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Manuel Noriega, the Glossary

Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (February 11, 1934 – May 29, 2017) was a Panamanian politician and military officer who was the de facto ruler of Panama from 1983 to 1989.^[1]

Activision

Activision Publishing, Inc. is an American video game publisher based in Santa Monica, California.

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Afro-Panamanians

Afro-Panamanians are Panamanians of African descent.

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Anastasio "Tachito" Somoza Debayle (5 December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was the 53rd President of Nicaragua from 1967 to 1972 and again from 1974 to 1979. Manuel Noriega and Anastasio Somoza Debayle are people of the Cold War.

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Antonin Scalia

Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016.

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Apostolic nunciature

An apostolic nunciature is a top-level diplomatic mission of the Holy See that is equivalent to an embassy.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.

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Armscor (South Africa)

Armscor (stylized as ARMSCOR), the Armaments Corporation of South Africa is the arms procurement agency of the South African Department of Defence.

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Arnulfo Arias

Arnulfo Arias Madrid (15 August 1901 – 10 August 1988) was a Panamanian politician, medical doctor, and writer who served as the President of Panama from 1940 to 1941, again from 1949 to 1951, and finally for 11 days in October 1968. Manuel Noriega and Arnulfo Arias are Panamanian anti-communists.

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Arraignment

Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the defendant, to inform them of the criminal charges against them.

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Associated Press

The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.

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Augusto Pinochet

Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean army officer and military dictator who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. Manuel Noriega and Augusto Pinochet are 20th-century criminals, heads of government who were later imprisoned and people of the Cold War.

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Baptism

Baptism (from immersion, dipping in water) is a Christian sacrament of initiation almost invariably with the use of water.

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Basques

The Basques (or; euskaldunak; vascos; basques) are a Southwestern European ethnic group, characterised by the Basque language, a common culture and shared genetic ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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Bob Hoskins

Robert William Hoskins (26 October 1942 – 29 April 2014) was an English actor and film director.

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Bob Woodward

Robert Upshur Woodward (born March 26, 1943) is an American investigative journalist.

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Boris Martínez

Boris Néstor Martínez Salazar was a Panamanian military officer of the former National Guard. Manuel Noriega and Boris Martínez are Panamanian military commanders.

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Call of Duty: Black Ops II

Call of Duty: Black Ops II is a 2012 first-person shooter video game developed by Treyarch and published by Activision.

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Cannabis (drug)

Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, among other names, is a non-chemically uniform drug from the cannabis plant.

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Capital flight

Capital flight, in economics, occurs when assets or money rapidly flow out of a country, due to an event of economic consequence or as the result of a political event such as regime change or economic globalization.

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Carlos Duque

Carlos Alberto Duque Jaén (March 12, 1930 – October 31, 2014) was a Panamanian businessman and politician who was President-for-Life of Panama's Partido Revolucionario Democrático (PRD). Manuel Noriega and Carlos Duque are Panamanian politicians.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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CBS

CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS (an abbreviation of its original name, Columbia Broadcasting System), is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of Paramount Global and is one of the company's three flagship subsidiaries, along with namesake Paramount Pictures and MTV.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

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Certiorari

In law, certiorari is a court process to seek judicial review of a decision of a lower court or government agency.

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Chicago Tribune

The Chicago Tribune is an American daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, owned by Tribune Publishing.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.

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Chiriquí Province

Chiriquí is a province of Panama located on the western coast; it is the second most developed province in the country, after the Panamá Province.

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Chorrillos Military School

The Chorrillos Military School is the institution in charge of the undergraduate education of officers of the Peruvian Army.

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Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American lawyer and jurist who serves as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Cocaine

Cocaine (from, from, ultimately from Quechua: kúka) is a tropane alkaloid that acts as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant.

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Colón, Panama

Colón is a city and seaport in Panama, beside the Caribbean Sea, lying near the Atlantic entrance to the Panama Canal.

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Collective bargaining

Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights for workers.

