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Manifesto of the Sixteen, the Glossary

Index Manifesto of the Sixteen

The Manifesto of the Sixteen (Manifeste des seize), or Proclamation of the Sixteen, was a document drafted in 1916 by eminent anarchists Peter Kropotkin and Jean Grave which advocated an Allied victory over Germany and the Central Powers during the First World War.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 103 relations: AK Press, Alexander Berkman, Alexander Kerensky, Alexander Schapiro, Alexandria, Virginia, Allies of World War I, Anarchism, Anarchism and violence, Anarchism in Italy, Anarchism in Russia, Anarchist communism, Anarcho-syndicalism, Anti-German sentiment, Antimilitarism, Armistice, Élisée Reclus, Bolsheviks, Bourgeoisie, Brighton, Camillo Berneri, Central Powers, Charles Malato, Charles-Ange Laisant, Christiaan Cornelissen, Class conflict, Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, Defensive war, Dimitrios Roussopoulos, Dover Publications, Emma Goldman, England, Errico Malatesta, Europe, Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Ferrer Center and Colony, François Le Levé, Freedom (British newspaper), Freedom Press, French Resistance, French Revolution, General strike, Geneva, George Barrett (anarchist), George Woodcock, Georgi Plekhanov, Georgia (country), German Empire, Grigorii Maksimov, Harry Kelly (anarchist), History of the Russian Revolution, ... Expand index (53 more) »

  2. 1916 in politics
  3. Anarchism in Russia
  4. Anarchist manifestos
  5. Cultural history of World War I
  6. Politics of World War I
  7. World War I publications

AK Press

AK Press is a worker-managed, independent publisher and book distributor that specializes in publishing books about anarchism and the radical left.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and AK Press

Alexander Berkman

Alexander Berkman (November 21, 1870June 28, 1936) was a Russian-American anarchist and author.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Alexander Berkman

Alexander Kerensky

Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (– 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months from late July to early November 1917 (N.S.). After the February Revolution of 1917, he joined the newly formed provisional government, first as Minister of Justice, then as Minister of War, and after July as the government's second Minister-Chairman.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Alexander Kerensky

Alexander Schapiro

Alexander "Sanya" Moiseyevich Schapiro or Shapiro (in Russian: Александр "Саня" Моисеевич Шапиро; 1882 or 1883 – December 5, 1946) was a Russian anarcho-syndicalist activist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Alexander Schapiro

Alexandria, Virginia

Alexandria is an independent city in the northern region of the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Alexandria, Virginia

Allies of World War I

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Allies of World War I

Anarchism

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including the state and capitalism.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Anarchism

Anarchism and violence

Anarchism and violence have been linked together by events in anarchist history such as violent revolution, terrorism, assassination attempts and propaganda of the deed.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Anarchism and violence

Anarchism in Italy

Italian anarchism as a movement began primarily from the influence of Mikhail Bakunin, Giuseppe Fanelli, Carlo Cafiero, and Errico Malatesta.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Anarchism in Italy

Anarchism in Russia

Anarchism in Russia developed out of the populist and nihilist movements' dissatisfaction with the government reforms of the time.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Anarchism in Russia

Anarchist communism

Anarchist communism is a political ideology and anarchist school of thought that advocates communism.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Anarchist communism

Anarcho-syndicalism

Anarcho-syndicalism is an anarchist organisational model that centres trade unions as a vehicle for class conflict.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Anarcho-syndicalism

Anti-German sentiment

Anti-German sentiment (also known as Anti-Germanism, Germanophobia or Teutophobia) is opposition to and/or fear of, hatred of, dislike of, persecution of, prejudice against, and discrimination against Germany, its inhabitants, its culture, and/or its language.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Anti-German sentiment

Antimilitarism

Antimilitarism (also spelt anti-militarism) is a doctrine that opposes war, relying heavily on a critical theory of imperialism and was an explicit goal of the First and Second International.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Antimilitarism

Armistice

An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Armistice

Élisée Reclus

Jacques Élisée Reclus (15 March 18304 July 1905) was a French geographer, writer and anarchist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Élisée Reclus

Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Bolsheviks

Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Bourgeoisie

Brighton

Brighton is a seaside resort and one of the two main areas of the city of Brighton and Hove in the county of East Sussex, England.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Brighton

