List of caliphs, the Glossary
A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate.[1]
Table of Contents
352 relations: Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid Revolution, Abbasid Samarra, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Abd al-Mu'min, Abd al-Rahman III, Abd al-Rahman IV, Abd al-Rahman V, Abd al-Wahid I, Abd al-Wahid II, Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah, Abd Allah al-Radi, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Abdallah al-Adil, Abdülmecid I, Abdülmecid II, Abdul Hamid I, Abdul Hamid II, Abdulaziz, Abdullah of Córdoba, Abolition of the Caliphate, Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate, Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid, Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi, Abu Bakr, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada, Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, Abu Lu'lu'a, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, Ahl al-Bayt, Ahmadiyya, Ahmed I, Ahmed II, Ahmed III, Aisha, Al-Adid, Al-Amin, Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah, Al-Aziz Billah, Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah, Al-Hadi, Al-Hafiz, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, Al-Hakam II, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, ... Expand index (302 more) »
- 632 establishments
- Caliphs
- Lists of Islamic religious leaders
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Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
Al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (ٱلْعَبَّاسُبْنُ عَبْدِ ٱلْمُطَّلِبِ|al-ʿAbbās ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib) was a paternal uncle and sahabi (companion) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, just three years older than his nephew.
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Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Abbasid dynasty
The Abbasid dynasty or Abbasids (Banu al-ʿAbbās) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 1258.
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Abbasid Revolution
The Abbasid Revolution, also called the Movement of the Men of the Black Raiment (حركة رجال الثياب السوداء ḥaraka rijāl ath-thiyāb as-sawdāʾ), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517 CE).
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Abbasid Samarra
Samarra is a city in central Iraq, which served as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate from 836 to 892.
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Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (translit; July/August 644 or June/July 647 – 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in October 705.
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Abd al-Mu'min
Abd al Mu'min (c. 1094–1163) (عبد المؤمن بن علي or عبد المومن الــكـومي; full name: ʿAbd al-Muʾmin ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAlwī ibn Yaʿlā al-Kūmī Abū Muḥammad) was a prominent member of the Almohad movement.
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Abd al-Rahman III
ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn al-Ḥakam al-Rabdī ibn Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Dākhil (عبدالرحمن بن محمد بن عبداللہ بن محمد بن عبدالرحمن بن الحكمبن هشامبن عبد الرحمن الداخل; 890–961), or simply ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III, was the Umayyad Emir of Córdoba from 912 to 929, at which point he founded the Caliphate of Córdoba, serving as its first caliph until his death.
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Abd al-Rahman IV
Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik (translit), commonly known as Abd al-Rahman IV, was the Caliph of Córdoba in the Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus, succeeding Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, in 1018.
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Abd al-Rahman V
Abd ar-Rahman V was an Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.
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Abd al-Wahid I
Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid 'al-Makhlu' (also known as Abd al-Wahid I, أبو محمد عبد الواحد بن يوسف Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn Yūsuf) was the Almohad Caliph for less than a year in 1224.
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Abd al-Wahid II
Abu Muhammad ar-Rashid Abd al-Wahid (أبو محمد الرشيد عبد الواحد بن المأمون; Abū Muḥammad Ar-Rashīd `Abd al-Wāḥid ibn Al-Mā'mūn; died 4 December 1242) was an Almohad caliph who reigned from 1232 until his death.
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Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah
Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Ḥusayn (31 July 874 – 4 March 934), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdī biʾllāh (المهدي بالله, "The Rightly Guided by God"), was the founder of the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, the only major Shi'a caliphate in Islamic history, and the eleventh Imam of the Isma'ili branch of Shi'ism.
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Abd Allah al-Radi
Abu ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl (ابو علي الحسين بن أحمد ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن مُحَمَّد ٱبْن إسْماعِيل, 825 – 881), also known as al-Zakī, al-Raḍī and al-Muqtadā al-Hādī, was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the tenth of the Isma'ili Imams, succeeding his father, Muhammad al-Taqi.
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Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (translit; May 624October/November 692) was the leader of a caliphate based in Mecca that rivaled the Umayyads from 683 until his death.
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Abdallah al-Adil
Abu Muhammad ʿAbdallah 'al-ʿAdil' (عبد الله ʿAbd Allāh; d. October 4, 1227) was an Almohad Caliph, a former governor in al-Andalus who challenged and secured the murder of his predecessor, Abd al-Wahid I. His 1224 coup ushered in a period of instability that lasted well beyond his own death in 1227.
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Abdülmecid I
Abdülmecid I (ʿAbdü'l-Mecîd-i evvel, I.; 25 April 182325 June 1861) was the 31st sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
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Abdülmecid II
Abdülmecid II or Abdulmejid II (ʿAbdü'l-Mecîd-i sânî; II.; 29 May 1868 – 23 August 1944) was the last Ottoman caliph, the only caliph of the Republic of Turkey, and head of the Osmanoğlu family from 1926 to 1944.
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Abdul Hamid I
Abdulhamid or Abdul Hamid I (عبد الحميد اول, `Abdü’l-Ḥamīd-i evvel; I.; 20 March 1725 – 7 April 1789) was the 27th sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1774 to 1789.
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Abdul Hamid II
Abdulhamid or Abdul Hamid II (Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī; II.; 21 September 184210 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1876 to 1909, and the last sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state.
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Abdulaziz
Abdulaziz (ʿAbdü'l-ʿAzîz; Abdülaziz; 8 February 18304 June 1876) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 25 June 1861 to 30 May 1876, when he was overthrown in a government coup.
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Abdullah of Córdoba
Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman (عبد الله بن محمد بن عبد الرحمن; 11 January 844 – 15 October 912) was the seventh emir of Córdoba, reigning from 888 to 912 in Al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia).
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Abolition of the Caliphate
The Ottoman Caliphate, the world's last widely recognized caliphate, was abolished on 3 March 1924 (27 Rajab AH 1342) by decree of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
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Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
The abolition of the Ottoman sultanate (Saltanatın kaldırılması) by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on 1 November 1922 ended the Ottoman Empire, which had lasted from.
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Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (Abū al-Ḥasan al-Hāshimī al-Qurashī), probably born Nour Karim al-Mutni Al-Obaidi Al-Rifai (Nūr Karīm al-Muṭnī; died 15 October 2022), was an Iraqi militant and the third caliph of the Islamic State.
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Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid
Abu al-Hasan as-Said al-Mutadid (الحسن المعتضد بالله السعيد بن المأمون.; abū al-ḥasan al-mu`taḍid bi-llah as-sa`īd ben al-mā'mūn; died 1248) was an Almohad caliph who reigned from 1242 until his death.
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Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi (Abū al-Ḥusayn al-Husaynī al-Qurashī; died 29 April 2023) was the fourth caliph of the Islamic State and allegedly the first Syrian to serve as caliph.
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Abu Bakr
Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr, was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634.
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Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri (28 July 197127 October 2019), commonly known by his nom de guerre Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (translit), was an Iraqi militant who was the first caliph of the Islamic State (IS) from 2014 until his death in 2019.
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Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (أبو حفص الهاشمي القرشي) is the fifth and current caliph of the Islamic State.
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Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada
Abū Ḥafṣ ‘Umar al-Murtaḍā (أبو حفص عمر المرتضى بن أبي إبراهيماسحاق بن يوسف بن عبد المؤمن.; died 1266) was an Almohad caliph who reigned over part of present-day Morocco from 1248 until his death.
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Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (Abū Ibrāhīm al-Hāshimī al-Qurashī; born Amir Mohammed Abdul Rahman al-Mawli al-Salbi (Amīr Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Mawlā al-Ṣalibi); 1 or 5 October 1976 – 3 February 2022) was an Iraqi militant and the second caliph of the Islamic State.
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Abu Lu'lu'a
(أبو لؤلؤة فیروز, from Middle Persian: Pērōz), also known in modern Persian-language sources as (ابولؤلؤ) or (فیروز نهاوندی), was a Sasanian Persian slave who assassinated Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Islamic caliph, in November 644.
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Abu Yaqub Yusuf
Abu Ya`qub Yusuf or Yusuf I (Abū Ya‘qūb Yūsuf; 1135 – 14 October 1184) was the second Almohad Amir or caliph.