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Colombian conflict

The Colombian conflict (lit) began on May 27, 1964, and is a low-intensity asymmetric war between the government of Colombia, far-right paramilitary groups and crime syndicates, and far-left guerrilla groups, fighting each other to increase their influence in Colombian territory.

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Colonel

Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col, or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries.

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Contras

The Contras (from lit) were the various U.S.-backed-and-funded right-wing rebel groups that were active from 1979 to 1990 in opposition to the Marxist Sandinista Junta of National Reconstruction Government in Nicaragua, which had come to power in 1979 following the Nicaraguan Revolution. Manuel Noriega and Contras are CIA activities in the Americas.

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Counterintelligence

Counterintelligence (counter-intelligence) or counterespionage (counter-espionage) is any activity aimed at protecting an agency's intelligence program from an opposition's intelligence service.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.

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Crimes against humanity

Crimes against humanity are certain serious crimes committed as part of a large-scale attack against civilians.

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Daniel Ortega

José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (born 11 November 1945) is a Nicaraguan politician and the 58th president of Nicaragua since 2007.

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David, Chiriquí

David, known as David City in colonial times, is a city and corregimiento in the west of Panama.

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Delta Force

The 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment–Delta (1st SFOD-D), referred to as Delta Force, Combat Applications Group (CAG), or within Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), Task Force Green, is a special operations force of the United States Army, under operational control of JSOC.

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Democratic Revolutionary Party

The Democratic Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Democrático, PRD) is a centre-left political party in Panama founded in 1979 by General Omar Torrijos.

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Deutsche Welle

("German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW, is a German public, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the German federal tax budget.

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Dictatorship

A dictatorship is an autocratic form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, who hold governmental powers with few to no limitations.

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Dignity Battalions

Dignity Battalions (Batallones de la Dignidad) were paramilitary militia units created by Panama's de facto ruler Manuel Noriega in April 1988 to augment the Panama Defense Forces in defending Panama against possible invasion by the United States and to suppress domestic political opposition to Noriega's regime.

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Director of Central Intelligence

The director of central intelligence (DCI) was the head of the American Central Intelligence Agency from 1946 to 2004, acting as the principal intelligence advisor to the president of the United States and the United States National Security Council, as well as the coordinator of intelligence activities among and between the various US intelligence agencies (collectively known as the Intelligence Community from 1981 onwards).

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Drug Enforcement Administration

The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice tasked with combating illicit drug trafficking and distribution within the U.S. It is the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act, sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S.

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East Germany

East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990.

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El Mundo (Spain)

(), before, is the second largest printed daily newspaper in Spain.

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El Salvador

El Salvador, officially the Republic of El Salvador, is a country in Central America.

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Eric Arturo Delvalle

Eric Arturo Delvalle Cohen-Henríquez (2 February 1937 – 2 October 2015) was a Panamanian politician.

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Eurogamer

Eurogamer is a British video game journalism website launched in 1999 alongside parent company Gamer Network.

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Evangelicalism

Evangelicalism, also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide interdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity that emphasizes the centrality of sharing the "good news" of Christianity, being "born again" in which an individual experiences personal conversion, as authoritatively guided by the Bible, God's revelation to humanity.

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In an extradition, one jurisdiction delivers a person accused or convicted of committing a crime in another jurisdiction, into the custody of the other's law enforcement.

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Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front

The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional, abbreviated FMLN) is a Salvadoran political party and former guerrilla rebel group.

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Federal Bureau of Prisons

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is responsible for all Federal prisons and provide for the care, custody, and control of federal prisoners.

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Federal Correctional Institution, Miami

The Federal Correctional Institution, Miami (FCI Miami) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Florida.

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Federal Detention Center, Miami

The Federal Detention Center, Miami (FDC Miami) is a prison operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

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Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008. Manuel Noriega and Fidel Castro are people of the Cold War.

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First lieutenant

First lieutenant is a commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces; in some forces, it is an appointment.

