Logical reasoning, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 86 relations: Abductive reasoning, Affirming a disjunct, Affirming the consequent, Ambiguity, Analogy, Argument, Argument from fallacy, Argumentation theory, Bohr model, Causal reasoning, Classical logic, Common sense, Consistency, Critical thinking, David Hume, Decision-making, Deductive reasoning, Defeasible reasoning, Denying the antecedent, Diagnosis, Dialogical logic, Disjunctive syllogism, Double negation, Empirical evidence, Epilogism, Explanation, Fallacy, Fallacy of the undistributed middle, False dilemma, Formal fallacy, Formal language, Hypothesis, Inductive reasoning, Inference, Informal fallacy, Informal logic, Information, Intersubjectivity, Intuitionistic logic, Knowledge, Law of excluded middle, List of rules of inference, Logic, Logical consequence, Logical form, Manipulation (psychology), Mathematical proof, Mathematics, Modal logic, Modus ponens, ... Expand index (36 more) »

Abductive reasoning

Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,For example: abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference that seeks the simplest and most likely conclusion from a set of observations. Logical reasoning and abductive reasoning are reasoning.

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Affirming a disjunct

The formal fallacy of affirming a disjunct also known as the fallacy of the alternative disjunct or a false exclusionary disjunct occurs when a deductive argument takes the following logical form: Or in logical operators: Where \vdash denotes a logical assertion.

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Affirming the consequent

In propositional logic, affirming the consequent, sometimes called converse error, fallacy of the converse, or confusion of necessity and sufficiency, is a formal fallacy of taking a true conditional statement (e.g., "if the lamp were broken, then the room would be dark") under certain assumptions (there are no other lights in the room, it is nighttime and the windows are closed), and invalidly inferring its converse ("the room is dark, so the lamp must be broken"), even though that statement may not be true under the same assumptions.

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Ambiguity

Ambiguity is the type of meaning in which a phrase, statement, or resolution is not explicitly defined, making for several interpretations; others describe it as a concept or statement that has no real reference.

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Analogy

Analogy is a comparison or correspondence between two things (or two groups of things) because of a third element that they are considered to share.

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Argument

An argument is a series of sentences, statements, or propositions some of which are called premises and one is the conclusion. Logical reasoning and argument are reasoning.

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Argument from fallacy

Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false.

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Argumentation theory

Argumentation theory is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be supported or undermined by premises through logical reasoning.

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Bohr model

In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model is an obsolete model of the atom, presented by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913.

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Causal reasoning

Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect. Logical reasoning and causal reasoning are reasoning.

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Classical logic

Classical logic (or standard logic) or Frege–Russell logic is the intensively studied and most widely used class of deductive logic.

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Common sense

Common sense is "knowledge, judgement, and taste which is more or less universal and which is held more or less without reflection or argument".

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Consistency

In classical deductive logic, a consistent theory is one that does not lead to a logical contradiction.

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Critical thinking

Critical thinking is the analysis of available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments in order to form a judgement by the application of rational, skeptical, and unbiased analyses and evaluation. Logical reasoning and Critical thinking are reasoning.

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David Hume

David Hume (born David Home; – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who was best known for his highly influential system of empiricism, philosophical skepticism and metaphysical naturalism.

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Decision-making

In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options.

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Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences. Logical reasoning and Deductive reasoning are reasoning.

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Defeasible reasoning

In philosophy of logic, defeasible reasoning is a kind of provisional reasoning that is rationally compelling, though not deductively valid. Logical reasoning and defeasible reasoning are concepts in logic and reasoning.

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Denying the antecedent

Denying the antecedent, sometimes also called inverse error or fallacy of the inverse, is a formal fallacy of inferring the inverse from an original statement.

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Diagnosis

Diagnosis (diagnoses) is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon.

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Dialogical logic

Dialogical logic (also known as the logic of dialogues) was conceived as a pragmatic approach to the semantics of logic that resorts to concepts of game theory such as "winning a play" and that of "winning strategy".