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Ahl al-Bayt
(lit) refers to the family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Ahmadiyya
Ahmadiyya, officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ) is an Islamic messianic movement originating in British India in the late 19th century. It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed as both the Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times and bring about, by peaceful means, the final triumph of Islam; as well as to embody, in this capacity, the expected eschatological figure of other major religious traditions.
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Ahmed I
Ahmed I (احمد اول; I.; 18 April 1590 – 22 November 1617) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 to 1617.
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Ahmed II
Ahmed II (احمد ثانی Aḥmed-i sānī) (25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642 – 6 February 1695) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695.
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Ahmed III
Ahmed III (احمد ثالث., Aḥmed-i sālis; 30 December 16731 July 1736) was sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687).
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Aisha
Aisha bint Abi Bakr was Islamic prophet Muhammad's third and youngest wife.
Al-Adid
Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥāfiẓ (أبو محمد عبد الله بن يوسف بن الحافظ; 1151–1171), better known by his regnal name al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh (Strengthener of God's Faith), was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, and the twenty-fourth imam of the Hafizi Isma'ili branch of Shi'a Islam, reigning from 1160 to 1171.
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Al-Amin
Abu Musa Muhammad ibn Harun al-Rashid (Abū Mūsā Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd; April 787 – 24/25 September 813), better known by his laqab of al-Amin (al-Amīn), was the sixth Arab Abbasid caliph from 809 to 813.
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Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
Abu Ali al-Mansur ibn al-Musta'li (translit; 31 December 1096 – 7 October 1130), better known by his regnal name al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah (translit) was the tenth Fatimid caliph, ruling from 1101 to his death in 1130, and the 20th imam of the Musta'li Isma'ili branch of Shia Islam.
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Al-Aziz Billah
Abu Mansur Nizar (Abū Manṣūr Nizār; 10 May 955 – 14 October 996), known by his regnal name as al-Aziz Billah (the Mighty One through God), was the fifth caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, from 975 to his death in 996.
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Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
Abūʾl-Qāsim ʿĪsā ibn al-Ẓāfir (أبو القاسمعيسى بن الظافر; 1149–1160), better known by his regnal name al-Fāʾiz bi-Naṣr Allāh (الفائز بنصر الله), was the thirteenth and penultimate Fatimid caliph, reigning in Egypt from 1154 to 1160, and the 23rd imam of the Hafizi Ismaili branch of Shi'a Islam.
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Al-Hadi
Abū Muḥammad Mūsā ibn al-Mahdī al-Hādī (أبو محمد موسى بن المهدي الهادي; 26 April 764 CE 14 September 786 CE) better known by his laqab al-Hādī (الهادي) was the fourth Arab Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH (785 CE) until his death in 170 AH (786 CE).
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Al-Hafiz
Abūʾl-Maymūn ʿAbd al-Majīd ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Mustanṣir, better known by his regnal name as al-Ḥāfiẓ li-Dīn Allāh (Keeper of God's Religion), was the eleventh Fatimid caliph, ruling over Egypt from 1132 to his death in 1149, and the 21st imam of Hafizi Isma'ilism.
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Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi (Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-Thaqafī), known simply as al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf), was the most notable governor who served the Umayyad Caliphate.
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Al-Hakam II
Al-Hakam II, also known as Abū al-ʿĀṣ al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh al-Hakam b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān (أَبُو الْعَاصٍ الْمُسْتَنْصِرِ بِاللهِ الْحَكْمِ بْن عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ; 13 January 915 – 16 October 976), was the Caliph of Córdoba.
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Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
Abu Ali al-Mansur (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal name al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (translit), was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam (996–1021).
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Al-Hakim I
Al-Hakim I (full name: Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad ibn Abi 'Ali al-Hasan ibn Abu Bakr; c. 1247 – 19 January 1302) was the second Abbasid caliph whose seat was in Cairo and who was subservient to the Mamluk Sultanate.
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Al-Hakim II
Al-Hakim II (died 1352) was the fifth Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate (1341–1352).
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Al-Khayzuran
Al-Khayzuran bint Atta (al-ḵayzurān bint ʿaṭāʾ) (died 789) was the wife of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mahdi and mother of both Caliphs Al-Hadi and Harun al-Rashid.
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Al-Ma'mun
Abu al-Abbas Abd Allah ibn Harun al-Rashid (Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh ibn Hārūn ar-Rashīd; 14 September 786 – 9 August 833), better known by his regnal name al-Ma'mun (al-Maʾmūn), was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833.
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Al-Mahdi
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Manṣūr (أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله المنصور; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdī (المهدي, "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785.
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Al-Mansur
Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Manṣūr (أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد المنصور‎; 95 AH – 158 AH/714 CE – 6 October 775 CE) usually known simply as by his laqab al-Manṣūr (المنصور) was the second Abbasid caliph, reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 CE – 775 CE) succeeding his brother al-Saffah.
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Al-Mansur Billah
Abu Tahir Isma'il (Abū Ṭāhir ʾIsmāʿīl; January 914 – 18 March 953), better known by his regnal name al-Mansur Billah, was the third caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya, ruling from 946 until his death.
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Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
Abu Tamim Ma'ad al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (Glorifier of the Religion of God; 26 September 932 – 19 December 975) was the fourth Fatimid caliph and the 14th Ismaili imam, reigning from 953 to 975.
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Al-Mu'tadid
Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Ṭalḥa al-Muwaffaq (أبو العباس أحمد بن طلحة الموفق), 853/4 or 860/1 – 5 April 902, better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtaḍid bi-llāh (المعتضد بالله, "Seeking Support in God"), was the caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 892 until his death in 902.
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Al-Mu'tadid I
Al-Mu'tadid I (died 1362) was the sixth Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1352 and 1362.
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Al-Mu'tadid II
Al-Mu'tadid II (died 23 July 1441) was the eleventh Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1414 and 1441.
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Al-Mu'tamid
Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Jaʿfar (أبو العباس أحمد بن جعفر; – 14 October 892), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtamid ʿalā ’llāh (المعتمد على الله, 'Dependent on God'), was the caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 870 to 892.
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Al-Mu'tasim
Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd (أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الرشيد; October 796 – 5 January 842), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtaṣim biʾllāh (المعتصمبالله), was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 until his death in 842.
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Al-Mu'tazz
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jaʿfar (أبو عبد الله محمد بن جعفر; 847 – 16 July 869), better known by his regnal title al-Muʿtazz bi-ʾllāh (المعتز بالله, "He who is strengthened by God") was the Abbasid caliph from 866 to 869, during a period of extreme internal instability within the Abbasid Caliphate, known as the "Anarchy at Samarra".
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Al-Muhtadi
Abū Isḥāq Muḥammad ibn al-Wāthiq (أبو إسحاق محمد بن هارون الواثق‎; – 21 June 870), better known by his regnal name al-Muhtadī bi-'llāh (Arabic: المهتدي بالله, "Guided by God"), was the Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from July 869 to June 870, during the "Anarchy at Samarra".
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Al-Muktafi
Abū Muḥammad ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad (أبو محمد علي بن أحمد; 877/78 – 13 August 908), better known by his regnal name al-Muktafī bi-llāh (Content with God Alone), was the caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 902 to 908.
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Al-Muntasir
Abu Ja'far Muhammad (أبو جعفر محمد; November 837 – 7 June 862), better known by his regnal title al-Muntasir bi-llah (المنتصر بالله, "He who triumphs in God") was the caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 861 to 862, during the "Anarchy at Samarra".
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Al-Muqtadi
Abū'l-Qasim ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im (Arabic: أبو القاسمعبد الله بن محمد بن القائم) better known by his regnal name al-Muqtadi (Arabic: المقتدي 'the follower'; 1056 – February 1094) was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1075 to 1094.
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Al-Muqtadir
Abu’l-Faḍl Jaʿfar ibn Ahmad al-Muʿtaḍid (أبو الفضل جعفر بن أحمد المعتضد) (895 – 31 October 932 AD), better known by his regnal name al-Muqtadir bi-llāh (المقتدر بالله, "Mighty in God"), was the eighteenth caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 908 to 932 AD (295–320 AH), with the exception of a brief deposition in favour of al-Qahir in 929.
