List of paradoxes, the Glossary
This list includes well known paradoxes, grouped thematically.[1]
Table of Contents
112 relations: Acosmism, Adolf Hitler, Ambiguity aversion, Antinomy, Aristotle, Arthropod, Barber paradox, Barbershop paradox, Bullet, Buoyancy, Cantor's diagonal argument, Cantor's theorem, Cardiac tamponade, Cardinality, Circadian rhythm, Circular reference, Constrictive pericarditis, Consumer choice, Countable set, Crocodile dilemma, Definite description, Dictionary, Electoral system, Emanationism, Encyclopedia, Entropy, Epicureanism, Exercise paradox, Expected utility hypothesis, Expected value, Flynn effect, Fractal, Galactic Center, Gerridae, Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit, Hasidic Judaism, Heckscher–Ohlin theorem, Ideal gas, Impossible cube, Infinite set, Intensive and extensive properties, Isaac Luria, Kabbalah, Kaldor–Hicks efficiency, Kelly criterion, Knudsen number, Lambda calculus, Lebesgue measure, Liar paradox, Lists of unsolved problems, ... Expand index (62 more) »
- Lists related to philosophical problems
Acosmism
Acosmism, held in contrast or equivalent to pantheism, denies the reality of the universe, seeing it as ultimately illusory (the prefix "ἀ-" in Greek meaning negation; like "un-" in English), and only the infinite unmanifest Absolute as real.
See List of paradoxes and Acosmism
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.
See List of paradoxes and Adolf Hitler
Ambiguity aversion
In decision theory and economics, ambiguity aversion (also known as uncertainty aversion) is a preference for known risks over unknown risks.
See List of paradoxes and Ambiguity aversion
Antinomy
Antinomy (Greek ἀντί, antí, "against, in opposition to", and νόμος, nómos, "law") refers to a real or apparent mutual incompatibility of two notions.
See List of paradoxes and Antinomy
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
See List of paradoxes and Aristotle
Arthropod
Arthropods are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda.
See List of paradoxes and Arthropod
Barber paradox
The barber paradox is a puzzle derived from Russell's paradox.
See List of paradoxes and Barber paradox
Barbershop paradox
The barbershop paradox was proposed by Lewis Carroll in a three-page essay titled "A Logical Paradox", which appeared in the July 1894 issue of Mind.
See List of paradoxes and Barbershop paradox
Bullet
A bullet is a kinetic projectile, a component of firearm ammunition that is shot from a gun barrel.
See List of paradoxes and Bullet
Buoyancy
Buoyancy, or upthrust, is a gravitational force, a net upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of a partially or fully immersed object.
See List of paradoxes and Buoyancy
Cantor's diagonal argument
Cantor's diagonal argument (among various similar namesthe diagonalisation argument, the diagonal slash argument, the anti-diagonal argument, the diagonal method, and Cantor's diagonalization proof) is a mathematical proof that there are infinite sets which cannot be put into one-to-one correspondence with the infinite set of natural numbersinformally, that there are sets which in some sense contain more elements than there are positive integers.
See List of paradoxes and Cantor's diagonal argument
Cantor's theorem
In mathematical set theory, Cantor's theorem is a fundamental result which states that, for any set A, the set of all subsets of A, known as the power set of A, has a strictly greater cardinality than A itself.
See List of paradoxes and Cantor's theorem
Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is a compression of the heart due to pericardial effusion (the build-up of pericardial fluid in the sac around the heart).
See List of paradoxes and Cardiac tamponade
Cardinality
In mathematics, the cardinality of a set is a measure of the number of elements of the set.
See List of paradoxes and Cardinality
Circadian rhythm
A circadian rhythm, or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours.
See List of paradoxes and Circadian rhythm
Circular reference
A circular reference (or reference cycle) is a series of references where the last object references the first, resulting in a closed loop.
See List of paradoxes and Circular reference
Constrictive pericarditis
Constrictive pericarditis is a condition characterized by a thickened, fibrotic pericardium, limiting the heart's ability to function normally.