Camillo Berneri

Camillo Berneri (also known as Camillo da Lodi; May 28, 1897 – May 5, 1937) was an Italian professor of philosophy, anarchist militant, propagandist and theorist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Camillo Berneri

Central Powers

The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Central Powers

Charles Malato

Charles Malato (1857–1938) was a French anarchist and writer.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Charles Malato

Charles-Ange Laisant

Charles-Ange Laisant (1 November 1841 – 5 May 1920), French politician and mathematician, was born at Indre, near Nantes on 1 November 1841, and was educated at the École Polytechnique as a military engineer.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Charles-Ange Laisant

Christiaan Cornelissen

Christiaan Gerardus Cornelissen (1864–1942) was a Dutch journalist and economist, and one of the leading figures of syndicalism in the Netherlands.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Christiaan Cornelissen

Class conflict

In political science, the term class conflict, or class struggle, refers to the political tension and economic antagonism that exist among the social classes of society, because of socioeconomic competition for resources among the social classes, between the rich and the poor.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Class conflict

Confederación Nacional del Trabajo

The (National Confederation of Labor; CNT) is a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labor unions, which was long affiliated with the International Workers' Association (AIT).

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Confederación Nacional del Trabajo

Defensive war

A defensive war (pages) is one of the causes that justify war by the criteria of the Just War tradition.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Defensive war

Dimitrios Roussopoulos

Dimitrios I. Roussopoulos (born 1936) is a Canadian political activist and publisher.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Dimitrios Roussopoulos

Dover Publications

Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward and Blanche Cirker.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Dover Publications

Emma Goldman

Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was a Lithuanian-born anarchist revolutionary, political activist, and writer.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Emma Goldman

England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and England

Errico Malatesta

Errico Malatesta (4 December 1853 – 22 July 1932) was an Italian anarchist propagandist and revolutionary socialist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Errico Malatesta

Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Europe

Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis

Ferdinand Jacobus Domela Nieuwenhuis (31 December 1846 – 18 November 1919) was a Dutch socialist politician and later a social anarchist and anti-militarist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis

Ferrer Center and Colony

The Ferrer Center and Stelton Colony were an anarchist social center and colony, respectively, organized to honor the memory of anarchist pedagogue Francisco Ferrer and to build a school based on his model, Escuela Moderna, in the United States.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Ferrer Center and Colony

François Le Levé

François Le Levé (1882-1945), was born in Locmiquélic, Morbihan.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and François Le Levé

Freedom (British newspaper)

Freedom is a London-based anarchist news website and semi-annual journal published by Freedom Press.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Freedom (British newspaper)

Freedom Press

Freedom Press is an anarchist publishing house and bookseller in Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom, founded in 1886.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Freedom Press

French Resistance

The French Resistance (La Résistance) was a collection of groups that fought the Nazi occupation and the collaborationist Vichy régime in France during the Second World War.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and French Resistance

French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and French Revolution

General strike

A general strike is a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and General strike

Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Geneva

George Barrett (anarchist)

George Powell Ballard (6 December 1888 – 7 January 1917), known by his pen name George Barrett, was an English anarchist writer, public speaker, newspaper editor, and journalist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and George Barrett (anarchist)

George Woodcock

George Woodcock (May 8, 1912 – January 28, 1995) was a Canadian writer of political biography and history, an anarchist thinker, a philosopher, an essayist and literary critic.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and George Woodcock

Georgi Plekhanov

Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (a; – 30 May 1918) was a Russian revolutionary, philosopher and Marxist theoretician.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Georgi Plekhanov

Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Georgia (country)

German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and German Empire

Grigorii Maksimov

Grigorii Petrovich Maksimov (Григо́рий Петро́вич Макси́мов; 1893–1950) was a Russian anarcho-syndicalist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Grigorii Maksimov

Harry Kelly (anarchist)

Harry May Kelly (1871–1953) was an American anarchist and lifelong activist in the Modern School movement.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Harry Kelly (anarchist)

History of the Russian Revolution

History of the Russian Revolution is a three-volume book by Leon Trotsky on the Russian Revolution of 1917.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and History of the Russian Revolution

House of Romanov

The House of Romanov (also transliterated as Romanoff; Romanovy) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and House of Romanov

Hussein Dey (commune)