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Al-Muqtafi
Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir (أبو عبد الله محمد بن أحمد المستظهر.; 9 April 1096 – 12 March 1160), better known by his regnal name al-Muqtafi li-Amr Allah (المقتفي لأمر الله), was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1136 to 1160, succeeding his nephew al-Rashid, who had been forced to abdicate by the Seljuks.
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Al-Musta'in
Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad (أبو العباس أحمد بن محمد بن محمد; 836 – 17 October 866), better known by his regnal title al-Mustaʿīn (836 – 17 October 866) was the Abbasid caliph from 862 to 866, during the "Anarchy at Samarra".
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Al-Musta'in (Cairo)
Abu’l-Faḍl Abbas Al-Musta'in Billah (1390 – February or March 1430) was the tenth "shadow" Abbasid caliph of Cairo, reigning under the tutelage of the Egyptian Mamluk sultans from 1406 to 1414.
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Al-Musta'li
Abū al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn al-Mustanṣir (أبو القاسمأحمد بن المستنصر; 15/16 September 1074 – 12 December 1101), better known by his regnal name al-Mustaʿlī biʾllāh (المستعلي بالله), was the ninth Fatimid caliph and the nineteenth imam of Musta'li Ismailism.
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Al-Musta'sim
Abu Ahmad Abdallah ibn al-Mustansir bi'llah, better known by his regnal title Al-Mustaʿṣim bi-llāh (المستعصمبالله; 1213 – 20 February 1258), was the 37th and last caliph from the Abbasid dynasty ruling from Baghdad.
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Al-Musta'sim (Cairo)
Abū Yahya Zakariya al-Musta'sim bi'llah (died 1389) was the eighth Abbasid caliph of Cairo under the tutelage of the Mamluk Sultanate.
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Al-Mustadi
Abu Muhammad Hasan ibn Yusuf al-Mustanjid (أبو محمد حسن بن يوسف المستنجد; 1142 – 27 March 1180) usually known by his regnal title al-Mustadi (المستضيء بأمر الله) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1170 to 1180.
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Al-Mustakfi
Abu’l-Qāsim ʿAbdallāh ibn Ali (أبو القاسمعبد الله بن علي; 908 – September/October 949), better known by his regnal name al-Mustakfī bi’llāh (Desirous of Being Satisfied with God Alone) was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 944 to 946.
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Al-Mustakfi I (Cairo)
Al-Mustakfi I (23 March 1285 – February 1340) was the third Abbasid caliph seated in Cairo under the Mamluk Sultanate between 1302 and 1340.
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Al-Mustakfi II
Al-Mustakfi II (c. 1388 – 29 January 1451) was the twelfth Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1441 and 1451.
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Al-Mustamsik
Al-Mustamsik (died 1521) was the sixteenth and penultimate Abbasid caliph of Cairo under the tutelage of the Mamluk Sultanate.
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Al-Mustanjid
Abu al-Muẓaffar Yusuf ibn Muhammad al-Muqtafi (أبو المظفّر يوسف بن محمد المقتفي; 1124 – 20 December 1170) better known by his regnal name al-Mustanjid bi-llah (المستنجد بالله) was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1160 to 1170.
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Al-Mustanjid (Cairo)
Abu al-Mahasin Yusuf al-Mustanjid bi'llah (died 7 April 1479) was the fourteenth Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1455 and 1479.
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Al-Mustansir Billah
Abū Tamīm Maʿad al-Mustanṣir biʾllāh (أبو تميممعد المستنصر بالله.‎; 2 July 1029 – 29 December 1094) was the eighth Fatimid Caliph from 1036 until 1094.
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Al-Mustansir I
Al-Mustansir Bi'llah (full name:Abû Ja`far al-Mustansir bi-llah al-Mansûr bin az-Zâhir surname al-Mustansir), (17 February 1192 – 2 December 1242) was the Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty from 1226 to 1242.
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Al-Mustansir II
Abu'l-Qasim Ahmad al-Mustansir (c. 1210 – 28 November 1261) was the first Abbasid caliph to rule in Cairo and who was subservient to the Mamluk Sultanate.
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Al-Mustarshid
Abu Mansur al-Faḍl ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir (أبو منصور الفضل بن أحمد المستظهر; 1092 – 29 August 1135) better known by his regnal name Al-Mustarshid Billah (المسترشد بالله) was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1118 to 1135.
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Al-Mustazhir
Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi (أبو العباس أحمد بن عبد الله المقتدي) usually known simply by his regnal name Al-Mustazhir billah (المستظهر بالله) (b. April/May 1078 – 6 August 1118 d.) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1094 to 1118.
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Al-Mutawakkil
Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Harun (translit); March 82211 December 861, commonly known by his regnal name al-Mutawwakil ala Allah (lit), was the tenth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 847 until his assassination in 861.
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Al-Mutawakkil I
Al-Mutawakkil I (died 9 January 1406) was the seventh Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1362 and 1383, and then 1389 and 1406.
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Al-Mutawakkil II
Al-Mutawakkil II (1416 – 27 September 1497) was the fifteenth Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1479 and 1497.
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Al-Mutawakkil III
Al-Mutawakkil III (1508–1543) was the seventeenth Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate from 1508 to 1516, and again in 1517.
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Al-Muti'
Abū ʾl-Qāsim al-Faḍl ibn al-Muqtadir (أبو القاسمالفضل بن المقتدر; 913/14 – September/October 974), better known by his regnal name of al-Mutīʿ li-ʾllāh (Obedient to God), was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 946 to 974, ruling under the tutelage of the Buyid emirs.
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Al-Muttaqi
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Jaʿfar al-Muqtadir (أبو إسحاق إبراهيمبن جعفر المقتدر) better known by his regnal title al-Muttaqi (908 – July 968, المتقي) was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 940 to 944.
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Al-Muwaffaq
Abu Ahmad Talha ibn Ja'far (أبو أحمد طلحة بن جعفر; 29 November 843 – 2 June 891), better known by his as Al-Muwaffaq Billah, was an Abbasid prince and military leader, who acted as the de facto regent of the Abbasid Caliphate for most of the reign of his brother, Caliph al-Mu'tamid.
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Al-Nasir
Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn al-Hasan al-Mustaḍīʾ (أبو العباس أحمد بن الحسن المستضيء), better known by his al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh (label; 6 August 1158 – 5 October 1225) or simply as al-Nasir, was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1180 until his death.
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Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)
Abū Ja'far Abdallah ibn Aḥmad al-Qādir, better known by his regnal name al-Qā'im bi-amri 'llāh (he who carries out the command of God) or simply as al-Qā'im; 8 November 1001 – 3 April 1075), was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1031 to 1075. He was the son of the previous caliph, al-Qadir.
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Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Cairo)
Abū al-Baqa Hamza Al-Qa'im (died 1458) was the thirteenth Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1451 and 1455.
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Al-Qa'im (Fatimid caliph)
Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh (أبو القاسممحمد ابن عبد الله; March/April 893 – 17 May 946), better known by his regnal name al-Qāʾim or al-Qāʾim bi-Amr Allāh, was the second caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, ruling in Ifriqiya from 934 to 946.
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Al-Qadir
Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Ishaq (Abu'l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Isḥāq; 28 September 947 – 29 November 1031), better known by his regnal name al-Qadir (القادر بالله), was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 991 to 1031.
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Al-Qahir
Abu Mansur Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Mu'tadid (Abū al-Manṣūr Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muʿtaḍid), usually known simply by his regnal title al-Qahir bi'llah (Victorious by the will of God), was the nineteenth caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 932 to 934.
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Al-Radi
Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Muqtadir (Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad (Muḥammad) ibn al-Muqtadir; 1 January 909 – 13 December 940), usually simply known by his regnal name al-Radi bi'llah (Content with God), was the twentieth Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, reigning from 934 to his death.
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Al-Rashid Billah
Abu Ja'far al-Mansur ibn al-Faḍl al-Mustarshid bi'llah (أبو جعفر المنصور بن الفضل المسترشد بالله; 1109 – 6 June 1138) usually known by his regnal name Al-Rashid bi'llah (الراشد بالله) was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1135 to 1136.
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Al-Saffah
Abu al-ʿAbbās Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿal-ʿAbbās (translit‎; 721/722 – 8 June 754), known by his laqab al-Saffah (translit), was the first caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates in Islamic history.