See List of paradoxes and Constrictive pericarditis
Consumer choice
The theory of consumer choice is the branch of microeconomics that relates preferences to consumption expenditures and to consumer demand curves.
See List of paradoxes and Consumer choice
Countable set
In mathematics, a set is countable if either it is finite or it can be made in one to one correspondence with the set of natural numbers.
See List of paradoxes and Countable set
Crocodile dilemma
The crocodile paradox, also known as crocodile sophism, is a paradox in logic in the same family of paradoxes as the liar paradox.
See List of paradoxes and Crocodile dilemma
Definite description
In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun.
See List of paradoxes and Definite description
Dictionary
A dictionary is a listing of lexemes from the lexicon of one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by consonantal root for Semitic languages or radical and stroke for logographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc.
See List of paradoxes and Dictionary
Electoral system
An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.
See List of paradoxes and Electoral system
Emanationism
Emanationism is an idea in the cosmology or cosmogony of certain religious or philosophical systems.
See List of paradoxes and Emanationism
Encyclopedia
An encyclopedia (American English) or encyclopaedia (British English) is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, in a particular field or discipline.
See List of paradoxes and Encyclopedia
Entropy
Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.
See List of paradoxes and Entropy
Epicureanism
Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BCE based upon the teachings of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher.
See List of paradoxes and Epicureanism
Exercise paradox
The exercise paradox, also known as the workout paradox, refers to the finding that physical activity, while essential for maintaining overall health, does not necessarily lead to significant weight loss or increased calorie expenditure.
See List of paradoxes and Exercise paradox
Expected utility hypothesis
The expected utility hypothesis is a foundational assumption in mathematical economics concerning decision making under uncertainty.
See List of paradoxes and Expected utility hypothesis
Expected value
In probability theory, the expected value (also called expectation, expectancy, expectation operator, mathematical expectation, mean, expectation value, or first moment) is a generalization of the weighted average.
See List of paradoxes and Expected value
Flynn effect
The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century, named after researcher James Flynn (1934–2020).
See List of paradoxes and Flynn effect
Fractal
In mathematics, a fractal is a geometric shape containing detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales, usually having a fractal dimension strictly exceeding the topological dimension.
See List of paradoxes and Fractal
Galactic Center
The Galactic Center is the barycenter of the Milky Way and a corresponding point on the rotational axis of the galaxy.
See List of paradoxes and Galactic Center
Gerridae
The Gerridae are a family of insects in the order Hemiptera, commonly known as water striders, water skeeters, water scooters, water bugs, pond skaters, water skippers, water gliders, water skimmers or puddle flies.
See List of paradoxes and Gerridae
Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit
The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit (GZK limit or GZK cutoff) is a theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons traveling from other galaxies through the intergalactic medium to our galaxy.
See List of paradoxes and Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit
Hasidic Judaism
Hasidism or Hasidic Judaism is a religious movement within Judaism that arose in the 18th century as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine before spreading rapidly throughout Eastern Europe.
See List of paradoxes and Hasidic Judaism
Heckscher–Ohlin theorem
The Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher–Ohlin model, developed by Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin (his student).
See List of paradoxes and Heckscher–Ohlin theorem
Ideal gas
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not subject to interparticle interactions.
See List of paradoxes and Ideal gas
Impossible cube
The impossible cube or irrational cube is an impossible object invented by M.C. Escher for his print Belvedere.
See List of paradoxes and Impossible cube
Infinite set
In set theory, an infinite set is a set that is not a finite set.
See List of paradoxes and Infinite set
Intensive and extensive properties
Physical or chemical properties of materials and systems can often be categorized as being either intensive or extensive, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes.
See List of paradoxes and Intensive and extensive properties
Isaac Luria
Isaac ben Solomon Luria Ashkenazi (יִצְחָק בן שלמה לוּרְיָא אשכנזי; Fine 2003, p. July 25, 1572), commonly known in Jewish religious circles as Ha'ari, Ha'ari Hakadosh or Arizal, was a leading rabbi and Jewish mystic in the community of Safed in the Galilee region of Ottoman Syria, now Israel.
