist Joseph Norman Lockyer, is credited with discovering the gaseous nature of the solar chromosphere, but there is no justification for the conclusion that he deserves credit for the co-discovery of the element helium.

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Pierre Lemonnier (physicist)

Pierre Lemonnier (aka Petro Lemonnier; 28 June 1675 in Saint-Sever – 27 November 1757 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye) was a French astronomer, a professor of Physics and Philosophy at the Collège d'Harcourt (University of Paris), and a member of the French Academy of Sciences.

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Pierre Louis Maupertuis

Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698 – 27 July 1759) was a French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters.

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Pierre Méchain

Pierre François André Méchain (16 August 1744 – 20 September 1804) was a French astronomer and surveyor who, with Charles Messier, was a major contributor to the early study of deep-sky objects and comets.

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Pierre Puiseux

Pierre Henri Puiseux (20 July 1855 – 28 September 1928) was a French astronomer.

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Pierre-Simon Laplace

Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace (23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar whose work was important to the development of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy.

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Pieter Johannes van Rhijn

Pieter Johannes van Rhijn (24 March 1886 – 9 May 1960) was a Dutch astronomer.

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Pieter Oosterhoff

Pieter Theodorus Oosterhoff (30 March 1904, Leeuwarden - 14 March 1978, Leiden) was a Dutch astronomer.

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Pleiades

The Pleiades, also known as the Seven Sisters and Messier 45, reflects an observed pattern formed by those stars, in an asterism of an open star cluster containing middle-aged, hot B-type stars in the northwest of the constellation Taurus.

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Pluto

Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.

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Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.

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Pulsar

A pulsar (from pulsating radio source) is a highly magnetized rotating neutron star that emits beams of electromagnetic radiation out of its magnetic poles.

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Pythagoras

Pythagoras of Samos (Πυθαγόρας; BC) was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher, polymath and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism.

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Qingde Wang

Qingde "Daniel" Wang (王青德) is a professor of astronomy at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

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Quasar

A quasar is an extremely luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN).

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Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi

Qotb al-Din Mahmoud b. Zia al-Din Mas'ud b. Mosleh Shirazi (قطب‌الدینْ محمود بن ضیاءالدینْ مسعود بن مصلح شیرازی; 1236–1311) was a 13th-century Persian polymath and poet who made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, medicine, physics, music theory, philosophy and Sufism.

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R. Brent Tully

Richard Brent Tully (born March 9, 1943) is a Canadian-born American astronomer at the Institute for Astronomy in Honolulu, Hawaii.

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Radio astronomy

Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies.

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Rafael Pacheco

Rafael Pacheco Hernández (born 1954 in Madrid) is a Spanish astronomer of Catalan origin and a prolific discoverer of asteroids, credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of numerous minor planets mostly in collaboration with astronomer Álvaro López-García.

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Rashid Sunyaev

Rashid Alievich Sunyaev (Рәшит Гали улы Сөнәев, Раши́д Али́евич Сюня́ев; born 1 March 1943 in Tashkent, USSR) is a German, Soviet, and Russian astrophysicist of Tatar descent.

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Raymond Smith Dugan

Raymond Smith Dugan (May 30, 1878 – August 31, 1940) was an American astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Regiomontanus

Johannes Müller von Königsberg (6 June 1436 – 6 July 1476), better known as Regiomontanus, was a mathematician, astrologer and astronomer of the German Renaissance, active in Vienna, Buda and Nuremberg.

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Reiki Kushida

is a Japanese amateur astronomer, discoverer of supernovas such as 1991bg (the first visual discovery made by a female astronomer), and co-discoverer of 4875 Ingalls, a Flora asteroid from the main-belt.

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Riccardo Giacconi

Riccardo Giacconi (October 6, 1931 – December 9, 2018) was an Italian-American Nobel Prize-winning astrophysicist who laid down the foundations of X-ray astronomy.

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Richard A. Proctor

Richard Anthony Proctor FRAS (23 March 1837 – 12 September 1888) was an English astronomer.