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Florencio Flores Aguilar

Colonel Florencio 'Chito' Flores Aguilar (c. 1931 – 28 March 2020) was a Panamanian army officer. Manuel Noriega and Florencio Flores Aguilar are Panamanian military commanders and Panamanian people of Spanish descent.

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Fort Gulick

Fort Gulick was a United States Army base in the former Panama Canal Zone located on the Atlantic side of the Panama Canal near Fort Davis, on Gatun Lake.

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Fort Liberty

Fort Liberty, formerly Fort Bragg, is a military installation of the United States Army in North Carolina, and is one of the largest military installations in the world by population, with over 52,000 military personnel.

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Francisco Rodríguez (President of Panama)

Francisco Antonio Rodríguez Poveda (born 24 November 1938) was a Panamanian politician who briefly served as the provisional President of Panama in 1989.

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Frederick Kempe

Frederick Kempe (born September 5, 1954) is president and chief executive officer of the Atlantic Council, a foreign policy think tank and public policy group based in Washington, D.C. He is a journalist, author, columnist and a regular commentator on television and radio both in Europe and the United States.

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Friendly fire

In military terminology, friendly fire or fratricide is an attack by belligerent or neutral forces on friendly troops while attempting to attack enemy or hostile targets.

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General officer

A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry.

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George H. W. Bush

George Herbert Walker BushAfter the 1990s, he became more commonly known as George H. W. Bush, "Bush Senior," "Bush 41," and even "Bush the Elder" to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who served as the 43rd U.S. president from 2001 to 2009; previously, he was usually referred to simply as George Bush. Manuel Noriega and George H. W. Bush are people of the Cold War.

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Gerald Ford

Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Manuel Noriega and Gerald Ford are people of the Cold War.

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Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela

Gilberto José Rodríguez Orejuela (31 January 1939 – 31 May 2022) was a Colombian drug lord and one of the leaders of the Cali Cartel. Manuel Noriega and Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela are prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government.

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Grand jury

A grand jury is a jury—a group of citizens—empowered by law to conduct legal proceedings, investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought.

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Guatemala

Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala, is a country in Central America.

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Guatemalan Civil War

The Guatemalan Civil War was a civil war in Guatemala fought from 1960 to 1996 between the government of Guatemala and various leftist rebel groups. Manuel Noriega and Guatemalan Civil War are CIA activities in the Americas.

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Guayabera

The guayabera, also known as camisa de Yucatán (Yucatán shirt), is a men's summer shirt, worn outside the trousers, distinguished by two columns of closely sewn pleats running the length of the front and back of the shirt.

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Guillermo Endara

Guillermo David Endara Galimany (May 12, 1936 – September 28, 2009) was a Panamanian politician who served as the president of Panama from 1989 to 1994.

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Guillermo Ford

Guillermo "Billy" Ford Boyd (November 11, 1936 – March 19, 2011) was the Second Vice President of Panama. Manuel Noriega and Guillermo Ford are people from Panama City.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Holy See

The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.

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Homosexuality

Homosexuality is sexual attraction, romantic attraction, or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender.

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Hospital Santo Tomás

Hospital Santo Tomás (HST) ('Saint Thomas Hospital'), is a public hospital in Panama City.

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House arrest

In justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to their residence.

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Hugo Spadafora

Hugo Spadafora Franco (September 6, 1940 – September 13, 1985) was a Panamanian physician and guerrilla fighter in Guinea-Bissau and Nicaragua.

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Human Rights Watch

Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.

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Indigenous peoples of Panama

Indigenous peoples of Panama, or Native Panamanians, are the native peoples of Panama.

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Iran–Contra affair

The Iran–Contra affair (ماجرای ایران-کنترا; Caso Irán-Contra), often referred to as the Iran–Contra scandal and more rarely as the Iran Initiative, was a political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan administration.

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Jesús Héctor Gallego Herrera

Jesús Héctor Gallego Herrera (died June 1971) was a Colombian Roman Catholic priest who was kidnapped and killed in Panama following his opposition to the Panamanian military ruler Omar Torrijos.