Hussein Dey is a suburb of the city of Algiers in northern Algeria, named after Hussein Dey, the last of the Ottoman provincial rulers of Algiers.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Hussein Dey (commune)

International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam

The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August 1907.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam

Internationalism (politics)

Internationalism is a political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation among states and nations.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Internationalism (politics)

Ishikawa Sanshirō

was a Japanese Christian, socialist, and anarcho-syndicalist who was influential in the Japanese anarchist movement during the 20th century.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Ishikawa Sanshirō

James Guillaume

James Guillaume (1844–1916) was a leading member of the Jura federation, the anarchist wing of the First International.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and James Guillaume

Jean Grave

Jean Grave (October 16, 1854, Le Breuil-sur-Couze – December 8, 1939, Vienne-en-Val) was an important activist in the French anarchist and the international anarchist communism movements.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Jean Grave

Jean Wintsch

Jean Wintsch (1880–1943) was a medical doctor, anarchist, and neo-Malthusian who founded the Lausanne Ferrer School.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Jean Wintsch

Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Joseph Stalin

Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Karl Marx

Kate Sharpley Library

The Kate Sharpley Library (or KSL) is a library dedicated to anarchist texts and history.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Kate Sharpley Library

La Bataille syndicaliste

('Syndicalist Battle'), renamed Bataille on 30 September 1915, was a syndicalist morning daily published from Paris.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and La Bataille syndicaliste

Leon Trotsky

Lev Davidovich Bronstein (– 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Leon Trotsky

Lilian Wolfe

Lilian Gertrude Woolf, better known as Lilian Wolfe (22 December 1875 in London – 28 April 1974 in Cheltenham), was an English anarchist, pacifist and feminist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Lilian Wolfe

List of anarchist periodicals

The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist periodicals that are still being published.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and List of anarchist periodicals

Living My Life

Living My Life is the autobiography of Lithuanian-born anarchist Emma Goldman, who became internationally renowned as an activist based in the United States. Manifesto of the Sixteen and Living My Life are anarchism in Russia.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Living My Life

Luigi Bertoni

Ambrogio Luigi Giacinto Bertoni (February 6, 1872 – January 19, 1947) was an Italian-born anarchist writer and typographer.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Luigi Bertoni

Luigi Fabbri

Luigi Fabbri (1877–1935) was an Italian anarchist, writer, and educator, who was charged with defeatism during World War I. He was the father of Luce Fabbri.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Luigi Fabbri

Marie Goldsmith

Maria Isidorovna Goldsmith (Мария Исидоровна Гольдсмит; 1862–1933), also known as Marie Goldsmith, was a Russian Jewish anarchist and collaborator of Peter Kropotkin.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Marie Goldsmith

Marxism

Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Marxism

Max Nettlau

Max Heinrich Hermann Reinhardt Nettlau (1865–1944) was a German anarchist and historian.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Max Nettlau

Mikhail Bakunin

Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin (30 May 1814 – 1 July 1876) was a Russian revolutionary anarchist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Mikhail Bakunin

Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Moscow

Narodniks

The Narodniks (translit) were members of a movement of the Russian Empire intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Narodniks

Opposition to World War I

Opposition to World War I was widespread during the conflict and included socialists, anarchists, syndicalists and Marxists as well as Christian pacifists, anti-colonial nationalists, feminists, intellectuals, and the working class. Manifesto of the Sixteen and Opposition to World War I are politics of World War I.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Opposition to World War I

Otto von Bismarck

Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898; born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck) was a Prussian statesman and diplomat who oversaw the unification of Germany.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Otto von Bismarck

Pantheon Books

Pantheon Books is an American book publishing imprint.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Pantheon Books

Paul Avrich

Paul Avrich (August 4, 1931 – February 16, 2006) was an American historian specialising in the 19th and early 20th-century anarchist movement in Russia and the United States.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Paul Avrich

Paul Reclus (anarchist)

Paul Reclus (May 25, 1858 –January 19, 1941) was a French anarchist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Paul Reclus (anarchist)

Peter Kropotkin

Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin (9 December 1842 – 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist and geographer known as a proponent of anarchist communism.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Peter Kropotkin

Political capital

Political capital (PC) refers to an individual's ability to influence political decisions.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Political capital