See List of paradoxes and Isaac Luria
Kabbalah
Kabbalah or Qabalah (קַבָּלָה|Qabbālā|reception, tradition) is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism.
See List of paradoxes and Kabbalah
Kaldor–Hicks efficiency
A Kaldor–Hicks improvement, named for Nicholas Kaldor and John Hicks, is an economic re-allocation of resources among people that captures some of the intuitive appeal of a Pareto improvement, but has less stringent criteria and is hence applicable to more circumstances.
See List of paradoxes and Kaldor–Hicks efficiency
Kelly criterion
In probability theory, the Kelly criterion (or Kelly strategy or Kelly bet) is a formula for sizing a sequence of bets by maximizing the long-term expected value of the logarithm of wealth, which is equivalent to maximizing the long-term expected geometric growth rate.
See List of paradoxes and Kelly criterion
Knudsen number
The Knudsen number (Kn) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of the molecular mean free path length to a representative physical length scale.
See List of paradoxes and Knudsen number
Lambda calculus
Lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus) is a formal system in mathematical logic for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution.
See List of paradoxes and Lambda calculus
Lebesgue measure
In measure theory, a branch of mathematics, the Lebesgue measure, named after French mathematician Henri Lebesgue, is the standard way of assigning a measure to subsets of higher dimensional Euclidean ''n''-spaces.
See List of paradoxes and Lebesgue measure
Liar paradox
In philosophy and logic, the classical liar paradox or liar's paradox or antinomy of the liar is the statement of a liar that they are lying: for instance, declaring that "I am lying".
See List of paradoxes and Liar paradox
Lists of unsolved problems
List of unsolved problems may refer to several notable conjectures or open problems in various academic fields.
See List of paradoxes and Lists of unsolved problems
Mandelbrot set
The Mandelbrot set is a two-dimensional set with a relatively simple definition that exhibits great complexity, especially as it is magnified.
See List of paradoxes and Mandelbrot set
Mean
A mean is a numeric quantity representing the center of a collection of numbers and is intermediate to the extreme values of a set of numbers.
See List of paradoxes and Mean
The median of a set of numbers is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution.
See List of paradoxes and Median
Model selection
Model selection is the task of selecting a model from among various candidates on the basis of performance criterion to choose the best one.
See List of paradoxes and Model selection
Molecule
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion.
See List of paradoxes and Molecule
Monty Hall problem
The Monty Hall problem is a brain teaser, in the form of a probability puzzle, based nominally on the American television game show Let's Make a Deal and named after its original host, Monty Hall.
See List of paradoxes and Monty Hall problem
Motivation crowding theory
Motivation crowding theory is the theory from psychology and microeconomics suggesting that providing extrinsic incentives for certain kinds of behavior—such as promising monetary rewards for accomplishing some task—can sometimes undermine intrinsic motivation for performing that behavior.
See List of paradoxes and Motivation crowding theory
Nash equilibrium
In game theory, the Nash equilibrium is the most commonly-used solution concept for non-cooperative games.
See List of paradoxes and Nash equilibrium
Observer effect (physics)
In physics, the observer effect is the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation.
See List of paradoxes and Observer effect (physics)
Oh-My-God particle
The Oh-My-God particle was an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray detected on 15 October 1991 by the Fly's Eye camera in Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, United States.
See List of paradoxes and Oh-My-God particle
Omnipotence
Omnipotence is the quality of having unlimited power.
See List of paradoxes and Omnipotence
Omniscience
Omniscience is the capacity to know everything.
See List of paradoxes and Omniscience
Ordinal number
In set theory, an ordinal number, or ordinal, is a generalization of ordinal numerals (first, second, th, etc.) aimed to extend enumeration to infinite sets.
See List of paradoxes and Ordinal number
Panentheism
Panentheism ("all in God", from the Greek label, label and label) is the belief that the divine intersects every part of the universe and also extends beyond space and time.
See List of paradoxes and Panentheism
Paradox
A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation. List of paradoxes and paradox are paradoxes.
See List of paradoxes and Paradox
Paradox of competition
Paradox of competition in economics names a model of a situation where measures, which offer a competitive advantage to an individual economic entity, lead to nullification of advantage if all others behave in the same way.
