Meaning of life, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 514 relations: A Hidden Treasure, A History of Western Philosophy, A priori and a posteriori, Abiogenesis, Absurdism, Absurdity, Achintya Bheda Abheda, Acts of the Apostles, Adalah (Islam), Adam and Eve, Adolf Hitler, Afterlife, Age of Enlightenment, Ahimsa, Ahimsa in Jainism, Ahmadiyya, Ahura Mazda, Albert Camus, Alexander Fleming, Allah, Andrei Linde, Angels in Islam, Angst, Anomie, Anthropic principle, Antibiotic, Antisthenes, Antithesis, Anxiety, Apatheia, Areopagus, Aristippus, Aristotle, Artha, Arthur Schopenhauer, Asceticism, Asha, Astrobiology, Ataraxia, Atheism, Athens, Awareness, Ātman (Hinduism), Baháʼí Faith, Baltimore Catechism, Beauty, Bertrand Russell, Bhajan, Bhakti, Bhakti yoga, ... Expand index (464 more) »

2. Philosophical problems
3. Teleology

The Hadith of the Hidden Treasure (کنزاً مخفیاً) is a ''hadith qudsi'' that has a very prominent role in Islamic mysticism and Islamic philosophy.

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A History of Western Philosophy

History of Western Philosophy is a 1946 book by British philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970).

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A priori and a posteriori

A priori ('from the earlier') and a posteriori ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience.

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Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.

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Absurdism

Absurdism is the philosophical theory that the universe is irrational and meaningless. Meaning of life and Absurdism are existentialist concepts and philosophy of life.

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Absurdity

Absurdity is the state or condition of being unreasonable, meaningless, or so unsound as to be irrational. Meaning of life and Absurdity are existentialist concepts.

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Achintya Bheda Abheda

Achintya-Bheda-Abheda (अचिन्त्यभेदाभेद, in IAST) is a school of Vedanta representing the philosophy of inconceivable one-ness and difference.

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Acts of the Apostles

The Acts of the Apostles (Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis Apostólōn; Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.

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Adalah (Islam)

Adalah (عدالة) means justice and denotes the Justice of God.

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Adam and Eve

Adam and Eve, according to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions, were the first man and woman.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

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Afterlife

The afterlife or life after death is a purported existence in which the essential part of an individual's stream of consciousness or identity continues to exist after the death of their physical body.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Ahimsa

(IAST) is the ancient Indian principle of nonviolence which applies to actions towards all living beings.

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Ahimsa in Jainism

In Jainism, ahiṃsā (alternatively spelled 'ahinsā', Sanskrit: अहिंसा IAST:, Pāli) is a fundamental principle forming the cornerstone of its ethics and doctrine.

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Ahmadiyya

Ahmadiyya, officially the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jama'at (AMJ) is an Islamic messianic movement originating in British India in the late 19th century. It was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835–1908), who said he had been divinely appointed as both the Promised Mahdi (Guided One) and Messiah expected by Muslims to appear towards the end times and bring about, by peaceful means, the final triumph of Islam; as well as to embody, in this capacity, the expected eschatological figure of other major religious traditions.

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Ahura Mazda

Ahura Mazda (𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁|translit.

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Albert Camus

Albert Camus (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher, author, dramatist, journalist, world federalist, and political activist.

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Alexander Fleming

Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 – 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin.

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Allah

Allah (ﷲ|translit.

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Andrei Linde

Andrei Dmitriyevich Linde (Андре́й Дми́триевич Ли́нде; born March 2, 1948) is a Russian-American theoretical physicist and the Harald Trap Friis Professor of Physics at Stanford University.

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Angels in Islam

In Islam, angels (ملاك٬ ملك|malāk; plural: ملائِكة|malāʾik/malāʾikah|label.

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Angst

Angst is fear or anxiety (anguish is its Latinate equivalent, and the words anxious and anxiety are of similar origin). Meaning of life and Angst are existentialist concepts.

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Anomie

In sociology, anomie or anomy is a social condition defined by an uprooting or breakdown of any moral values, standards or guidance for individuals to follow.

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Anthropic principle

The anthropic principle, also known as the observation selection effect, is the hypothesis that the range of possible observations that could be made about the universe is limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing intelligent life.

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Antibiotic

An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.

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Antisthenes

Antisthenes (Ἀντισθένης,; 446 366 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates.

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Antithesis

Antithesis (antitheses; Greek for "setting opposite", from ἀντι- "against" and θέσις "placing") is used in writing or speech either as a proposition that contrasts with or reverses some previously mentioned proposition, or when two opposites are introduced together for contrasting effect.

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Anxiety

Anxiety is an emotion which is characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events.

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Apatheia

In Stoic philosophy, apatheia (ἀπάθεια) refers to a state of mind in which one is not disturbed by the passions.

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Areopagus

The Areopagus is a prominent rock outcropping located northwest of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece.

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Aristippus

Aristippus of Cyrene (Ἀρίστιππος ὁ Κυρηναῖος; c. 435 – c. 356 BCE) was a hedonistic Greek philosopher and the founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Artha

Artha (अर्थ; Pali: Attha, Tamil: பொருள், poruḷ) is one of the four goals or objectives of human life in Hindu traditions.

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Arthur Schopenhauer

Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.

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Asceticism

Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals.

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Asha

Asha or arta (𐬀𐬴𐬀) is a Zoroastrian concept with a complex and highly nuanced range of meaning.

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Astrobiology

Astrobiology is a scientific field within the life and environmental sciences that studies the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe by investigating its deterministic conditions and contingent events.