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Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya
Al-Sayyida al-Mu'iziyya, mainly known as Durzan, was the main consort of Fatimid Caliph al-Muizz and the mother of the Fatimid imam-caliph al-Aziz.
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Al-Ta'i'
Abu Bakr ʿAbd al-Karīm ibn al-Faḍl (أبو بكر عبد الكريمبن الفضل; 932 – 3 August 1003), better known by his regnal name al-Ṭāʾiʿ liʾllāh/biʾllāh (He Who Obeys God's Command), was the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad from 974 to his deposition in 991.
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Al-Walid I
Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; – 23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I (الوليد الأول), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715.
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Al-Walid II
Al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik (translit; 70917 April 744), commonly known as al-Walid II, was the eleventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 743 until his assassination in 744.
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Al-Wathiq
Abu Ja'far Harun ibn Muhammad (translit; 17 April 81210 August 847), commonly known by his regnal name al-Wathiq bi'Ilah (lit), was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 842 until his death in 847.
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Al-Wathiq I
Al-Wathiq I (died after 1341) was the fourth Abbasid caliph seated in Cairo under the Mamluk Sultanate between 1340 and 1341.
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Al-Wathiq II
Al-Wathiq II (died 13 November 1386) was the ninth Abbasid caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1383 and 1386.
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Al-Zafir
Abū Manṣūr Ismāʿīl ibn al-Ḥāfiẓ (أبو منصور إسماعيل بن الحافظ, February 1133 – April 1154), better known by his regnal name al-Ẓāfir bi-Aʿdāʾ Allāh (الظافر بأعداء الله) or al-Ẓāfir bi-Amr Allāh (الظافر بأمر الله), was the twelfth Fatimid caliph, reigning in Egypt from 1149 to 1154, and the 22nd imam of the Hafizi Ismaili sect.
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Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah
Abū Nasr Muhammad ibn al-Nāsir (أبو نصر محمد بن الناصر; 1175 – 11 July 1226), better known with his regnal name al-Ẓāhir bi-Amr Allāh (الظاهر بأمر الله), was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1225 to 1226.
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Al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah
Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥākim (أبو الحسن علي ابن الحاكم; 20 June 1005 – 13 June 1036), better known with his regnal name al-Ẓāhir li-Iʿzāz Dīn Allāh (He Who Appears Openly to Strengthen the Religion of God), was the seventh caliph of the Fatimid dynasty (1021–1036).
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Alauddin Khalji
Alauddin Khalji (علاء الدین خلجی), born Ali Gurshasp, was a ruler from the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent.
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Ali
Ali ibn Abi Talib (translit) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 to 661, as well as the first Shia imam.
Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz
Ali bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (translit; 1879 – 13 February 1935), was King of Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca from October 1924 until he was deposed by Ibn Saud in December 1925.
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Almohad Caliphate
The Almohad Caliphate (خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from unity of God) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century.
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Almohad doctrine
Almohad doctrine or Almohadism was the ideology underpinning the Almohad movement, founded by Ibn Tumart, which created the Almohad Empire during the 12th to 13th centuries.
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Amir al-Mu'minin
(أَمِيْر ٱلْمُؤْمِنِيْن) or Commander of the Faithful is a Muslim title designating the supreme leader of an Islamic community. List of caliphs and Amir al-Mu'minin are caliphs.
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Amir al-umara
The office of (amīr al-umarāʾ), variously rendered in English as emir of emirs, prince of princes, chief emir, and commander of commanders, was a senior military position in the 10th-century Abbasid Caliphate, whose holders in the decade after 936 came to supersede the civilian bureaucracy under the vizier and become effective regents, relegating the Abbasid caliphs to a purely ceremonial role.
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Arwa bint Mansur al-Himyari
Arwā bint Manṣūr al-Ḥimyarī (أروى بنت منصور الحميرى) also known as Umm Mūsā (امموسى) was the famous principal wife of Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (r. 754–775) and mother of third Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi.
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Askia Muhammad I
Askia Muhammad Ture I (1443–1538), born Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Turi or Muhammad Ture, was the first ruler of the Askia dynasty of the Songhai Empire, reigning from 1493 to 1528.
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Asma bint Abi Bakr
Asmāʾ bint Abī Bakr (أسماء بنت أبي بكر; 595/594 – 694-695CE) nicknamed Dhat an-Nitaqayn (meaning she with the two belts) was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and half-sister of his third wife Aisha.
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Assassination of Ali
Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia Imam, was assassinated during the morning prayer on 28 January 661 CE, equivalent to 19 Ramadan 40 AH.
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Assassination of Uthman
Uthman, the third caliph from 644 to 656, was assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house in 656.
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Aurangzeb
Muhi al-Din Muhammad (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known as italics, was the sixth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707.
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Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.
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Şehsuvar Sultan
Şehsuvar Sultan (شهسوار سلطان; "intrepid heroine"; 1682 – 27 April 1756) was a consort to the Ottoman Sultan Mustafa II (r. 1695–1703) and Valide sultan to their son Osman III (r. 1754–1757).
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Şevkefza Sultan
Şevkefza Sultan (12 December 1820 - 17 September 1889; meaning "one who cheers up" in Persian), also known as Şevkefza Kadın, was a consort of Sultan Abdulmejid I of the Ottoman Empire.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
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Banu (Arabic)
Banu (بنو) is Arabic for "the children of" or "descendants of" and appears before the name of a tribal progenitor.
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Banu Adi
Banu Adi (بنو عدي) was a clan of the Quraysh tribe descended from Adi ibn Ka'b.
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Banu Asad
Banu Asad (بَنُو أَسَدْ) is an Arab tribe, descended from Asad ibn Khuzayma.
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Banu Hashim
The Banū Hāshim (بنو هاشم) is an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe to which Muhammad Ibn Abdullah belonged, named after Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashim ibn Abd Manaf.
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Banu Taym
Banū Taym (بَنُو تَيْم; alternatively transliterated as Banu Taim or Banu Tahim) was a clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca.
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Bay'ah
Bayʿah (بَيْعَة, "Pledge of allegiance"), in Islamic terminology, is an oath of allegiance to a leader.
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Bayezid II
Bayezid II (Bāyezīd-i s̱ānī; II.; 3 December 1447 – 26 May 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512.
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Bezmiâlem Sultan
Bezmiâlem Sultan (بزمعالمسلطان; Ornament of The World; 1807 – 2 May 1853), called also Bazimialam Sultan, was a consort of Sultan Mahmud II, and Valide sultan to their son, Sultan Abdulmecid I of the Ottoman Empire.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
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Cairo
Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
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Córdoba, Spain
Córdoba, or sometimes Cordova, is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.
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Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve
Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve (CJTF–OIR) is a multinational military formation established by the U.S.-led international coalition against the Islamic State with the stated aim to "degrade and destroy" the organization.
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Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.
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Directorate of Religious Affairs
The Directorate of Religious Affairs in Turkey (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, normally referred to simply as the Diyanet) is an official permanent state institution established in 1924 by the orders of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk under article 136 of the Constitution of Turkey to carry out some of the administrative duties previously managed by the Shaykh al-Islām, during the Ottoman Empire.
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Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
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Edirne
Edirne, historically known as Adrianople (Adrianoúpolis), is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace.
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Elkhart, Indiana
Elkhart is a city in Elkhart County, Indiana, United States.
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Emir
Emir (أمير, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Fatima
Fatima bint Muhammad (Fāṭima bint Muḥammad; 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fatima al-Zahra' (Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija.
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Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.
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Fazl Mosque, London
The Fazl Mosque (English: The Grace Mosque) also known as The London Mosque, is the first purpose-built mosque in London, England.
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Figurehead
In politics, a figurehead is a practice of who de jure (in name or by law) appears to hold an important and often supremely powerful title or office, yet de facto (in reality) exercises little to no actual power.
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First Fitna
The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community.
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First French Empire
The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809 and also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.
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Gülbahar Hatun (mother of Selim I)
Ayşe Gülbahar HatunDiyanet (lit; 1453 – 1505), was a concubine of Sultan Bayezid II and the mother of Sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire and the grandmother of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
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Gülcemal Kadın
Gülcemal Kadın (کل جمال قادین; "face of rose" 1826 – 29 November 1851) was a consort of Sultan Abdulmejid I, and the mother of Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire.