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Richard Christopher Carrington

Richard Christopher Carrington (26 May 1826 – 27 November 1875) was an English amateur astronomer whose 1859 astronomical observations demonstrated the existence of solar flares as well as suggesting their electrical influence upon the Earth and its aurorae; and whose 1863 records of sunspot observations revealed the differential rotation of the Sun.

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Richard Martin West

Richard Martin West (born 1941) is a Danish astronomer and discoverer of astronomical objects with a long career at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and at the International Astronomical Union (IAU).

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Richard Sheepshanks

Richard Sheepshanks (30 July 1794, in Leeds – 4 August 1855, in Reading) was a British astronomer.

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Richard Tousey

Richard Tousey (May 18, 1908 – April 15, 1997) was an American astronomer.

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Richard van der Riet Woolley

Sir Richard van der Riet Woolley OBE FRS (24 April 1906 – 24 December 1986) was an English astronomer who became the eleventh Astronomer Royal.

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Robert Burnham Jr.

Robert Burnham Jr. (June 16, 1931 – March 20, 1993) was an American astronomer, best known for writing the classic three-volume Burnham's Celestial Handbook.

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Robert Evans (astronomer)

Robert Owen Evans, OAM (20 February 1937 – 8 November 2022) was an Australian minister of the Uniting Church in Hazelbrook, New South Wales, and an amateur astronomer who holds the record for visual discoveries of supernovae (42).

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Robert George Harrington

Robert George Harrington (December 3, 1904 – June 15, 1987) was an American astronomer who worked at Palomar Observatory.

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Robert Grant Aitken

Robert Grant Aitken (December 31, 1864 – October 29, 1951) was an American astronomer.

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Robert H. Dicke

Robert Henry Dicke (May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American astronomer and physicist who made important contributions to the fields of astrophysics, atomic physics, cosmology and gravity.

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Robert H. McNaught

Robert H. McNaught (born in Scotland in 1956) is a Scottish-Australian astronomer at the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics of the Australian National University (ANU).

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Robert Julius Trumpler

Robert Julius Trumpler (until 1915 Robert Trümpler, October 2, 1886, in Zürich, Switzerland – September 10, 1956, in Berkeley, United States) was a Swiss-American astronomer.

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Robert Kirshner

Robert P. Kirshner (born August 15, 1949) is an American astronomer, Chief Program Officer for Science for the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and the Clownes Research Professor of Science at Harvard University.

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Robert Kraft (astronomer)

Robert Paul Kraft (June 16, 1927 – May 26, 2015) was an American astronomer.

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Robert Luther

Karl Theodor Robert Luther (16 April 1822, Świdnica – 15 February 1900 Düsseldorf), normally published as Robert Luther, was a German astronomer.

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Robert S. McMillan (astronomer)

Robert S. McMillan is an American astronomer at the University of Arizona, and heads the Spacewatch project, which studies minor planets.

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Robert Sutton Harrington

Robert Sutton Harrington (October 21, 1942 – January 23, 1993) was an American astronomer who worked at the United States Naval Observatory (USNO).

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Robert T. A. Innes

Robert Thorburn Ayton Innes FRSE FRAS (10 November 1861 – 13 March 1933) was a British-born South African astronomer best known for discovering Proxima Centauri in 1915, and numerous binary stars.

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Robert Woodrow Wilson

Robert Woodrow Wilson (born January 10, 1936) is an American astronomer who, along with Arno Allan Penzias, discovered cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) in 1964.

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Roger Penrose

Sir Roger Penrose, (born 8 August 1931) is a British mathematician, mathematical physicist, philosopher of science and Nobel Laureate in Physics.

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Roman Egypt

Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.

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Ronald N. Bracewell

Ronald Newbold Bracewell AO (22 July 1921 – 12 August 2007) was the Lewis M. Terman Professor of Electrical Engineering of the Space, Telecommunications, and Radioscience Laboratory at Stanford University.

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Rosaly Lopes

Rosaly M. C. Lopes (born January 8, 1957) is a planetary geologist, volcanologist, an author of numerous scientific papers and several books, as well as a proponent of education.

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Rotation period (astronomy)

In astronomy, the rotation period or spin period of a celestial object (e.g., star, planet, moon, asteroid) has two definitions.

