Lysozyme, the Glossary
Lysozyme (muramidase, N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase; systematic name peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system.[1]
Table of Contents
74 relations: Alexander Fleming, Antimicrobial, Arieh Warshel, Aspartic acid, Bacillus, Breast milk, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Carbohydrate, Carbon nanotube, Charge-transfer complex, Chitin, Chitinase, Conjunctiva, Conjunctivitis, Cytoplasm, Daniel E. Koshland Jr., David Chilton Phillips, Defensin, Edward Abraham, Egg allergy, Egg white, Electrospray ionization, Enzyme, Gene delivery, Glycoside hydrolase, Glycoside hydrolase family 19, Glycoside hydrolase family 22, Glycoside hydrolase family 24, Glycoside hydrolase family 46, Glycosidic bond, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, Imidazole, Innate immune system, Isoelectric point, Α-Lactalbumin, Kinetic isotope effect, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lipopolysaccharide, Lysis, Macrophage, Mass spectrometry, Melting point, Methylene blue, Molecular dynamics, Mucus, N-Acetylglucosamine, N-Acetylmuramic acid, Neutrophil, Nucleophile, ... Expand index (24 more) »
Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin.
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Antimicrobial
An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms (microbicide) or stops their growth (bacteriostatic agent).
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Arieh Warshel
Arieh Warshel (אריה ורשל; born November 20, 1940) is an Israeli-American biochemist and biophysicist.
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Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Bacillus
Bacillus (Latin "stick") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Bacillota, with 266 named species.
Breast milk
Breast milk (sometimes spelled as breastmilk) or mother's milk is milk produced by the mammary glands in the breast of human females. Lysozyme and breast milk are Immunology.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD; part of the spectrum of chronic lung disease of infancy) is a chronic lung disease which affects premature infants.
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Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
Carbon nanotube
A scanning tunneling microscopy image of a single-walled carbon nanotube Rotating single-walled zigzag carbon nanotube A carbon nanotube (CNT) is a tube made of carbon with a diameter in the nanometre range (nanoscale).
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Charge-transfer complex
In chemistry, charge-transfer (CT) complex, or electron donor-acceptor complex, describes a type of supramolecular assembly of two or more molecules or ions.
See Lysozyme and Charge-transfer complex
Chitin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose.
Chitinase
Chitinases (chitodextrinase, 1,4-β-poly-N-acetylglucosaminidase, poly-β-glucosaminidase, β-1,4-poly-N-acetyl glucosamidinase, poly glycanohydrolase, (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan glycanohydrolase; systematic name (1→4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucan glycanohydrolase) are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds in chitin. Lysozyme and Chitinase are eC 3.2.1.
Conjunctiva
In the anatomy of the eye, the conjunctiva (conjunctivae) is a thin mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye).
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid.
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Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
Daniel Edward Koshland Jr. (March 30, 1920July 23, 2007) was an American biochemist.
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David Chilton Phillips
David Chilton Phillips, Baron Phillips of Ellesmere (7 March 1924 – 23 February 1999) was a pioneering, British structural biologist and an influential figure in science and government.
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Defensin
Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants, and fungi.
Edward Abraham
Sir Edward Penley Abraham, (10 June 1913 – 8 May 1999) was an English biochemist instrumental in the development of the first antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin.
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Egg allergy
Egg allergy is an immune hypersensitivity to proteins found in chicken eggs, and possibly goose, duck, or turkey eggs.
Egg white
Egg white is the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg.
Electrospray ionization
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a technique used in mass spectrometry to produce ions using an electrospray in which a high voltage is applied to a liquid to create an aerosol.
See Lysozyme and Electrospray ionization
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Gene delivery
Gene delivery is the process of introducing foreign genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, into host cells.
See Lysozyme and Gene delivery
Glycoside hydrolase
In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars. Lysozyme and glycoside hydrolase are eC 3.2.1.
See Lysozyme and Glycoside hydrolase
Glycoside hydrolase family 19
In molecular biology, Glycoside hydrolase family 19 is a family of glycoside hydrolases, which are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. Lysozyme and glycoside hydrolase family 19 are eC 3.2.1.
See Lysozyme and Glycoside hydrolase family 19
Glycoside hydrolase family 22
In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 22 is a family of glycoside hydrolases. Lysozyme and glycoside hydrolase family 22 are eC 3.2.1.
See Lysozyme and Glycoside hydrolase family 22
Glycoside hydrolase family 24
In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 24 is a family of glycoside hydrolases. Lysozyme and glycoside hydrolase family 24 are eC 3.2.1.
See Lysozyme and Glycoside hydrolase family 24
Glycoside hydrolase family 46
In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 46 is a family of glycoside hydrolases. Lysozyme and glycoside hydrolase family 46 are eC 3.2.1.
See Lysozyme and Glycoside hydrolase family 46
Glycosidic bond
A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
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Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that unlike gram-positive bacteria do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation.