Political party

A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Political party

Revolutionary Catalonia

Revolutionary Catalonia (21 July 1936 – 8 May 1937) was the period in which the autonomous region of Catalonia in northeast Spain was controlled or largely influenced by various anarchist, communist, and socialist trade unions, parties, and militias of the Spanish Civil War era.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Revolutionary Catalonia

Rudolf Rocker

Johann Rudolf Rocker (March 25, 1873 – September 19, 1958) was a German anarchist writer and activist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Rudolf Rocker

Sacred Union

The Sacred Union (Union Sacrée) was a political truce in the French Third Republic in which the left-wing agreed during World War I not to oppose the government or call any strikes. Manifesto of the Sixteen and Sacred Union are politics of World War I.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Sacred Union

Saul Yanovsky

Saul Yanovsky (April 18, 1864 – February 1, 1939) was an American anarchist and journalist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Saul Yanovsky

Sébastien Faure

Sébastien Faure (6 January 1858 – 14 July 1942) was a French anarchist, convicted sex offender, freethought and secularist activist and a principal proponent of synthesis anarchism.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Sébastien Faure

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,; SPD) is a social democratic political party in Germany.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Social Democratic Party of Germany

Social revolutions are sudden changes in the structure and nature of society.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Social revolution

Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Socialism

St. Martin's Press

St.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and St. Martin's Press

Stanford University Press

Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Stanford University Press

The Anarchist Prince

The Anarchist Prince is a biography of Peter Kropotkin by George Woodcock and Ivan Avakumović.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and The Anarchist Prince

The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and The New York Times

The Russian Anarchists

The Russian Anarchists is a history book by Paul Avrich about the Russian anarchist movement from the 19th century to the Bolshevik revolution. Manifesto of the Sixteen and the Russian Anarchists are anarchism in Russia.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and The Russian Anarchists

The State and Revolution

The State and the Revolution: The Marxist Doctrine of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution (Gosudarstvo i revolyutsiya.) is a book written by Vladimir Lenin and published in 1917 which describes his views on the role of the state in society, the necessity of proletarian revolution, and the theoretic inadequacies of social democracy in achieving revolution to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and The State and Revolution

Thomas Keell

Thomas Henry Keell (24 September 1866 – 26 June 1938) was an English compositor who edited the anarchist periodical Freedom.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Thomas Keell

Triple Entente

The Triple Entente (from French entente meaning "friendship, understanding, agreement") describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Triple Entente

Varlam Cherkezishvili

Varlam Nikolozi dze Cherkezishvili (ვარლამ ნიკოლოზის ძე ჩერქეზიშვილი; 15 September 1846 – 18 August 1925) was a Georgian aristocrat and journalist involved in Georgian anarchist and national liberation movements.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Varlam Cherkezishvili

Vernon Richards

Vernon Richards (born Vero Benvenuto Costantino Recchioni, 19 July 1915 – 10 December 2001) was an Anglo-Italian anarchist, editor, author, engineer, photographer, and companion of Marie-Louise Berneri.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Vernon Richards

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and Vladimir Lenin

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and World War I

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See Manifesto of the Sixteen and World War II

See also

1916 in politics

Anarchism in Russia

Anarchist manifestos

Cultural history of World War I

Politics of World War I

World War I publications

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Sixteen

Also known as Manifeste des Seize, Manifesto of the 16, Proclamation of the 16.

, House of Romanov, Hussein Dey (commune), International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam, Internationalism (politics), Ishikawa Sanshirō, James Guillaume, Jean Grave, Jean Wintsch, Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, Kate Sharpley Library, La Bataille syndicaliste, Leon Trotsky, Lilian Wolfe, List of anarchist periodicals, Living My Life, Luigi Bertoni, Luigi Fabbri, Marie Goldsmith, Marxism, Max Nettlau, Mikhail Bakunin, Moscow, Narodniks, Opposition to World War I, Otto von Bismarck, Pantheon Books, Paul Avrich, Paul Reclus (anarchist), Peter Kropotkin, Political capital, Political party, Revolutionary Catalonia, Rudolf Rocker, Sacred Union, Saul Yanovsky, Sébastien Faure, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Social revolution, Socialism, St. Martin's Press, Stanford University Press, The Anarchist Prince, The New York Times, The Russian Anarchists, The State and Revolution, Thomas Keell, Triple Entente, Varlam Cherkezishvili, Vernon Richards, Vladimir Lenin, World War I, World War II.