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Royal Prussia

Royal Prussia (Prusy Królewskie; Königlich-Preußen or Preußen Königlichen Anteils, Królewsczé Prësë) or Polish PrussiaAnton Friedrich Büsching, Patrick Murdoch.

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Ruby Payne-Scott

Ruby Violet Payne-Scott (28 May 1912 – 25 May 1981) was an Australian pioneer in radiophysics and radio astronomy, and was one of two Antipodean women pioneers in radio astronomy and radio physics at the end of the second world war, Ruby Payne-Scott the Australian and Elizabeth Alexander the New Zealander.

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Rudolph Minkowski

Rudolph Minkowski (born Rudolf Leo Bernhard Minkowski;; May 28, 1895 – January 4, 1976) was a German-American astronomer.

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Russell Alan Hulse

Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation".

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Rychard Bouwens

Rychard J. Bouwens is an associate professor at Leiden University.

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Sadao Sei

is a Japanese astronomer who discovered an asteroid in 1983.

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Sallie Baliunas

Sallie Louise Baliunas (born February 23, 1953) is a retired astrophysicist.

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Samuel Langley

Samuel Pierpont Langley (August 22, 1834 – February 27, 1906) was an American aviation pioneer, astronomer and physicist who invented the bolometer.

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Sandra Faber

Sandra Moore Faber (born December 28, 1944) is an American astrophysicist known for her research on the evolution of galaxies.

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Satoru Otomo

is a Japanese dentist, amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.

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Saturn

Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter.

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Saul Adelman

Saul Joseph Adelman (born 18 November 1944, in Atlantic City) is an astronomer at The Citadel's Physics Department in Charleston, South Carolina.

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Saul Perlmutter

Saul Perlmutter (born September 22, 1959) is a U.S. astrophysicist, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he holds the Franklin W. and Karen Weber Dabby Chair, and head of the International Supernova Cosmology Project at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

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Schelte J. Bus

Schelte John "Bobby" Bus (born 1956) is an American astronomer and discoverer of minor planets at the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaiʻi and deputy director of NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) at the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, United States.

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Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Seidai Miyasaka

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Seiji Ueda

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

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Sergei Kopeikin

Sergei Kopeikin (born April 10, 1956) is a USSR-born theoretical physicist and astronomer presently living and working in the United States, where he holds the position of Professor of Physics at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.

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Sergey Belyavsky

Sergey Ivanovich Belyavsky (Серге́й Ива́нович Беля́вский; December 7, 1883 (Julian calendar: November 25) – October 13, 1953) was a Soviet/Russian astronomer and a discoverer of 36 numbered minor planets.

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Seth Barnes Nicholson

Seth Barnes Nicholson (November 12, 1891 – July 2, 1963) was an American astronomer.

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Seth Shostak

Seth Shostak (born July 20, 1943) is an American astronomer and author, and is currently the senior astronomer for the SETI Institute.

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Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo (1031–1095) or Shen Gua, courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁),Yao (2003), 544.

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Sherburne Wesley Burnham

Sherburne Wesley Burnham (December 12, 1838 – March 11, 1921) was an American astronomer.

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Shi Shen

Shi Shen (fl. 4th century BC) was a Chinese astronomer and astrologer.

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Shibukawa Shunkai

born as Yasui Santetsu (安井 算哲), later called Motoi Santetsu (保井 算晢), was a Japanese scholar, go player and the first official astronomer appointed of the Edo period.

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Shigehisa Fujikawa

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Shigeru Inoda

was a Japanese ophthalmologist, surgeon and amateur astronomer.

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Shin Hirayama

, also read as Makoto Hirayama, was the first Japanese astronomer to discover an asteroid.

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Shuichi Nakano

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Shun-ei Izumikawa

is a Japanese astronomer and co-discoverer of 5239 Reiki and 27748 Vivianhoette, two main-belt asteroids he first observed together with astronomer Osamu Muramatsu at the Yatsugatake South Base Observatory near Hokuto, Yamanashi, in 1990 and 1991.