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Gülistu Kadın
Gülistü Kadin, called also Gülüstü Kadin, Gülistu Hanim or Gülüstu Hanim (کلستو خانم; "garden rose"; born Princess Fatma Chachba; 1830 - 1861) was a consort of Sultan Abdulmejid I, and the mother of Sultan Mehmed VI, the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
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Gülnuş Sultan
Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş Sultan (گلنوش امت الله رابعه سلطان; "Servant of Allah", "spring" and "Essence of rose", 1642 – 6 November 1715, Edirne) was the haseki sultan of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV and valide sultan to their sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III.
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Grand Imam of al-Azhar
The Grand Imam of al-Azhar (الإمامالأكبر), also known as Grand Sheikh of al-Azhar (شيخ الأزهر الشريف), currently Ahmed el-Tayeb, is a prestigious and a prominent official title in Egypt and Islamic world.
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Grand National Assembly of Turkey
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi), usually referred to simply as the TBMM or Parliament (Meclis or Parlamento), is the unicameral Turkish legislature.
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Great Mosque of Kufa
The Great Mosque of Kufa (Masjid al-Muʿaẓẓam/al-ʾAʿaẓam.), or Masjid al-Kufa, is located in Kufa, Iraq and is one of the earliest surviving mosques in the world.
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Hafsa bint Umar
Hafsa bint Umar (translit; 605–665) was the fourth wife of Muhammad and a daughter of the second caliph Umar.
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Hafsa Sultan
Ayşe Hafsa Sultan (حفصه سلطان; "womanly" and "young lioness"; 1472 – 19 March 1534), was a concubine of Selim I and the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent.
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Halime Sultan
Halime Sultan (حلیمه سلطان, "the gentle one" or "the patient one") was a consort of Sultan Mehmed III, and the mother of Sultan Mustafa I. The first woman to be Valide Sultan twice and the only to be Valide twice of a same son.
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Handan Sultan
Handan Sultan (خندان سلطان, "smiling"; 1568 - 9 November 1605) was a consort of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III, and mother and Valide Sultan to their son Sultan Ahmed I.
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Harran
Harran is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey.
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Harun al-Rashid
Abu Ja'far Harun ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi (Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Harun ibn al-Mahdi (or 766 – 24 March 809), famously known as Harun al-Rashid (Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, reigning from September 786 until his death in March 809.
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Hasan ibn Ali
Hasan ibn Ali (translit; 2 April 670) was an Alid political and religious leader.
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Hayranidil Kadın
Hayranidil Kadın (خیران دل قادین; 2 November 1846 – 26 November 1895; meaning 'The excellent heart') was a consort of Sultan Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire, and the mother of last caliph of the Ottoman Empire Abdulmejid II.
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Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.
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Hejaz
The Hejaz (also; lit) is a region that includes the majority of the west coast of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Baljurashi.
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit; 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 724 until his death in 743.
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Hisham II
Hisham II or Abu'l-Walid Hisham II al-Mu'ayyad bi-llah (ابو الولید ھشامالمؤيد بالله, Abū'l-Walīd Hishām al-Muʾayyad bi-ʾllāh) (son of Al-Hakam II and Subh of Córdoba) was the third Umayyad Caliph of Spain, in Al-Andalus from 976 to 1009, and from 1010 to 1013.
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Hisham III of Córdoba
Hisham III (هشامالثالث in full المعتد بالله” هشامبن محمد) was the last Umayyad ruler in the Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia) (1026–1031), and the last person to hold the title Caliph of Córdoba.
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History of Islam
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.
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House of Saud
The House of Al Saud (ʾĀl Suʿūd) is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia.
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Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (al-Ḥusayn bin 'Alī al-Hāshimī; 1 May 18544 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Qatadah branch of the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, King of the Hejaz, even if he refused this title,Representation Of Hedjaz At The Peace Conference: Hussein Bin Ali's Correspondence With Colonel Wilson; Status Of Arabic Countries; King's Rejection Of 'Hedjaz' Title.
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Hyder Ali
Hyder Ali (Haidarālī; 1720 – 7 December 1782) was the Sultan and de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.
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Ibn Saud
Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (translit; 15 January 1876Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author Robert Lacey's book The Kingdom, a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation.
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Ibn Tumart
Abu Abd Allah Amghar Ibn Tumart (Berber: Amghar ibn Tumert, أبو عبد الله امغار ابن تومرت, ca. 1080–1130 or 1128) was a Muslim Berber religious scholar, teacher and political leader, from the Sous in southern present-day Morocco.
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Ibrahim ibn al-Walid
Ibrāhīm ibn al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik (died 25 January 750) (ابراهيمابن الوليد بن عبد الملك) was an Umayyad caliph, and a son of Caliph al-Walid I (r. 743–744).
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Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire
Ibrahim (ابراهيم; İbrahim; 5 November 1615 – 18 August 1648) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until 1648.
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Idris al-Ma'mun
Abu al-Ala Idris al-Ma'mun (أبو العلا المأمون إدريس بن المنصور; Abū Al-`lā Al-Mā'mūn Idrīs ibn Al-Manṣūr; died 16 or 17 October 1232) was an Almohad rival caliph who reigned in part of the empire from 1229 until his death.
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Idris al-Wathiq
Abu Idris al-Wathiq (أبو العلا أبو الدبوس الواثق بالله إدريس بن محمد بن أبي عبد الله محمد بن أبي حفص بن عبد المؤمن.; died 1269), known as Abu Dabbus, was the last Almohad caliph who reigned in Marrakesh from 1266 until his death.
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Ikhwan
The Ikhwan (al-ʾIkhwān, the Brethren), commonly known as Ikhwan man ata'a Allah (إخوان من أطاع الله, Brethren of those who obey God), was a Wahhabi religious militia made up of traditionally nomadic tribesmen which formed a significant military force of the ruler Ibn Saud and played an important role in establishing him as ruler of most of the Arabian Peninsula in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.
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Iranian Studies (journal)
Iranian Studies is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering Iranian and Persianate history, literature, and society published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Association for Iranian Studies (formerly known as the International Society for Iranian Studies).
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Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir
Ishaq ibn al-Muqtadir (اسحاق ابن المُقتدر; 910s – March 988) was an Abbasid prince, son of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir.
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Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Islamic state
An Islamic state has a form of government based on sharia law.
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Islamic State
The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.
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Isma'ilism
Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.
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Istanbul
Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, straddling the Bosporus Strait, the boundary between Europe and Asia.
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Jihad of Usman dan Fodio
The Jihad of Usman dan Fodio was a religio-military conflict in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon.
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Jijak
Jijak also known as Umm Ali was the Turkic Umm Walad of al-Mu'tadid and the mother of the future caliph al-Muktafi.
Kanem–Bornu Empire
The Kanem–Bornu Empire existed in areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya and Chad.
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Kösem Sultan
Kösem Sultan (translit; 1589 – 2 September 1651), also known as Mahpeyker Sultan (ماه پیكر), was Haseki Sultan as the chief consort of the Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I, Valide Sultan as a mother of sultans Murad IV and Ibrahim and Büyük Valide Sultan as a grandmother of Sultan Mehmed IV.
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Khadija bint Khuwaylid
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (Khadīja bint Khuwaylid, 554 – November 619) was the first wife and the first follower of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Kingdom of Hejaz
The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية, Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah) was a state in the Hejaz region of Western Asia that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty.
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Kingdom of Mysore
The Kingdom of Mysore was a geopolitical realm in southern India founded in around 1399 in the vicinity of the modern-day city of Mysore and prevailed until 1950.
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Kufa
Kufa (الْكُوفَة), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf.
List of designated terrorist groups
Several national governments and two international organizations have created lists of organizations that they designate as terrorist.
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List of grand imams of al-Azhar
The post of Grand Imam of al-Azhar, or shaykh of al-Azhar, has been filled by a member of the ulema, the religious scholars, of Egypt. List of caliphs and List of grand imams of al-Azhar are lists of Islamic religious leaders.
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List of presidents of Al-Azhar University
The following is a list of presidents of al-Azhar University since its nationalization in 1961.
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List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire
The following is a list of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire. List of caliphs and list of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire are lists of Islamic religious leaders.
See List of caliphs and List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire
List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.