See Lysozyme and Gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall.
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Imidazole
Imidazole (ImH) is an organic compound with the formula C3N2H4.
Innate immune system
The innate immune system or nonspecific immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates.
See Lysozyme and Innate immune system
Isoelectric point
The isoelectric point (pI, pH(I), IEP), is the pH at which a molecule carries no net electrical charge or is electrically neutral in the statistical mean.
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Α-Lactalbumin
α-Lactalbumin, also known as LALBA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LALBA gene. Lysozyme and Α-Lactalbumin are genes on human chromosome 12.
See Lysozyme and Α-Lactalbumin
Kinetic isotope effect
In physical organic chemistry, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is the change in the reaction rate of a chemical reaction when one of the atoms in the reactants is replaced by one of its isotopes.
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.
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Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide, now more commonly known as Endotoxin, is a collective term for components of the outermost membrane of cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella.
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Lysis
Lysis is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic") mechanisms that compromise its integrity.
Macrophage
Macrophages (abbreviated Mφ, MΦ or MP) are a type of white blood cell of the innate immune system that engulf and digest pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface.
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
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Melting point
The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid.
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Methylene blue
Methylthioninium chloride, commonly called methylene blue, is a salt used as a dye and as a medication.
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Molecular dynamics
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules.
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Mucus
Mucus is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes.
N-Acetylglucosamine
N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an amide derivative of the monosaccharide glucose.
See Lysozyme and N-Acetylglucosamine
N-Acetylmuramic acid
N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM or MurNAc) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
See Lysozyme and N-Acetylmuramic acid
Neutrophil
Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes, heterophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes) are a type of white blood cell.
Nucleophile
In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair.
Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane.
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Osmotic shock
Osmotic shock or osmotic stress is physiologic dysfunction caused by a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, which causes a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane.
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Oxocarbenium
An oxocarbenium ion (or oxacarbenium ion) is a chemical species characterized by a central sp2-hybridized carbon, an oxygen substituent, and an overall positive charge that is delocalized between the central carbon and oxygen atoms.
Penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens.
Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane.
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Periplasm
The periplasm is a concentrated gel-like matrix in the space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the bacterial outer membrane called the periplasmic space in Gram-negative (more accurately "diderm") bacteria.
Picometre
The picometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: pm) or picometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to, or one trillionth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length.
Proceedings of the Royal Society
Proceedings of the Royal Society is the main research journal of the Royal Society.
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Processivity
In molecular biology and biochemistry, processivity is an enzyme's ability to catalyze "consecutive reactions without releasing its substrate".
Protein crystallization
Protein crystallization is the process of formation of a regular array of individual protein molecules stabilized by crystal contacts.
See Lysozyme and Protein crystallization
Protein superfamily
A protein superfamily is the largest grouping (clade) of proteins for which common ancestry can be inferred (see homology).
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Rate-determining step
In chemical kinetics, the overall rate of a reaction is often approximately determined by the slowest step, known as the rate-determining step (RDS or RD-step or r/d step) or rate-limiting step.
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Royal Institution
The Royal Institution of Great Britain (often the Royal Institution, Ri or RI) is an organisation for scientific education and research, based in the City of Westminster.
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Saliva
Saliva (commonly referred to as spit or drool) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth.
Secretion
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.
Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Solvation
Solvation describes the interaction of a solvent with dissolved molecules.
Spheroplast
A spheroplast (or sphaeroplast in British usage) is a microbial cell from which the cell wall has been almost completely removed, as by the action of penicillin or lysozyme.
Streptococcus
Streptococcus is a genus of gram-positive or spherical bacteria that belongs to the family Streptococcaceae, within the order Lactobacillales (lactic acid bacteria), in the phylum Bacillota.
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T-cell receptor
The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules.
See Lysozyme and T-cell receptor
Tears
Tears are a clear liquid secreted by the lacrimal glands (tear gland) found in the eyes of all land mammals.
Transition state
In chemistry, the transition state of a chemical reaction is a particular configuration along the reaction coordinate.
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X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions.
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4-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol (also called p-nitrophenol or 4-hydroxynitrobenzene) is a phenolic compound that has a nitro group at the opposite position of the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysozyme
Also known as ATC code D06BB07, ATC code J05AX02, ATCvet code QD06BB07, ATCvet code QJ05AX02, E1105, EC 3.2.1.17, LYZ, LYZ (gene), Lysosyme, Lysozymes, Muramidase, N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase, Peptidoglycan N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase.
, Osmotic pressure, Osmotic shock, Oxocarbenium, Penicillin, Peptidoglycan, Periplasm, Picometre, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Processivity, Protein crystallization, Protein superfamily, Rate-determining step, Royal Institution, Saliva, Secretion, Serine, Solvation, Spheroplast, Streptococcus, T-cell receptor, Tears, Transition state, X-ray crystallography, 4-Nitrophenol.