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Sidney van den Bergh

Sidney Van den Bergh, OC, FRS (born 20 May 1929) is a retired Dutch-Canadian astronomer.

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Simon Marius

Simon Marius (latinized form of Simon Mayr; 10 January 1573 – 5 January 1625) was a German astronomer.

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Simon Newcomb

Simon Newcomb (March 12, 1835 – July 11, 1909) was a Canadian–American astronomer, applied mathematician, and autodidactic polymath.

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Sir John Lubbock, 3rd Baronet

Sir John William Lubbock, 3rd Baronet, FRS (26 March 1803 – 21 June 1865), was an English banker, barrister, mathematician and astronomer.

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Solar eclipse

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially.

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Solar wind

The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the Sun's outermost atmospheric layer, the corona.

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South Vietnam

South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN; Việt Nam Cộng hòa; VNCH, République du Viêt Nam), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Spacetime

In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra.

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Speed of light

The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to). According to the special theory of relativity, is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter or energy (and thus any signal carrying information) can travel through space.

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Star catalogue

A star catalogue is an astronomical catalogue that lists stars.

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Stellar black hole

A stellar black hole (or stellar-mass black hole) is a black hole formed by the gravitational collapse of a star.

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Su Song

Su Song (1020–1101), courtesy name Zirong, was a Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman.

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Subaru Telescope

is the telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, located at the Mauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii.

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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995) was an Indian-American theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to the scientific knowledge about the structure of stars, stellar evolution and black holes.

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Supermassive black hole

A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH) is the largest type of black hole, with its mass being on the order of hundreds of thousands, or millions to billions, of times the mass of the Sun.

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Supernova

A supernova (supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star.

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Svante Arrhenius

Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist.

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Svein Rosseland

Svein Rosseland (March 31, 1894, in Kvam, Hardanger – January 19, 1985, in Bærum) was a Norwegian astrophysicist and a pioneer in the field of theoretical astrophysics.

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Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

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Sylvain Arend

Sylvain Julien Victor Arend (6 August 1902 – 18 February 1992) was a Belgian astronomer born in Robelmont, Luxembourg province, Belgium.

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Taiwan

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia.

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Takao Kobayashi

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and an outstanding discoverer of minor planets who currently works at the Ōizumi Observatory.

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Takeo Hatanaka

was a Japanese radio astronomer.

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Takeshi Nagata

was a Japanese geophysicist.

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Takeshi Urata

was a Japanese astronomer.

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Takuo Kojima

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Tamara Smirnova

Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova (Тама́ра Миха́йловна Смирно́ва, Тама́ра Миха́йлівна Смирно́ва; December 15, 1935, Henichesk, Soviet Union — September 5, 2001, Saint-Petersburg, Russia) was a Soviet/Russian/Ukrainian astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets and comets.

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Tarmo Oja

Tarmo Oja (born 21 December 1934 in Tallinn, Estonia) is a professor in astronomy at Uppsala University who studies galactic structure and variable stars.

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Terence Dickinson

Terence Dickinson (10 November 1943 – 1 February 2023) was a Canadian amateur astronomer and astrophotographer who lived near Yarker, Ontario, Canada.

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Tetsuo Kagawa

is a Japanese astronomer, staff member at the Gekko Observatory and discoverer of asteroids.

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Thābit ibn Qurra

Thābit ibn Qurra (full name:, أبو الحسن ثابت بن قرة بن زهرون الحراني الصابئ, Thebit/Thebith/Tebit; 826 or 836 – February 19, 901), was a polymath known for his work in mathematics, medicine, astronomy, and translation.

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Thebe Medupe

Thebe Rodney Medupe (born 1973) is a South African astrophysicist and founding director of Astronomy Africa.

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Theodor Brorsen

Theodor Johan Christian Ambders Brorsen (29 July 1819 – 31 March 1895) was a Danish astronomer.

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Thomas Bopp

Thomas Joel Bopp (October 15, 1949 – January 5, 2018) was an American amateur astronomer.

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Thomas Cowling

Thomas George Cowling FRS (17 June 1906 – 16 June 1990) was an English astronomer.

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Thomas Digges

Thomas Digges (c. 1546 – 24 August 1595) was an English mathematician and astronomer.