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Jimmy Carter

James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. Manuel Noriega and Jimmy Carter are people of the Cold War.

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John Dinges

John Dinges (December 8, 1941) is an American journalist.

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Jorge Illueca

Jorge Enrique Illueca Sibauste (September 17, 1918 – May 3, 2012) was a Panamanian politician and diplomat who served as President of Panama in 1984. Manuel Noriega and Jorge Illueca are people from Panama City.

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Jorge Ochoa

Jorge Luis Ochoa Vásquez (born 30 September 1950) is a Colombian former drug trafficker who was one of the founding members of the Medellín Cartel in the late 1970s.

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José Sebastián Laboa Gallego

José Sebastián Laboa Gallego (20 January 1923 – 24 October 2002) was a Spanish prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See.

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Juan Carlos Varela

Juan Carlos Varela Rodríguez (born 13 December 1963) is a Panamanian businessman and former politician who served as the 37th President of Panama from 2014 to 2019. Manuel Noriega and Juan Carlos Varela are people from Panama City.

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Jungle warfare

Jungle warfare or woodland warfare is warfare in forests, jungles, or similar environments.

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La Prensa (Panama City)

La Prensa is a conservative Panamanian newspaper founded in 1980.

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La Santé Prison

La Santé Prison (named after its location on the Rue de la Santé) (Maison d'arrêt de la Santé or Prison de la Santé) is a prison operated by the French Prison Service of the Ministry of Justice located in the east of the Montparnasse district of the 14th arrondissement in southern Paris, France at 42 Rue de la Santé.

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Land mine

A land mine, or landmine, is an explosive weapon concealed under or camouflaged on the ground, and designed to destroy or disable enemy targets, ranging from combatants to vehicles and tanks, as they pass over or near it.

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Le Monde

Le Monde (The World) is a French daily afternoon newspaper.

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Legion of Honour

The National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), formerly the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre royal de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit, both military and civil, and currently comprises five classes.

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Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents

In December 1971, the freighters Leyla Express and Johnny Express were seized by Cuban gunboats.

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Libya

Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

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Lima

Lima, founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (Spanish for "City of Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.

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List of heads of state of Panama

This article lists the heads of state of Panama since the short-lived first independence from the Republic of New Granada in 1840 and the final separation from Colombia in 1903.

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Listening station

A radio listening station (also: listening post, radio intercept station or wireless intercept station, W/T station for wireless telegraphy) is a facility used for military reconnaissance, especially telecommunications reconnaissance (also known as signals intelligence SIGINT) by "intercepting" radio transmitter communications.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Manuel Noriega and Lyndon B. Johnson are people of the Cold War.

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Machete

A machete is a broad blade used either as an agricultural implement similar to an axe, or in combat like a long-bladed knife.

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Major (rank)

Major is a senior military officer rank used in many countries.

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Manuel Solís Palma

Manuel Solís Palma (3 December 1917 in Los Santos Province – 6 November 2009) was the acting president of Panama from 26 February 1988 to 1 September 1989, under the military rule of Manuel Noriega.

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Marcos G. McGrath

Mark Gregory "Marcos Gregorio" McGrath, CSC (10 February 1924 – 4 August 2000), was an American-Panamanian Catholic prelate and priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross who served as the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Panamá and was a Council Father of the Second Vatican Council.

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Medellín Cartel

The Medellín Cartel (Cártel de Medellín) was a powerful and highly organized Colombian drug cartel and terrorist organization originating in the city of Medellín, Colombia, that was founded and led by Pablo Escobar.

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Military intelligence

Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to assist commanders in their decisions.

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Money laundering

Money laundering is the process of illegally concealing the origin of money, obtained from illicit activities such as drug trafficking, corruption, embezzlement or gambling, by converting it into a legitimate source.

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Muammar Gaddafi

Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (20 October 2011) was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his assassination by rebel forces in 2011.