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Disjunctive syllogism

In classical logic, disjunctive syllogism (historically known as modus tollendo ponens (MTP), Latin for "mode that affirms by denying") is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises.

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Double negation

In propositional logic, the double negation of a statement states that "it is not the case that the statement is not true".

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Empirical evidence

Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure.

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Epilogism

Epilogism is a style of inference used by the ancient Empiric school of medicine.

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Explanation

An explanation is a set of statements usually constructed to describe a set of facts that clarifies the causes, context, and consequences of those facts. Logical reasoning and explanation are concepts in logic.

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Fallacy

A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed.

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Fallacy of the undistributed middle

The fallacy of the undistributed middle is a formal fallacy that is committed when the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed in either the minor premise or the major premise.

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False dilemma

A false dilemma, also referred to as false dichotomy or false binary, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available.

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Formal fallacy

In logic and philosophy, a formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or non sequitur (it does not follow) is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic.

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Formal language

In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language consists of words whose letters are taken from an alphabet and are well-formed according to a specific set of rules called a formal grammar.

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Hypothesis

A hypothesis (hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

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Inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning is any of various methods of reasoning in which broad generalizations or principles are derived from a body of observations. Logical reasoning and Inductive reasoning are concepts in logic and reasoning.

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Inference

Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". Logical reasoning and Inference are concepts in logic and reasoning.

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Informal fallacy

Informal fallacies are a type of incorrect argument in natural language.

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Informal logic

Informal logic encompasses the principles of logic and logical thought outside of a formal setting (characterized by the usage of particular statements).

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Information

Information is an abstract concept that refers to something which has the power to inform.

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Intersubjectivity

In philosophy, psychology, sociology, and anthropology, intersubjectivity is the relation or intersection between people's cognitive perspectives.

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Intuitionistic logic

Intuitionistic logic, sometimes more generally called constructive logic, refers to systems of symbolic logic that differ from the systems used for classical logic by more closely mirroring the notion of constructive proof.

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Knowledge

Knowledge is an awareness of facts, a familiarity with individuals and situations, or a practical skill.

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Law of excluded middle

In logic, the law of excluded middle or the principle of excluded middle states that for every proposition, either this proposition or its negation is true.

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List of rules of inference

This is a list of rules of inference, logical laws that relate to mathematical formulae.

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Logic

Logic is the study of correct reasoning.

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Logical consequence

Logical consequence (also entailment) is a fundamental concept in logic which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically follows from one or more statements. Logical reasoning and logical consequence are concepts in logic.

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Logical form

In logic, the logical form of a statement is a precisely-specified semantic version of that statement in a formal system. Logical reasoning and logical form are concepts in logic.

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Manipulation (psychology)

In psychology, manipulation is defined as subterfuge designed to influence or control another, usually in an underhanded manner which facilitates one's personal aims.

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Mathematical proof

A mathematical proof is a deductive argument for a mathematical statement, showing that the stated assumptions logically guarantee the conclusion.

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Mathematics

Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.

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Modal logic

Modal logic is a kind of logic used to represent statements about necessity and possibility.

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Modus ponens

In propositional logic, modus ponens (MP), also known as modus ponendo ponens, implication elimination, or affirming the antecedent, is a deductive argument form and rule of inference.

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Modus tollens

In propositional logic, modus tollens (MT), also known as modus tollendo tollens (Latin for "method of removing by taking away") and denying the consequent, is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference.

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Monotonicity of entailment

Monotonicity of entailment is a property of many logical systems such that if a sentence follows deductively from a given set of sentences then it also follows deductively from any superset of those sentences.

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Natural language

In neuropsychology, linguistics, and philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that occurs naturally in a human community by a process of use, repetition, and change without conscious planning or premeditation.

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Natural number

In mathematics, the natural numbers are the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, etc., possibly excluding 0.

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Paraconsistent logic

Paraconsistent logic is an attempt at a logical system to deal with contradictions in a discriminating way.