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Thomas Gold

Thomas Gold (May 22, 1920 – June 22, 2004) was an Austrian-born American astrophysicist, a professor of astronomy at Cornell University, a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of the Royal Society (London).

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Thomas Harriot

Thomas Harriot (– 2 July 1621), also spelled Harriott, Hariot or Heriot, was an English astronomer, mathematician, ethnographer and translator to whom the theory of refraction is attributed.

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Thomas Henderson (astronomer)

Thomas Henderson FRSE FRS FRAS (28 December 1798 – 23 November 1844) was a Scottish astronomer and mathematician noted for being the first person to measure the distance to Alpha Centauri, the major component of the nearest stellar system to Earth, the first to determine the parallax of a fixed star, and for being the first Astronomer Royal for Scotland.

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Thomas William Webb

Thomas William Webb (14 December 1807 – 19 May 1885) was a British astronomer.

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Thomas Wright (astronomer)

Thomas Wright (22 September 171125 February 1786) was an English astronomer, mathematician, instrument maker, architect and garden designer.

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Thomas Young (scientist)

Thomas Young FRS (13 June 177310 May 1829) was a British polymath who made notable contributions to the fields of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology.

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Thorvald N. Thiele

Thorvald Nicolai Thiele (24 December 1838 – 26 September 1910) was a Danish astronomer and director of the Copenhagen Observatory.

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Titan (moon)

Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest in the Solar System.

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Tobias Mayer

Tobias Mayer (17 February 172320 February 1762) was a German astronomer famous for his studies of the Moon.

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Tom Gehrels

Anton M.J. "Tom" Gehrels (February 21, 1925 – July 11, 2011) was a Dutch–American astronomer, Professor of Planetary Sciences, and Astronomer at the University of Arizona, Tucson.

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Tomimaru Okuni

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets at the Nanyo Observatory, Yamagata prefecture, Japan.

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Tomography

Tomography is imaging by sections or sectioning that uses any kind of penetrating wave.

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Toru Kobayashi

is/was a Japanese astronomer.

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Toshimasa Furuta

is a Japanese astronomer.

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Toshiro Nomura

is a Japanese astronomer and co-discoverer of 13 asteroids with astronomers Kōyō Kawanishi and Matsuo Sugano.

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Tsuneo Niijima

is a Japanese farmer and amateur astronomer.

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Tsutomu Seki

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and discoverer of minor planets and comets, born in Kōchi, Japan.

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Tully–Fisher relation

In astronomy, the Tully–Fisher relation (TFR) is a widely verified empirical relationship between the mass or intrinsic luminosity of a spiral galaxy and its asymptotic rotation velocity or emission line width.

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Tycho Brahe

Tycho Brahe (born Tyge Ottesen Brahe,; 14 December 154624 October 1601), generally called Tycho for short, was a Danish astronomer of the Renaissance, known for his comprehensive and unprecedentedly accurate astronomical observations.

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Typhoon Lee

Typhoon Lee (born 1948) is an astrophysicist and geochemist at Academia Sinica, Taiwan, where he specializes in isotope geochemistry and nuclear astrophysics.

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Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

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Ulugh Beg

Mīrzā Muhammad Tarāghāy bin Shāhrukh (میرزا محمد تراغای بن شاهرخ; میرزا محمد طارق بن شاهرخ), better known as Ulugh Beg (الغ‌بیک; Uluğ Bey; 22 March 1394 – 27 October 1449), was a Timurid sultan, as well as an astronomer and mathematician.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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Uranus

Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun.

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Urbain Le Verrier

Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier (11 March 1811 – 23 September 1877) was a French astronomer and mathematician who specialized in celestial mechanics and is best known for predicting the existence and position of Neptune using only mathematics.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.

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Vedanga Jyotisha

Vedanga Jyotisha, or Jyotishavedanga, is one of earliest known Indian texts on astrology (Jyotisha).

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Vera Rubin

Vera Florence Cooper Rubin (July 23, 1928 – December 25, 2016) was an American astronomer who pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates.