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Mug shot

A mug shot or mugshot (an informal term for police photograph or booking photograph) is a photographic portrait of a person from the shoulders up, typically taken after a person is placed under arrest.

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Murder

Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse committed with the necessary intention as defined by the law in a specific jurisdiction.

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National Assembly (Panama)

The National Assembly of Panama (Asamblea Nacional de Panamá), formerly the Legislative Assembly of Panama (Asamblea Legislativa de Panamá), is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Panama.

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National Liberal Party (Panama)

The National Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Nacional) was a liberal party in Panama.

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National Security Agency

The National Security Agency (NSA) is an intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI).

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Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

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Nicaraguan Revolution

The Nicaraguan Revolution (Revolución Nicaragüense or Revolución Popular Sandinista) began with rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the ouster of the dictatorship in 1978–79, and the Contra War, fought between the government and the Contras from 1981 to 1990.

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Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino

Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino (born 21 August 1938) is a Panamanian politician, served as its President from 11 October 1984 to 28 September 1985, running as the candidate of the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) in the contested elections of 1984.

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Noriega: God's Favorite

Noriega: God's Favorite is a 2000 biographical made-for-television film starring Bob Hoskins as Manuel Noriega.

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North Carolina

North Carolina is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

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Nuncio

An apostolic nuncio (nuntius apostolicus; also known as a papal nuncio or simply as a nuncio) is an ecclesiastical diplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international organization.

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Officer (armed forces)

An officer is a person who holds a position of authority as a member of an armed force or uniformed service.

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Oliver North

Oliver Laurence North (born October 7, 1943) is an American political commentator, television host, military historian, author, and retired United States Marine Corps lieutenant colonel.

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Omar Torrijos

Omar Efraín Torrijos Herrera (February 13, 1929 – July 31, 1981) was a Panamanian dictator, as well as the Commander of the Panamanian National Guard and military leader of Panama from 1968 to his death in 1981. Manuel Noriega and Omar Torrijos are Panamanian anti-communists, Panamanian generals, Panamanian military commanders and Panamanian people of Spanish descent.

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Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero

The Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero (Orden de Manuel Amador Guerrero) is the highest honour of Panama.

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Order of the Liberator General San Martín

The Order of the Liberator General San Martín (Orden del Libertador General San Martín) is the highest decoration in Argentina.

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Order of the Sun of Peru

The Order of the Sun of Peru (Spanish: Orden El Sol del Perú), formerly known as the Order of the Sun, is the highest award bestowed by the nation of Peru to commend notable civil and military merit.

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Panama Canal

The Panama Canal (Canal de Panamá) is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, cutting across the Isthmus of Panama, and is a conduit for maritime trade.

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Panama Canal Zone

The Panama Canal Zone (Zona del Canal de Panamá), also simply known as the Canal Zone, was a concession of the United States located in the Isthmus of Panama that existed from 1903 to 1979.

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Panama City

Panama City, also known as Panama (or Panamá in Spanish), is the capital and largest city of Panama.

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Panama Defense Forces

The Panama Defense Forces (Fuerzas de Defensa de Panamá; FFDD), formerly the National Guard (of Panama) (Guardia Nacional), were the armed forces of the Republic of Panama.

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Panamanian Public Forces

The Panamanian Public Forces (Fuerza Pública de la República de Panamá) are the national security forces of Panama.

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Panameñista Party

The Panameñista Party is a nationalist political party in Panama.

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Pardo

In the former Portuguese and Spanish colonies in the Americas, pardos (feminine pardas) are triracial descendants of Southern Europeans, Indigenous Americans and West Africans.

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Parental leave

Parental leave, or family leave, is an employee benefit available in almost all countries.

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Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River.

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Political strongman

In politics, a strongman is a type of authoritarian political leader—civilian or military—who exerts control through military enforcement and has, or has claimed to have, strong popular support.

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Populism

Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite".