See List of paradoxes and Paradox of competition
Pareto efficiency
In welfare economics, a Pareto improvement formalizes the idea of an outcome being "better in every possible way".
See List of paradoxes and Pareto efficiency
Philosophical analysis
Philosophical analysis is any of various techniques, typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition, in order to "break down" (i.e. analyze) philosophical issues.
See List of paradoxes and Philosophical analysis
Pinocchio
Pinocchio is a fictional character and the protagonist of the children's novel The Adventures of Pinocchio (1883) by Italian writer Carlo Collodi of Florence, Tuscany.
See List of paradoxes and Pinocchio
Power set
In mathematics, the power set (or powerset) of a set is the set of all subsets of, including the empty set and itself.
See List of paradoxes and Power set
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.
See List of paradoxes and Quantum mechanics
Rationality
Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason.
See List of paradoxes and Rationality
Reason
Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.
See List of paradoxes and Reason
Richard's paradox
In logic, Richard's paradox is a semantical antinomy of set theory and natural language first described by the French mathematician Jules Richard in 1905.
See List of paradoxes and Richard's paradox
Ridiculous
To be ridiculous is to be something highly incongruous or inferior, sometimes deliberately so to make people laugh or get their attention, and sometimes unintendedly so as to be considered laughable and earn or provoke ridicule and derision.
See List of paradoxes and Ridiculous
Risk aversion
In economics and finance, risk aversion is the tendency of people to prefer outcomes with low uncertainty to those outcomes with high uncertainty, even if the average outcome of the latter is equal to or higher in monetary value than the more certain outcome.
See List of paradoxes and Risk aversion
Russell's paradox
In mathematical logic, Russell's paradox (also known as Russell's antinomy) is a set-theoretic paradox published by the British philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell in 1901.
See List of paradoxes and Russell's paradox
Scientific law
Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena.
See List of paradoxes and Scientific law
Second law of thermodynamics
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions.
See List of paradoxes and Second law of thermodynamics
Self-reference
Self-reference is a concept that involves referring to oneself or one's own attributes, characteristics, or actions.
See List of paradoxes and Self-reference
Semelparity and iteroparity
Semelparity and iteroparity are two contrasting reproductive strategies available to living organisms.
See List of paradoxes and Semelparity and iteroparity
Set (mathematics)
In mathematics, a set is a collection of different things; these things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects of any kind: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometrical shapes, variables, or even other sets.
See List of paradoxes and Set (mathematics)
Set theory
Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects.
See List of paradoxes and Set theory
Shepard tone
A Shepard tone, named after Roger Shepard, is a sound consisting of a superposition of sine waves separated by octaves.
See List of paradoxes and Shepard tone
Sitting
Sitting is a basic action and resting position in which the body weight is supported primarily by the bony ischial tuberosities with the buttocks in contact with the ground or a horizontal surface such as a chair seat, instead of by the lower limbs as in standing, squatting or kneeling.
See List of paradoxes and Sitting
Sleep debt
Sleep debt or sleep deficit is the cumulative effect of not getting enough sleep.
See List of paradoxes and Sleep debt
Socrates
Socrates (– 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and as among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought.
See List of paradoxes and Socrates
Sorites paradox
The sorites paradox (sometimes known as the paradox of the heap) is a paradox that results from vague predicates.
See List of paradoxes and Sorites paradox
Special relativity
In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time.
See List of paradoxes and Special relativity
Squatting position
Squatting is a versatile posture where the weight of the body is on the feet but the knees and hips are bent.
See List of paradoxes and Squatting position
Successor function
In mathematics, the successor function or successor operation sends a natural number to the next one.
See List of paradoxes and Successor function
Supertask
In philosophy, a supertask is a countably infinite sequence of operations that occur sequentially within a finite interval of time.
See List of paradoxes and Supertask
T-symmetry
T-symmetry or time reversal symmetry is the theoretical symmetry of physical laws under the transformation of time reversal, Since the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy increases as time flows toward the future, in general, the macroscopic universe does not show symmetry under time reversal.