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Vesto M. Slipher

Vesto Melvin Slipher (November 11, 1875 – November 8, 1969) was an American astronomer who performed the first measurements of radial velocities for galaxies.

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Viktor Ambartsumian

Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian (Виктор Амазаспович Амбарцумян; Վիկտոր Համազասպի Համբարձումյան, Viktor Hamazaspi Hambardzumyan; 12 August 1996) was a Soviet and Armenian astrophysicist and science administrator.

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Viktor Knorre

Viktor Karlovich Knorre (Виктор Карлович Кнорре; 4 October 1840 – 25 August 1919) was a Russian astronomer of German ethnic origin.

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Vincenzo Cerulli

Vincenzo Cerulli (20 April 1859 – 30 May 1927) was an Italian astronomer and founder of the Collurania-Teramo Observatory in Teramo, central Italy, where he was born.

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Virginia Louise Trimble

Virginia Louise Trimble (born November 15, 1943) is an American astronomer specializing in the structure and evolution of stars and galaxies, and the history of astronomy.

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Vladimír Porubčan

Prof.

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Vladimir Albitsky

Vladimir Aleksandrovich Albitzky (Владимир Александрович Альбицкий) (16 June 1891 – 15 June 1952) was a Soviet/Russian astronomer and discoverer of minor planets.

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Vladimir Shkodrov

Vladimir Georgiev Shkodrov (Владимир Георгиев Шкодров; 10 February 1930 – 31 August 2010) was a Bulgarian astronomer and professor at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.

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Walcher of Malvern

Walcher of Malvern (died 1135) (also known as Walcher of Lorraine) was the second Prior of Great Malvern Priory in Worcestershire, England, and a noted astronomer, astrologer and mathematician.

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Wallace L. W. Sargent

Wallace Leslie William Sargent (February 15, 1935 – October 29, 2012) was a British-born American astronomer and the Ira S. Bowen Professor of Astronomy at California Institute of Technology.

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Walter Baade

Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade (March 24, 1893 – June 25, 1960) was a German astronomer who worked in the United States from 1931 to 1959.

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Walter Sydney Adams

Walter Sydney Adams (December 20, 1876 – May 11, 1956) was an American astronomer.

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Wilhelm Beer

Wilhelm Wolff Beer (4 January 1797 – 27 March 1850) was a banker and astronomer from Berlin, Prussia, and the brother of Giacomo Meyerbeer.

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Wilhelm Julius Foerster

Wilhelm Julius Foerster (16 December 1832 – 18 January 1921) was a German astronomer.

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Wilhelm Klinkerfues

Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Klinkerfues (29 March 1827 in Hofgeismar – 28 January 1884 in Göttingen) was a German astronomer and meteorologist.

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Wilhelm Tempel

Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel (4 December 1821 – 16 March 1889), normally known as Wilhelm Tempel, was a German astronomer who worked in Marseille until the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, then later moved to Italy.

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Wilhelm von Biela

Baron Wilhelm von Biela (Wilhelm Freiherr von Biela; March 19, 1782 – February 18, 1856) was a German-Austrian military officer and amateur astronomer.

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Will Hay

William Thomson Hay (6 December 1888 – 18 April 1949) was an English comedian who wrote and acted in a schoolmaster sketch that later transferred to the screen, where he also played other authority figures with comic failings.

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Willebrord Snellius

Willebrord Snellius (born Willebrord Snel van Royen) (13 June 158030 October 1626) was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician, commonly known as Snell.

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Willem de Sitter

Willem de Sitter (6 May 1872 – 20 November 1934) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer.

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Willem Jacob Luyten

Willem Jacob Luyten (March 7, 1899 – November 21, 1994) was a Dutch-American astronomer.

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William Alfred Fowler

William Alfred Fowler (August 9, 1911 March 14, 1995) was an American nuclear physicist, later astrophysicist, who, with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics.

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William Cranch Bond

William Cranch Bond (September 9, 1789 – January 29, 1859) was an American astronomer, and the first director of Harvard College Observatory.

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William Frederick Denning

William Frederick Denning (25 November 1848 – 9 June 1931) was a British amateur astronomer who achieved considerable success without formal scientific training.