See List of caliphs and List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire
London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.
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Maghreb
The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.
See List of caliphs and Maghreb
Mahdi
The Mahdi (lit) is a figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the End of Times to rid the world of evil and injustice.
Mahfiruz Hatun
Hatice Mahfiruz Hatun or Mahfiruze Hatun (Ottoman Turkish: ماه فروز خاتون, "Glorious moon" or "Daytime moon" or "Turquoise Moon"; -) was a consort of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I (r. 1603–17) and the mother of his firstborn son, Sultan Osman II (r. 1618–22).
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Mahmud I
Mahmud I (محمود اول, I.; 2 August 1696 13 December 1754), known as Mahmud the Hunchback, was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754.
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Mahmud II
Mahmud II (Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, II.; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839.
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Mamluk Sultanate
The Mamluk Sultanate (translit), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries.
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Marajil
Marājil (مراجل; d. 786) was an umm walad of caliph Harun al-Rashid and mother of caliph al-Ma'mun.
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Maridah bint Shabib
Maridah bint Shabib (ماردة بنت شبيب, d. 820s) was the favourite Umm walad of Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid and mother of eighth Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim.
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Marrakesh
Marrakesh or Marrakech (or; murrākuš) is the fourth-largest city in Morocco.
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Marwan I
Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya (translit; 623 or 626April/May 685), commonly known as MarwanI, was the fourth Umayyad caliph, ruling for less than a year in 684–685.
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Marwan II
Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan (translit; – 6 August 750), commonly known as Marwan II, was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 744 until his death.
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Mecca
Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.
Medina
Medina, officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah, is the capital of Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.
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Mehmed III
Mehmed III (Meḥmed-i sālis; III.; 26 May 1566 – 22 December 1603) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death in 1603.
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Mehmed IV
Mehmed IV (Meḥmed-i rābi; IV.; 2 January 1642 – 6 January 1693), also known as Mehmed the Hunter (Avcı Mehmed), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687.
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Mehmed V
Mehmed V Reşâd (Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; V. or Mehmed Reşad; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the penultimate sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1909 to 1918.
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Mehmed VI
Mehmed VI Vahideddin (محمد سادس Meḥmed-i sâdis or وحيد الدين Vaḥîdü'd-Dîn; VI. or Vahdeddin/Vahideddin; 14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926), also known as Şahbaba among the Osmanoğlu family, was the last sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the penultimate Ottoman caliph, reigning from 4 July 1918 until 1 November 1922, when the Ottoman sultanate was abolished and replaced by the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.
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Messiah
In Abrahamic religions, a messiah or messias is a saviour or liberator of a group of people.
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Mihrişah Kadın (mother of Mustafa III)
Emine Mihrişah Kadın (امینه مھرشاہ قادین, "trustworthy" or "benign" and "sun/light of the Şah"; died April 1732) was a consort of Sultan Ahmed III and the mother of Sultan Mustafa III.
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Mihrişah Sultan (mother of Selim III)
Mihrişah Sultan (مهرشاہ سلطان; "sun/light of the Şah"; 1745 – 16 October 1805), was a consort of Sultan Mustafa III, and the mother of Selim III of the Ottoman Empire, and his Valide sultan for 16 years from 1789 until 1805.
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Mike Braun
Michael Kent Braun (born March 24, 1954) is an American businessman and politician serving as the junior United States senator from Indiana since 2019.
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Mike Pence
Michael Richard Pence (born June 7, 1959) is an American politician who served as the 48th vice president of the United States from 2017 to 2021 under President Donald Trump.
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Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (13 February 1835 – 26 May 1908) was an Indian religious leader and the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement in Islam.
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Mirza Masroor Ahmad
Mirza Masroor Ahmad (born 15 September 1950) is the current and fifth leader of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
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Mirza Tahir Ahmad
Mirza Tahir Ahmad (18 December 1928 – 19 April 2003) was the fourth caliph (خليفة المسيح الرابع, khalīfatul masīh al-rābi) and the head of the worldwide Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
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Mu'awiya I
Mu'awiya I (Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.
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Mu'awiya II
Mu'awiya ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (translit; –684), commonly known as Mu'awiya II, was the third Umayyad caliph, ruling for less than a year in 683–684.
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Muazzez Sultan
Hatice Muazzez Sultan (خدیجہ معزز سلطان; "respecful lady" and "precious", died 12 September 1687) was the third Haseki Sultan of Sultan Ibrahim and the mother of Sultan Ahmed II.
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Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia.
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Muhammad
Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.
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Muhammad al-Nasir
Muhammad al-Nasir (al-Nāṣir li-dīn Allāh Muḥammad ibn al-Manṣūr, – 1213) was the fourth Almohad Caliph from 1199 until his death.
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Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim
Muhammad ibn al-Mu'tasim (translit) was an Abbasid prince, the son of Caliph al-Mu'tasim.
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Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im
Muhammad ibn al-Qa'im (محمد ابن القائم) also known as Muhammad Dhakirat was an Abbasid prince, son of Abbasid caliph Al-Qa'im.
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Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdallah
Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿal-ʿAbbās or Muḥammad al-Imām (679/80 - 743) was the son of Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas and great-grandson of al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, the uncle of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.
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Muhammad II of Córdoba
Muhammad II al-Mahdi (Muḥammad al-Mahdī bi-ʾllāh) was the fourth Caliph of Córdoba of the Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).
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Muhammad III of Córdoba
Muhammad bin 'Abd ar-Rahman bin 'Obayd Allah, known as Muhammad III (محمد الثالث) was an Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba in Al-Andalus (Moorish Iberia).
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Murad I
Murad I (مراد اول; I. (nicknamed Hüdavendigâr, from God – meaning "sovereign" in this context); 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1362 to 1389.
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Murad III
Murad III (Murād-i sālis; III.; 4 July 1546 – 16 January 1595) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595.
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Murad IV
Murad IV (مراد رابع, Murād-ı Rābiʿ; IV., 27 July 1612 – 8 February 1640) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods.
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Murad V
Murad V (translit; V.; 21 September 1840 – 29 August 1904) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 30 May to 31 August 1876.
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Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.
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Mustafa I
Mustafa I (‎; 1600/1602 – 20 January 1639), called Mustafa the Saint (Veli Mustafa) during his second reign, and called Mustafa the Mad (Deli Mustafa) by historians, was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 22 November 1617 to 26 February 1618, and from 20 May 1622 to 10 September 1623.
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Mustafa II
Mustafa II (مصطفى ثانى Muṣṭafā-yi sānī; 6 February 1664 – 29 December 1703) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1695 to 1703.
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Mustafa III
Mustafa III (Muṣṭafā-yi sālis; 28 January 1717 – 21 January 1774) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774.
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Mustafa IV
Mustafa IV (translit; 8 September 1779 – 16 November 1808) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808.
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934 (1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938.
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Nakşidil Sultan
Nakşidil Sultan (نقش دل سلطان; "embroidered on the heart"; also Nakşi Sultan; 1761 – 22 August 1817) was a consort of Sultan Abdul Hamid I, and Valide Sultan to their son Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
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Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
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North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
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Nurbanu Sultan
Nurbanu Sultan (نور بانو سلطان; "queen of light", 1525/1527 – 7 December 1583) was Haseki Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the legal wife of Sultan Selim II (reign 1566–1574), as well as Valide Sultan (Sultana mother) as the mother of Sultan Murad III (reign 1574–1583).
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Order of Assassins
The Order of Assassins or simply the Assassins (Ḥaššāšīn) were a Nizari Isma'ili order that existed between 1090 and 1275 AD, founded by Hassan-i Sabbah.
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Ordinance XX
Ordinance XX (295-C آرڈیننس 20) is a legal ordinance of the Government of Pakistan that was promulgated under the regime of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq on 26 April 1984 and is meant to prohibit the practice of Islam and the usage of Islamic terms and titles for the Ahmadiyya Community.
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Osman II
Osman II (عثمان ثانى ‘Osmān-i sānī; II.; 3 November 1604 – 20 May 1622), also known as Osman the Young (Genç Osman), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 26 February 1618 until his regicide on 20 May 1622.
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Osman III
Osman III (عثمان ثالث Osmān-i sālis;‎ 2 January 1699 – 30 October 1757) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757.