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Presidency of Jimmy Carter

Jimmy Carter's tenure as the 39th president of the United States began with his inauguration on January 20, 1977, and ended on January 20, 1981.

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Presidency of Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan's tenure as the 40th president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1981, and ended on January 20, 1989.

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Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Private limited company

A private limited company is any type of business entity in "private" ownership used in many jurisdictions, in contrast to a publicly listed company, with some differences from country to country.

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Psychological warfare

Psychological warfare (PSYWAR), or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations (PsyOp), has been known by many other names or terms, including Military Information Support Operations (MISO), Psy Ops, political warfare, "Hearts and Minds", and propaganda.

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Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act is a United States federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal organization.

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Rómulo Escobar Bethancourt

Rómulo Escobar Bethancourt (September 5, 1927September 28, 1995) was a Panamanian politician and diplomat.

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Ricardo Arias Calderón

Ricardo Arias Calderón (May 4, 1933 – February 13, 2017) was a Panamanian politician who served as First Vice President from 1989 to 1992.

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Ricardo de la Espriella

Ricardo de la Espriella Toral (born 5 September 1934) is a Panamanian politician who was the President of Panama from 31 July 1982 to 13 February 1984.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913April 22, 1994) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 37th president of the United States from 1969 to 1974. Manuel Noriega and Richard Nixon are people of the Cold War.

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Roberto Díaz Herrera

Roberto Díaz Herrera (born June 27, 1937) is a Panamanian colonel under General Manuel Noriega and was most famous for his public denunciation of the Panamanian dictator in 1987, at the behest of Sathya Sai Baba, an Indian Guru who never set foot on the American soil. Manuel Noriega and Roberto Díaz Herrera are Panamanian military commanders.

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Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón

Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón (March 2, 1905 – March 1, 1981) was the President of Panama in 1949 and from 1960 to 1964. Manuel Noriega and Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón are people from Panama City.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Panamá

The Roman Catholic Metropolitan Archdiocese of Panamá (erected 28 August 1513 as the Diocese of Santa María de La Antigua del Darién) is a Metropolitan Archdiocese, and its suffragan dioceses include Chitré, Colón-Kuna Yala, David, Penonomé and Santiago de Veraguas, as well as the Territorial Prelature of Bocas del Toro.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Rowman & Littlefield

Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.

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Rubén Darío Paredes

Rubén Darío Paredes del Río (born 11 August 1933) is a Panamanian army officer who was the military ruler of Panama from 1982 to 1983. Manuel Noriega and Rubén Darío Paredes are Panamanian military commanders, Panamanian people of Spanish descent and people from Panama City.

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Salvadoran Civil War

The Salvadoran Civil War (guerra civil de El Salvador) was a twelve-year period of civil war in El Salvador that was fought between the government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition or "umbrella organization" of left-wing groups backed by the Cuban regime of Fidel Castro as well as the Soviet Union.

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San Miguelito District

San Miguelito is a city and district (distrito) of Panamá Province in Panama.

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Sanctuary

A sanctuary, in its original meaning, is a sacred place, such as a shrine.

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Sandinista National Liberation Front

The Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional, FSLN) is a Christian socialist political party in Nicaragua.

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Second lieutenant

Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces.

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Seymour Hersh

Seymour Myron "Sy" Hersh (born April 8, 1937) is an American investigative journalist and political writer.

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Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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The Socialist Party (in Spanish: Partido Socialista, PS) was a Panamanian left-wing political party created in 1933 by intellectuals and labor unionists who split off from the Liberal Party and rejected the Communist Party.

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Spanish diaspora

The Spanish diaspora consists of Spanish people and their descendants who emigrated from Spain.

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Spy ship

A spy ship or reconnaissance vessel is a dedicated ship intended to gather intelligence, usually by means of sophisticated electronic eavesdropping.