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Peano axioms

In mathematical logic, the Peano axioms, also known as the Dedekind–Peano axioms or the Peano postulates, are axioms for the natural numbers presented by the 19th-century Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano.

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Premise

A premise or premiss is a proposition—a true or false declarative statement—used in an argument to prove the truth of another proposition called the conclusion. Logical reasoning and premise are concepts in logic.

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Principle of explosion

In classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and similar logical systems, the principle of explosion is the law according to which any statement can be proven from a contradiction.

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Probabilistic logic

Probabilistic logic (also probability logic and probabilistic reasoning) involves the use of probability and logic to deal with uncertain situations.

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Probability

Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur.

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Problem of induction

The problem of induction is a philosophical problem that questions the rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations.

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Problem solving

Problem solving is the process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles, a frequent part of most activities. Logical reasoning and Problem solving are reasoning.

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Propaganda

Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented.

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Proposition

A proposition is a central concept in the philosophy of language, semantics, logic, and related fields, often characterized as the primary bearer of truth or falsity.

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Rationality

Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason. Logical reasoning and Rationality are concepts in logic and reasoning.

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Reason

Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. Logical reasoning and Reason are concepts in logic and reasoning.

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Rigour

Rigour (British English) or rigor (American English; see spelling differences) describes a condition of stiffness or strictness.

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Rule of inference

In philosophy of logic and logic, a rule of inference, inference rule or transformation rule is a logical form consisting of a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion (or conclusions).

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Sample size determination

Sample size determination or estimation is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample.

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Science

Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.

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Similarity (philosophy)

In philosophy, similarity or resemblance is a relation between objects that constitutes how much these objects are alike.

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Skepticism

Skepticism, also spelled scepticism in British English, is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma.

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Skill

A skill is the learned ability to act with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both.

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Soundness

In logic and deductive reasoning, an argument is sound if it is both valid in form and has no false premises. Logical reasoning and Soundness are concepts in logic.

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Statistics

Statistics (from German: Statistik, "description of a state, a country") is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

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Straw man

A straw man fallacy (sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing or acknowledging the distinction.

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Syllogism

A syllogism (συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.

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Temporal logic

In logic, temporal logic is any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time (for example, "I am always hungry", "I will eventually be hungry", or "I will be hungry until I eat something").

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Term logic

In logic and formal semantics, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to formal logic that began with Aristotle and was developed further in ancient history mostly by his followers, the Peripatetics. Logical reasoning and term logic are concepts in logic.

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Thought

In their most common sense, the terms thought and thinking refer to cognitive processes that can happen independently of sensory stimulation.

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Transduction (machine learning)

In logic, statistical inference, and supervised learning, transduction or transductive inference is reasoning from observed, specific (training) cases to specific (test) cases.

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Transduction (psychology)

Transduction in general is the transportation or transformation of something from one form, place, or concept to another.

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Truth

Truth or verity is the property of being in accord with fact or reality. Logical reasoning and Truth are concepts in logic.

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Truth-bearer

A truth-bearer is an entity that is said to be either true or false and nothing else. Logical reasoning and truth-bearer are concepts in logic.

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Tsunami

A tsunami (from lit) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.

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Validity (logic)

In logic, specifically in deductive reasoning, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false. Logical reasoning and Validity (logic) are concepts in logic.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

Also known as Geometric reasoning, Good argument, Logic reasoning, Mathematical reasoning.

, Modus tollens, Monotonicity of entailment, Natural language, Natural number, Paraconsistent logic, Peano axioms, Premise, Principle of explosion, Probabilistic logic, Probability, Problem of induction, Problem solving, Propaganda, Proposition, Rationality, Reason, Rigour, Rule of inference, Sample size determination, Science, Similarity (philosophy), Skepticism, Skill, Soundness, Statistics, Straw man, Syllogism, Temporal logic, Term logic, Thought, Transduction (machine learning), Transduction (psychology), Truth, Truth-bearer, Tsunami, Validity (logic).