See List of paradoxes and T-symmetry
Temporal paradox
A temporal paradox, time paradox, or time travel paradox, is a paradox, an apparent contradiction, or logical contradiction associated with the idea of time travel or other foreknowledge of the future.
See List of paradoxes and Temporal paradox
The Bottle Imp
"The Bottle Imp" is an 1891 short story by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson usually found in the short story collection Island Nights' Entertainments.
See List of paradoxes and The Bottle Imp
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.
See List of paradoxes and The Holocaust
Theory of relativity
The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively.
See List of paradoxes and Theory of relativity
Time travel
Time travel is the hypothetical activity of traveling into the past or future.
See List of paradoxes and Time travel
Torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational analogue of linear force.
See List of paradoxes and Torque
Truth
Truth or verity is the property of being in accord with fact or reality.
See List of paradoxes and Truth
Two envelopes problem
The two envelopes problem, also known as the exchange paradox, is a paradox in probability theory.
See List of paradoxes and Two envelopes problem
Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
In astroparticle physics, an ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) is a cosmic ray with an energy greater than 1 EeV (1018 electronvolts, approximately 0.16 joules), far beyond both the rest mass and energies typical of other cosmic ray particles.
See List of paradoxes and Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
Uncountable set
In mathematics, an uncountable set, informally, is an infinite set that contains too many elements to be countable.
See List of paradoxes and Uncountable set
Unit square
In mathematics, a unit square is a square whose sides have length.
See List of paradoxes and Unit square
Universal set
In set theory, a universal set is a set which contains all objects, including itself.
See List of paradoxes and Universal set
Value theory
In ethics and the social sciences, value theory involves various approaches that examine how, why, and to what degree humans value things and whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else.
See List of paradoxes and Value theory
Vertical–horizontal illusion
The vertical–horizontal illusion is the tendency for observers to overestimate the length of a vertical line relative to a horizontal line of the same length.
See List of paradoxes and Vertical–horizontal illusion
Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate.
See List of paradoxes and Viscosity
Von Neumann paradox
In mathematics, the von Neumann paradox, named after John von Neumann, is the idea that one can break a planar figure such as the unit square into sets of points and subject each set to an area-preserving affine transformation such that the result is two planar figures of the same size as the original.
See List of paradoxes and Von Neumann paradox
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
See List of paradoxes and World War II
Zeno of Elea
Zeno of Elea (Ζήνων ὁ Ἐλεᾱ́της) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher.
See List of paradoxes and Zeno of Elea
Zeno's paradoxes
Zeno's paradoxes are a series of philosophical arguments presented by the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea (c. 490–430 BC), primarily known through the works of Plato, Aristotle, and later commentators like Simplicius of Cilicia.
See List of paradoxes and Zeno's paradoxes
See also
- List of paradoxes
- List of philosophical problems
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes
Also known as Economic paradox, List of mathematical paradoxes, List of paradox, List of self-referential paradoxes, Mathematics paradox, Paradoxes of infinity, Self-referential paradoxes.
, Mandelbrot set, Mean, Median, Model selection, Molecule, Monty Hall problem, Motivation crowding theory, Nash equilibrium, Observer effect (physics), Oh-My-God particle, Omnipotence, Omniscience, Ordinal number, Panentheism, Paradox, Paradox of competition, Pareto efficiency, Philosophical analysis, Pinocchio, Power set, Quantum mechanics, Rationality, Reason, Richard's paradox, Ridiculous, Risk aversion, Russell's paradox, Scientific law, Second law of thermodynamics, Self-reference, Semelparity and iteroparity, Set (mathematics), Set theory, Shepard tone, Sitting, Sleep debt, Socrates, Sorites paradox, Special relativity, Squatting position, Successor function, Supertask, T-symmetry, Temporal paradox, The Bottle Imp, The Holocaust, Theory of relativity, Time travel, Torque, Truth, Two envelopes problem, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, Uncountable set, Unit square, Universal set, Value theory, Vertical–horizontal illusion, Viscosity, Von Neumann paradox, World War II, Zeno of Elea, Zeno's paradoxes.