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Ottoman conquest of Adrianople
Adrianople (Edirne), a major Byzantine city in Thrace, was conquered by the Ottomans sometime in the 1360s, and eventually became the Ottoman capital, until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
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Ottoman dynasty
The Ottoman dynasty (Osmanlı Hanedanı) consisted of the members of the imperial House of Osman (Ḫānedān-ı Āl-i ʿOsmān), also known as the Ottomans (Osmanlılar).
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Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)
The Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of the Levant, Egypt, and the Hejaz as provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
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Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.
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Persecution of Ahmadis
The Ahmadiyya branch of Islam has been subjected to various forms of religious persecution and discrimination since the movement's inception in 1889.
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Pertevniyal Sultan
Pertevniyal Sultan (lit, 1812 – 5 February 1883), was a consort of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II, and Valide sultan (queen mother) of their son, Sultan Abdulaziz.
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President of Turkey
The president of Turkey, officially the president of the Republic of Türkiye (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı), is the head of state and head of government of Turkey.
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton is a borough in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
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Qadian
Qadian is a city and a municipal council in Gurdaspur district, north-east of Amritsar, situated north-east of Batala city in the state of Punjab, India.
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Qaratis
Qaratis, also known as Umm Harun (أمهارون) or Umm al-Wathiq (أمالواثق) was the of the eighth Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim, and mother of his successor, al-Wathiq.
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Rabia Şermi Kadın
Rabia Şermi Kadın (رابعه شرمی قادین; "spring" and "tranquil"; died; 1732) was a consort of Sultan Ahmed III and the mother of Sultan Abdul Hamid I.
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Rabwah
Rabwah (ربوہ), officially known as Chenab Nagar (چناب نگر), is a city in Chiniot, Punjab, Pakistan on the bank of Chenab River.
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Rasad
Rasad was a slave concubine who, as the queen-mother of the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir Billah, became the virtual regent of Egypt between 1044 and 1071.
Rashidun
The Rashidun (lit) are the first four caliphs (lit.: 'successors') who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.
See List of caliphs and Rashidun
Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. List of caliphs and Rashidun Caliphate are 632 establishments.
See List of caliphs and Rashidun Caliphate
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
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Roxelana
Hürrem Sultan (translit; "the joyful one"; 1504 – 15 April 1558), also known as Roxelana (translit), was the chief consort and legal wife of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.
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Ruqayya bint Muhammad
Ruqayya bint Muhammad (translit; –March 624) was the second eldest daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Khadija.
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Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war
On 30 September 2015, Russia launched a military intervention in Syria after a request by the government of Bashar al-Assad for military support in its fight against the Syrian opposition and Islamic State (IS) in the Syrian civil war.
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Saïd Amir Arjomand
Saïd Amir Arjomand (Persian: سعید امیر ارجمند, b. 26 December 1946) is an Iranian-American scholar and Distinguished Service Professor of Sociology at Stony Brook University, Long Island, and Director of the Stony Brook Institute for Global Studies.
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Safiye Sultan (mother of Mehmed III)
Safiye Sultan (صفیه سلطان; "the pure one" 1550 — after 1619) was the Haseki Sultan of Murad III and Valide Sultan of the Ottoman Empire as the mother of Mehmed III and the grandmother of two Sultans Ahmed I and Mustafa I. Safiye was also one of the eminent figures during the era known as the Sultanate of Women.
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Salafi movement
The Salafi movement or Salafism is a revival movement within Sunni Islam, which was formed as a socio-religious movement during the late 19th century and has remained influential in the Islamic world for over a century.
See List of caliphs and Salafi movement
Saliha Dilaşub Sultan
Saliha Dilaşub Sultan (آشوب سلطان; "the devout one" and "queen bee's heart", died 4 December 1689), also known as Aşub Sultan or Aşube Sultan, was a consort of Ottoman Sultan Ibrahim and Valide Sultan to their son Suleiman II.
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Saliha Sultan (mother of Mahmud I)
Sebkati Saliha Sultan (صالحه سلطان; "the devoted one"; 1680 – 21 September 1739) was the Serbian consort of Sultan Mustafa II of the Ottoman Empire, and Valide sultan to their son, Sultan Mahmud I.
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Sallamah Umm Abdallah
Sallamah Umm Abdallah (سلمة أمعبد الله) was the main ancestor of the Abbasid dynasty.
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Saudi conquest of Hejaz
The Saudi conquest of Hejaz or the Second Saudi-Hashemite War, also known as the Hejaz-Nejd War, was a campaign engaged by Saudi Sultan Abdulaziz to take over the Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz in 1924–25, ending with conquest and incorporation of Hejaz into the Saudi domain.
See List of caliphs and Saudi conquest of Hejaz
Sayyida Zumurrud Khatun
Sayyida Zumurrud Khatun (السيدة زمرد خاتون,died 1203) also known as Umm al-Nasir (أمالناصر) was the mother of Abbasid caliph al-Nasir.
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Secularism in Turkey
In Turkey, secularism or laicism (see laïcité) was first introduced with the 1928 amendment of the Constitution of 1924, which removed the provision declaring that the "Religion of the State is Islam", and with the later reforms of Turkey's first president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, which set the administrative and political requirements to create a modern, democratic, secular state, aligned with Kemalism.
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Selim I
Selim I (سليماول; I.; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.
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Selim II
Selim II (Selīm-i sānī; II.; 28 May 1524 – 15 December 1574), also known as Selim the Blond (Sarı Selim) or Selim the Drunkard (Sarhoş Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death in 1574.
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Selim III
Selim III (Selim-i sâlis; III.; 24 December 1761 – 28 July 1808) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807.
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Shaghab
Shaghab (died 933) was the mother of the eighteenth Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir, and wielded a considerable influence over state affairs during the reign of her son.
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Shah
Shah (شاه) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Indian and Iranian monarchies.
Sharia
Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.
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Sharif of Mecca
The Sharif of Mecca (Sharīf Makkah) or Hejaz (Sharīf al-Ḥijāz) was the title of the leader of the Sharifate of Mecca, traditional steward of the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina and the surrounding Hejaz. List of caliphs and Sharif of Mecca are lists of monarchs.
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Sharifate of Mecca
The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca was a state, non-sovereign for much of its existence, ruled by the Sharif of Mecca.
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Sharifian Caliphate
The Sharifian Caliphate (lit) was a caliphate proclaimed by the Sharifian leaders of the Hejaz in 1924, replacing the Ottoman Caliphate, which was abolished by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
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Shaykh al-Islām
Shaykh al-Islām (Šayḫ al-Islām; شِیخُالاسلام, Sheykh-ol-Eslām; شِیخُالاسلام, Sheikh-ul-Islām; شیخ الاسلام, Şeyhülislam) was used in the classical era as an honorific title for outstanding scholars of the Islamic sciences.
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Shia Islam
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.
See List of caliphs and Shia Islam
Shuja al-Khwarazmi
Shuja al-Khwarazmi also known as Umm Jaʽfar (أمجعفر) or Umm al-Mutawakkil (أمالمتوكل) was the Umm walad of eighth Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim and mother of al-Mutawakkil.
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Siege of Baghdad
The siege of Baghdad took place in early 1258 at Baghdad, the historic capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.
See List of caliphs and Siege of Baghdad
Siege of Mecca (692)
The siege of Mecca occurred at the end of the Second Fitna in 692 when the forces of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan besieged and defeated his rival, the caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in his center of power, the Islamic holy city of Mecca.
See List of caliphs and Siege of Mecca (692)
Sineperver Sultan
Ayşe Sineperver Sultan (عایشه سینه پرور سلطان; "the living one" or "womanly" and "Protectress of the Grace"; c. 1760 – 11 December 1828), also known as Ayşe Sineperver Kadın, was a consort of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid I, and Valide Sultan to their son Sultan Mustafa IV of the Ottoman Empire.
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Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire was a state located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries.
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South Asia
South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.
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Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
Subh of Córdoba
Subh (Ṣubḥ; circa 940 – circa 999), also known as Aurora in the Basque Country, or as Sobeya, Sobha, or Ṣabīḥa Malikat Qurṭuba ('Sabiha, Queen of Córdoba'), was the spouse of Caliph al-Hakam II of Córdoba (r. 961–976), and the regent of the Caliphate of Córdoba in al-Andalus during the minority of her son, Caliph Hisham II.