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Staff (military)

A military staff or general staff (also referred to as army staff, navy staff, or air staff within the individual services) is a group of officers, enlisted and civilian staff who serve the commander of a division or other large military unit in their command and control role through planning, analysis, and information gathering, as well as by relaying, coordinating, and supervising the execution of their plans and orders, especially in case of multiple simultaneous and rapidly changing complex operations.

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Stasi

The Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit,; abbreviated as "MfS"), commonly known as the italics, an abbreviation of Staatssicherheit, was the state security service and secret police of East Germany (the GDR) from 1950 to 1990.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States.

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Talisman

A talisman is any object ascribed with religious or magical powers intended to protect, heal, or harm individuals for whom they are made.

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Tampa, Florida

Tampa is a city on the Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Florida.

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Television film

A television film, alternatively known as a television movie, made-for-TV film/movie, telefilm, telemovie or TV film/movie, is a feature-length film that is produced and originally distributed by or to a television network, in contrast to theatrical films made for initial showing in movie theaters, and direct-to-video films made for initial release on home video formats.

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The Atlantic

The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Palm Beach Post

The Palm Beach Post is an American daily newspaper serving Palm Beach County in South Florida, and parts of the Treasure Coast.

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The Panama Deception

The Panama Deception is a 1992 American documentary film, critical of the 1989 United States invasion of Panama.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Third Geneva Convention

The Third Geneva Convention, relative to the treatment of prisoners of war, is one of the four treaties of the Geneva Conventions.

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Torrijos–Carter Treaties

The Torrijos–Carter Treaties (Tratados Torrijos-Carter) are two treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, which superseded the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903.

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Trial in absentia

Trial in absentia is a criminal proceeding in a court of law in which the person being tried is not present.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.

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Unidad Editorial

Unidad Editorial, S.A. is a Spanish media company.

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United Fruit Company

The United Fruit Company (later the United Brands Company) was an American multinational corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas) grown on Latin American plantations and sold in the United States and Europe.

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United Nations General Assembly

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée générale, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ.

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United States Army

The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (in case citations, 11th Cir.) is a federal appellate court over the following U.S. district courts.

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United States Department of Defense

The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the U.S. government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United States.

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United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida

The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (in case citations, S.D. Fla. or S.D. Fl.) is the federal United States district court with territorial jurisdiction over the southern part of the state of Florida.

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United States embargo against Cuba

The United States embargo against Cuba prevents US businesses, and businesses organized under US law or majority-owned by US citizens, from conducting trade with Cuban interests.

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United States invasion of Panama

The United States invaded Panama in mid-December 1989 during the presidency of George H. W. Bush.

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United States Marine Corps

The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through combined arms, implementing its own infantry, artillery, aerial, and special operations forces.

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United States Postal Service

The United States Postal Service (USPS), also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service, is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States, its insular areas, and its associated states.

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University of Panama

The University of Panama (Universidad de Panamá) was founded on October 7, 1935.

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Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 is an international treaty that defines a framework for diplomatic relations between independent countries.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

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Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation

The Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC), formerly known as the School of the Americas, is a United States Department of Defense school located at Fort Moore in Columbus, Georgia, renamed in the 2001 National Defense Authorization Act.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the president of the United States.

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Wiretapping

Wiretapping, also known as wire tapping or telephone tapping, is the monitoring of telephone and Internet-based conversations by a third party, often by covert means.

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1968 Panamanian coup d'état

The 1968 Panamanian coup d'état was the military coup that took place in the Republic of Panama on October 11, 1968, when the National Guard, led by Major Boris Martínez, Lieutenant Colonel Jose Humberto Ramos, Rubén Darío Paredes and other military officers overthrew President Arnulfo Arias, who was elected in the May 12 general election and assumed office on October 1.

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1968 Panamanian general election

General elections were held in Panama on May 12, 1968, electing both a new President of the Republic and a new National Assembly.

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1976 United States presidential election

The 1976 United States presidential election was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1976.

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1989 Panamanian coup attempt

The 1989 Panamanian coup d'état attempt was a failed coup d'état which occurred in Panama City on 3 October.