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William Henry Pickering

William Henry Pickering (February 15, 1858 – January 16, 1938) was an American astronomer.

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William Henry Smyth

Admiral William Henry Smyth (21 January 1788 – 8 September 1865) was an English Royal Navy officer, hydrographer, astronomer and numismatist.

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William Herschel

Frederick William Herschel (Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel; 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-British astronomer and composer.

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William Huggins

Sir William Huggins (7 February 1824 – 12 May 1910) was a British astronomer best known for his pioneering work in astronomical spectroscopy together with his wife, Margaret.

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William Kenneth Hartmann

William Kenneth Hartmann (born June 6, 1939) is a noted planetary scientist, artist, author, and writer.

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William Lassell

William Lassell (18 June 1799 – 5 October 1880) was an English merchant and astronomer.

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William McCrea (astronomer)

Sir William Hunter McCrea FRS FRSE FRAS (13 December 1904 – 25 April 1999) was an English astronomer and mathematician.

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William Parsons

William Parsons may refer to.

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William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse

William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse (17 June 1800 – 31 October 1867), was an English engineer and astronomer.

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William Robert Brooks

William Robert Brooks (June 11, 1844 – May 3, 1921) was a British-born American astronomer, mainly noted as being one of the most prolific discoverers of new comets of all time, second only to Jean-Louis Pons.

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William Rutter Dawes

William Rutter Dawes (19 March 1799 – 15 February 1868) was an English astronomer.

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William Wallace Campbell

William Wallace Campbell (April 11, 1862 – June 14, 1938) was an American astronomer, and director of Lick Observatory from 1901 to 1930.

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William Wilson Morgan

William Wilson Morgan (January 3, 1906 – June 21, 1994) was an American astronomer and astrophysicist.

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Williamina Fleming

Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming (15 May 1857 – 21 May 1911) was a Scottish astronomer.

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Wolf Bickel

Wolf Bickel (born 6 July 1942, Bensberg) is a German amateur astronomer and a prolific discoverer of asteroids, observing at his private Bergisch Gladbach Observatory, Germany.

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Wormhole

A wormhole is a hypothetical structure connecting disparate points in spacetime, and is based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations.

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Yakov Zeldovich

Yakov Borisovich Zeldovich (Я́ков Бори́сович Зельдо́вич, Я́каў Бары́савіч Зяльдо́віч; 8 March 1914 – 2 December 1987), also known as YaB, was a leading Soviet physicist of Belarusian origin, who is known for his prolific contributions in physical cosmology, physics of thermonuclear reactions, combustion, and hydrodynamical phenomena.

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Yasuo Tanaka (astronomer)

was a Japanese astrophysicist and a member of the Japan Academy.

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Yi Xing

Yi Xing (683–727), born Zhang Sui, was a Chinese astronomer, Buddhist monk, inventor, mathematician, mechanical engineer, and philosopher during the Tang dynasty.

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Yoji Kondo

was a Japanese-born American astrophysicist who also wrote science fiction under the pseudonym Eric Kotani.

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Yoshiaki Banno

was a Japanese astronomer and co-discover of 4200 Shizukagozen, an asteroid of the main-belt.

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Yoshiaki Oshima

(born 1952) is a Japanese astronomer at Gekko Observatory and prolific discoverer of 61 asteroids as credited by the Minor Planet Center, and include the binary asteroid 4383 Suruga, the potentially hazardous object (7753) 1988 XB and the Jupiter trojan 4715 Medesicaste.

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Yoshikane Mizuno

is a Japanese astronomer and co-discoverer of asteroids.

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Yoshio Kushida

is a Japanese seismologist, amateur astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets and comets.

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Yoshisada Shimizu

is a Japanese amateur astronomer and a prolific discoverer of hundreds of asteroids since 1993.

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Yrjö Väisälä

Yrjö Väisälä (6 September 1891 – 21 July 1971) was a Finnish astronomer and physicist.

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Yuji Hyakutake

was a Japanese amateur astronomer who discovered Comet C/1996 B2, also known as Comet Hyakutake on January 31, 1996, while using 25×150 binoculars.