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Succession to Muhammad
The issue of succession following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad is the central issue in the schisms that divided the early Muslim community in the first century of Islamic history into numerous schools and branches.
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Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit, 24 September 717) was the seventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 715 until his death.
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Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Sulayman ibn al-Hakam or Sulayman al-Musta'in bi-llah (سلیمان المستعین باللہ; died 1016) was the fifth Caliph of Córdoba, ruling from 1009 to 1010, and from 1013 to 1016 in Al-Andalus.
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Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire
Suleiman II (سليمان ثانى Süleymān-i sānī; 15 April 1642 – 22 June 1691) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691.
See List of caliphs and Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire
Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman I (Süleyman-ı Evvel; I.,; 6 November 14946 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) in his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.
See List of caliphs and Suleiman the Magnificent
Sultan
Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.
See List of caliphs and Sultan
Sultanate of Nejd
The Sultanate of Nejd (سلطنة نجد) was the third iteration of the Third Saudi State, from 1921 to 1926.
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Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
See List of caliphs and Sunni Islam
Talib al-Haqq
Abu Yahya Abdallah ibn Yahya ibn Umar ibn al-Aswad ibn Abdallah ibn al-Harith ibn Mu'awiya ibn al-Harith al-Kindi, better known by his laqab of Talib al-Haqq (طالب الحق), was the leader of an Ibadi revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate in southern Arabia during the Third Fitna.
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Territory of the Islamic State
The Islamic State (IS) had its core in Iraq and Syria from 2013 to 2017 and 2019 respectively, where the proto-state controlled significant swathes of urban, rural, and desert territory, mainly in the Mesopotamian region.
See List of caliphs and Territory of the Islamic State
Tipu Sultan
Tipu Sultan (Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu; 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799), commonly referred to as Sher-e-Mysore or "Tiger of Mysore", was an Indian ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India.
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Tirimüjgan Kadın
Gülnihal Tirimüjgan Kadın (16 October 1819 - 3 October 1852; تیرمژکان قادین, young rose and darting eyelashes) was a consort of Sultan Abdulmejid I, and the mother of Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire.
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Tughra
A tughra (ṭuġrā; tuğra) is a calligraphic monogram, seal or signature of a sultan that was affixed to all official documents and correspondence.
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Turhan Sultan
Turhan Hatice Sultan (تورخان سلطان, "merciful" or "noble"; 1627 – 4 August 1683) was the first Haseki Sultan of the Ottoman Sultan Ibrahim (reign 1640–48) and Valide sultan as the mother of Mehmed IV (reign 1648–87).
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Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
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Umama bint Abi al-As
Umāma bint Abī al-ʿĀṣ ibn al-Rabīʿ (أُمَامَة بِنْت أَبِي ٱلْعَاص ابْن ٱلرَّبِيْع), was a granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Khadija, via their daughter Zaynab, and is thus also known as Umāma bint Zaynab (أُمَامَة بِنْت زَیْنَب).
See List of caliphs and Umama bint Abi al-As
Umar
Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (translit; February 720) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 717 until his death in 720.
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Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
See List of caliphs and Umayyad Caliphate
Umayyad dynasty
The Umayyad dynasty (Sons of Umayya) or Umayyads (al-Umawiyyūn) was an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe who were the ruling family of the Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of al-Andalus between 756 and 1031.
See List of caliphs and Umayyad dynasty
Umayyad state of Córdoba
The Umayyad state of Córdoba was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.
See List of caliphs and Umayyad state of Córdoba
Umm Hakim bint Abd al-Muttalib
Umm Ḥakīm Al-Bayḍāʾ bint ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib was an aunt of Muhammad and maternal grandmother of Uthman.
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Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad
Umm Kulthūm bint Muḥammad (أمكلثومبنت محمد) (–630) was the third daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad by his first wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid.
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Ummah
(أُمَّة) is an Arabic word meaning "nation".
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan (U-M, UMich, or simply Michigan) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Usman dan Fodio
Shehu Usman dan Fodio (translit; full name; 15 December 1754 – 20 April 1817).
See List of caliphs and Usman dan Fodio
Uthman
Uthman ibn Affan (translit; 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656.
See List of caliphs and Uthman
Wahhabism
Wahhabism (translit) is a reformist religious movement within Sunni Islam, based on the teachings of 18th-century Hanbali cleric Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab.
See List of caliphs and Wahhabism
West Africa
West Africa, or Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo, as well as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom Overseas Territory).Paul R.
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Woodstock, Oxfordshire
Woodstock is a market town and civil parish, north-west of Oxford in West Oxfordshire in the county of Oxfordshire, England.
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World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
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Yahya al-Mu'tasim
Yahya al-Mu`tasim (أبو زكرياء المعتصميحي بن الناصر; Abū Zakarīyā' Al-Mu`taṣim Yaḥyā ibn An-Nāṣir; died 1236) was an Almohad rival caliph who reigned from 1227 to 1229.
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Yaqub al-Mansur
Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn Yūsuf ibn Abd al-Muʾmin al-Manṣūr (d. 23 January 1199), commonly known as Yaqub al-Mansur or Moulay Yacoub, was the third Almohad Caliph.
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Yazid I
Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (translit; 11 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from April 680 until his death in November 683.
See List of caliphs and Yazid I
Yazid II
Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit; — 26 January 724), commonly known as Yazid II, was the ninth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 720 until his death in 724.
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Yazid III
Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (translit; 701 – 3/4 October 744), commonly known as Yazid III, was the twelfth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 744 until his death months later.
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Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Yusuf al-Qaradawi (translit; or Yusuf al-Qardawi; 9 September 1926 – 26 September 2022) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar based in Doha, Qatar, and chairman of the International Union of Muslim Scholars.
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Yusuf II, Almohad caliph
Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Mustanṣir (also known as Yusuf II, – 1224) (يوسف بن الناصر Yūsuf bin an-Nāṣir) was Caliph of the Almohads from 1213 until his death.
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Zubaidah bint Ja'far
Zubaidah bint Ja`far ibn al-Mansur (died 26 Jumada I 216 AH / 10 July 831 CE) was the best known of the Abbasid princesses, and the wife and double cousin of Harun al-Rashid.
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Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid al-Asadi was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar who played a leading role in the Ridda wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632–633 and later participated in early Muslim conquests of Sasanid Persia in 633–634, Byzantine Syria in 634–638, and the Exarchate of Africa in 639–643.
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See also
632 establishments
- Abbey of Saint-Cyran-en-Brenne
- Baegyangsa
- List of caliphs
- Rashidun Caliphate
Caliphs
- Abbasid caliphs
- Amir al-Mu'minin
- Fatimid caliphs
- History of the Caliphs
- List of caliphs
- Ottoman caliphs
- Rashidun caliphs
Lists of Islamic religious leaders
- Big Four (Najaf)
- Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah
- Grand Mufti
- Grand Mufti of Australia
- Grand Mufti of India
- Grand Mufti of Jerusalem
- Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia
- Islamic leadership in Jerusalem
- List of Abbasid caliphs
- List of Isma'ili imams
- List of Nigerian Islamic religious leaders
- List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire
- List of ayatollahs
- List of caliphs
- List of grand imams of al-Azhar
- List of hujjatul Islams
- Marja'
- Muftis in Algiers
- Twelve Imams
- List of Abbasid caliphs
- List of Abbasid governors of Tarsus
- List of Christian scientists and scholars of the medieval Islamic world
- List of Fatimid caliphs
- List of Islamic scholars described as father or founder of a field
- List of Sufi saints
- List of Umayyad governors of Iraq
- List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus
- List of caliphal governors of Medina
- List of caliphs
- List of expeditions of Muhammad
- List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world
- List of medieval Hebrew astronomers
- List of non-Arab Sahabah
- List of pre-modern Arab scientists and scholars
- List of rasa'il in the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
- List of rulers of Islamic Egypt
- List of scientists in medieval Islamic world
- List of states in late medieval Anatolia
- List of sultans of the Seljuk Empire
- List of wars involving the Delhi Sultanate
- List of works by Averroes
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caliphs
Also known as List of Caliphates, List of caliphs of ISIL, List of caliphs of ISIS.
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