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1989 Panamanian general election

General elections were held in Panama on 7 May 1989, with the goal of electing both a new President of the Republic and a new Legislative Assembly.

See Manuel Noriega and 1989 Panamanian general election

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Noriega

Also known as General Noriega, Manny Noriega, Manual Noriega, Manuel Antonio Noriega, Manuel Antonio Noriega Morena, Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno, Manuel Noregia, Manuel Noreiga, Manuel Noriega Morena, Manuel Noriega Moreno, Noriega Moreno, Manuel Antonio, Noriega, Manuel, United States v. Noriega.

, El Salvador, Eric Arturo Delvalle, Eurogamer, Evangelicalism, Extradition, Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Federal Correctional Institution, Miami, Federal Detention Center, Miami, Fidel Castro, First lieutenant, Florencio Flores Aguilar, Fort Gulick, Fort Liberty, Francisco Rodríguez (President of Panama), Frederick Kempe, Friendly fire, General officer, George H. W. Bush, Gerald Ford, Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, Grand jury, Guatemala, Guatemalan Civil War, Guayabera, Guillermo Endara, Guillermo Ford, Harvard University, Holy See, Homosexuality, Hospital Santo Tomás, House arrest, Hugo Spadafora, Human Rights Watch, Indigenous peoples of Panama, Iran–Contra affair, Jesús Héctor Gallego Herrera, Jimmy Carter, John Dinges, Jorge Illueca, Jorge Ochoa, José Sebastián Laboa Gallego, Juan Carlos Varela, Jungle warfare, La Prensa (Panama City), La Santé Prison, Land mine, Le Monde, Legion of Honour, Leyla Express and Johnny Express incidents, Libya, Lima, List of heads of state of Panama, Listening station, Lyndon B. Johnson, Machete, Major (rank), Manuel Solís Palma, Marcos G. McGrath, Medellín Cartel, Military intelligence, Money laundering, Muammar Gaddafi, Mug shot, Murder, National Assembly (Panama), National Liberal Party (Panama), National Security Agency, Nationalism, Nicaraguan Revolution, Nicolás Ardito Barletta Vallarino, Noriega: God's Favorite, North Carolina, Nuncio, Officer (armed forces), Oliver North, Omar Torrijos, Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero, Order of the Liberator General San Martín, Order of the Sun of Peru, Panama Canal, Panama Canal Zone, Panama City, Panama Defense Forces, Panamanian Public Forces, Panameñista Party, Pardo, Parental leave, Peru, Political strongman, Populism, Presidency of Jimmy Carter, Presidency of Ronald Reagan, Prisoner of war, Private limited company, Psychological warfare, Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, Rómulo Escobar Bethancourt, Ricardo Arias Calderón, Ricardo de la Espriella, Richard Nixon, Roberto Díaz Herrera, Roberto Francisco Chiari Remón, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Panamá, Ronald Reagan, Rowman & Littlefield, Rubén Darío Paredes, Salvadoran Civil War, San Miguelito District, Sanctuary, Sandinista National Liberation Front, Second lieutenant, Seymour Hersh, Socialism, Socialist Party (Panama), Spanish diaspora, Spy ship, Staff (military), Stasi, Supreme Court of the United States, Talisman, Tampa, Florida, Television film, The Atlantic, The Guardian, The New York Times, The Palm Beach Post, The Panama Deception, The Washington Post, Third Geneva Convention, Torrijos–Carter Treaties, Trial in absentia, Tuberculosis, Unidad Editorial, United Fruit Company, United Nations General Assembly, United States Army, United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, United States Department of Defense, United States Department of Justice, United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, United States embargo against Cuba, United States invasion of Panama, United States Marine Corps, United States Postal Service, University of Panama, Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vietnam War, Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, White House, Wiretapping, 1968 Panamanian coup d'état, 1968 Panamanian general election, 1976 United States presidential election, 1989 Panamanian coup attempt, 1989 Panamanian general election.

Manuel Noriega, the Glossary

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