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Yusuke Hagihara

was a Japanese astronomer noted for his contributions to celestial mechanics.

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Yvon Villarceau

Antoine-Joseph Yvon Villarceau (15 January 1813 – 23 December 1883) was a French astronomer, mathematician, and engineer.

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Zdeňka Vávrová

Zdeňka Vávrová (born 1945) is a Czech astronomer.

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Zdeněk Kopal

Zdeněk Kopal (4 April 1914 – 23 June 1993) was a Czechoslovak astronomer who mainly worked in England.

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Zhang Daqing

Zhang Daqing (born October 23, 1969) is a Chinese amateur astronomer.

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Zhang Heng

Zhang Heng (AD 78–139), formerly romanized Chang Heng, was a Chinese polymathic scientist and statesman who lived during the Han dynasty.

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Zhang Yuzhe

Zhang Yuzhe (16 February 1902 – 21 July 1986), also known as Yu-Che Chang, was a Chinese astronomer and director of the Purple Mountain Observatory who is widely regarded as the father of modern Chinese astronomy.

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Zu Chongzhi

Zu Chongzhi (429 – 500), courtesy name Wenyuan, was a Chinese astronomer, inventor, mathematician, politician, and writer during the Liu Song and Southern Qi dynasties.

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1916

Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix.

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1947

It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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See also

Astronomers

• Amanda Bosh
• Amateur astronomers
• Anna Moore
• Astronomer
• Ata Sarajedini
• Carme Jordi
• Celestial police
• Charles W. Juels
• Cyprián Karásek Lvovický
• Erminia Calabrese
• Georg Limnaeus
• Georg Thomas Sabler
• Hemangada Thakura
• Jos de Villiers
• Leticia Carigi
• List of astronomers
• List of women astronomers
• List of women in leadership positions on astronomical instrumentation projects
• Mahesha Thakura
• Patrick H. Scully
• Stephan Ulamec
• Thomas Maclear
• Women astronomers
• Yaël Nazé

• Glossary of astronomy
• Kumeyaay astronomy
• List of Indian astronomical treatises
• List of astronomers
• List of astronomical instrument makers
• List of astronomical instruments
• List of astronomical observatories
• List of astronomical observatories in Canada
• List of astronomical observatories in Ukraine
• List of astronomical societies
• List of astronomy acronyms
• List of astronomy journals
• List of common astronomy symbols
• List of cosmologists
• List of gravitational wave observations
• List of heliophysics missions
• List of meteorite minerals
• List of minor planet discoverers
• List of most massive star clusters
• List of observatory codes
• List of star-forming regions in the Local Group
• List of stellar properties
• List of telescope parts and construction
• List of unsolved problems in astronomy
• List of women astronomers
• Lists of astronomical objects
• Lists of telescopes
• Meteorite fall
• Outline of astronomy
• Tyson Medal

Lists of space scientists

• Astronomer Royal
• List of French astronomers
• List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip
• List of Russian aerospace engineers
• List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists
• List of aerospace engineers
• List of astronomers
• List of cosmologists
• List of minor planet discoverers
• List of women astronomers
• Lists of space scientists

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomers

Also known as Astrophysicists, List of astrophysicists.

, Alyssa A. Goodman, Anders Celsius, André Patry, André-Louis Danjon, Andrea Di Paola, Andrea M. Ghez, Andreas Cellarius, Andreas Gerasimos Michalitsianos, Andrew Ainslie Common, Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin, Andrew Graham (astronomer), Andrew Lyne, Andronicus of Cyrrhus, Angelo Secchi, Anneila Sargent, Annibale de Gasparis, Annie Jump Cannon, Ansel Adams, Anton Pannekoek, Anton Staus, Antonín Mrkos, Antonia Maury, Antonio Abetti, Antonio de Ulloa, Antony Hewish, Aristarchus of Samos, Armin Otto Leuschner, Arno Allan Penzias, Arno Arthur Wachmann, Arthur Auwers, Arthur Eddington, Aryabhata, Asada Goryu, Asaph Hall, Astronomer, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Atsuo Asami, Atsushi Sugie, Audrey C. 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