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Ataraxia

In Ancient Greek philosophy, (Greek:, from ἀ- indicating negation or absence and ταραχ- with the abstract noun suffix -ία), generally translated as,,, or, is a lucid state of robust equanimity characterized by ongoing freedom from distress and worry.

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Atheism

Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.

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Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Awareness

In philosophy and psychology, awareness is a perception or knowledge of something.

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Ātman (Hinduism)

Ātman (आत्मन्) is a Sanskrit word for the true or eternal Self or the self-existent essence or impersonal witness-consciousness within each individual.

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Baháʼí Faith

The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people.

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Baltimore Catechism

A Catechism of Christian Doctrine, Prepared and Enjoined by Order of the Third Council of Baltimore, or simply the Baltimore Catechism, was the national Catholic catechism for children in the United States, based on Robert Bellarmine's 1614 Small Catechism.

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Beauty

Beauty is commonly described as a feature of objects that makes them pleasurable to perceive. Meaning of life and Beauty are metaphysical properties.

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Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual.

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Bhajan

Bhajan refers to any devotional song with a religious theme or spiritual ideas, specifically among Dharmic religions, in any language.

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Bhakti

Bhakti (भक्ति; Pali: bhatti) is a term common in Indian religions which means attachment, fondness for, devotion to, trust, homage, worship, piety, faith, or love.

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Bhakti yoga

Bhakti yoga (भक्ति योग), also called Bhakti marga (भक्ति मार्ग, literally the path of bhakti), is a spiritual path or spiritual practice within Hinduism focused on loving devotion towards any personal deity.

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Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.

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Big Bang

The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature.

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Big Crunch

The Big Crunch is a hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the expansion of the universe eventually reverses and the universe recollapses, ultimately causing the cosmic scale factor to reach zero, an event potentially followed by a reformation of the universe starting with another Big Bang.

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Big Rip

In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future, until distances between particles will infinitely increase.

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Binding problem

The consciousness and binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience.

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Biocentrism (ethics)

Biocentrism (from Greek βίος bios, "life" and κέντρον kentron, "center"), in a political and ecological sense, as well as literally, is an ethical point of view that extends inherent value to all living things.

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Biological naturalism

Biological naturalism is a theory about, among other things, the relationship between consciousness and body (i.e. brain), and hence an approach to the mind–body problem.

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Black hole

A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light and other electromagnetic waves, is capable of possessing enough energy to escape it.

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Bodhisattva

In Buddhism, a bodhisattva (English:; translit) or bodhisatva is a person who is on the path towards bodhi ('awakening') or Buddhahood.

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Book of Exodus

The Book of Exodus (from translit; שְׁמוֹת Šəmōṯ, 'Names'; Liber Exodus) is the second book of the Bible.

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Brahman

In Hinduism, Brahman (ब्रह्मन्; IAST: Brahman) connotes the highest universal principle, the Ultimate Reality of the universe.

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Buddha-nature

In Buddhist philosophy, Buddha-nature (Chinese: (佛性, Japanese:, Sanskrit) is the innate potential for all sentient beings to become a Buddha or the fact that all beings already have a pure buddha-essence within.Heng-Ching Shih, "Buddha-nature" is the common English translation for several related Mahayana Buddhist terms, most notably tathāgatagarbha and buddhadhātu, but also sugatagarbha, and buddhagarbha.

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Buddhist tantric literature

Buddhist tantric literature refers to the vast and varied literature of the Vajrayāna (or Mantrayāna) Buddhist traditions.

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Butterfly effect

In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state.

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Caodaism

Caodaism (Đạo Cao Đài, Chữ Hán: 道高臺) is a Vietnamese monotheistic syncretic religion that retains many elements from Vietnamese folk religion such as ancestor worship, as well as "ethical precepts from Confucianism, occult practices from Taoism, theories of karma and rebirth from Buddhism, and a hierarchical organization from Roman Catholicism".

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Categorical imperative

The categorical imperative (kategorischer Imperativ) is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Celebrity

Celebrity is a condition of fame and broad public recognition of a person or group as a result of the attention given to them by mass media.

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Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.

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Charter for Compassion

Charter for Compassion is a document written in 2009 that urges the peoples and religions of the world to embrace the core value of compassion.

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Cheondoism

Cheondoism (spelled Chondoism in North Korea) is a 20th-century Korean pantheistic religion, based on the 19th-century Donghak religious movement founded by Choe Je-u and codified under Son Byong-hi.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Cognitive neuropsychology

Cognitive neuropsychology is a branch of cognitive psychology that aims to understand how the structure and function of the brain relates to specific psychological processes.

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Cognitive science

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes.

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Colonialism

Colonialism is the pursuing, establishing and maintaining of control and exploitation of people and of resources by a foreign group.

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Common good

In philosophy, economics, and political science, the common good (also commonwealth, general welfare, or public benefit) is either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the realm of politics and public service.

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Conceptions of God

Conceptions of God in classical theist, monotheist, pantheist, and panentheist traditions – or of the supreme deity in henotheistic religions – can extend to various levels of abstraction.

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Confucianism

Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy (humanistic or rationalistic), religion, theory of government, or way of life.

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Consciousness

Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence. Meaning of life and Consciousness are metaphysical properties.

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Contingency (philosophy)

In logic, contingency is the feature of a statement making it neither necessary nor impossible.

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Convention (norm)

A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, social norms, or other criteria, often taking the form of a custom.

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Cosmic Consciousness

Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind is a 1901 book by the psychiatrist Richard Maurice Bucke, in which the author explores the concept of cosmic consciousness, which he defines as "a higher form of consciousness than that possessed by the ordinary man".

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Cosmogony

Cosmogony is any model concerning the origin of the cosmos or the universe.

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Cosmology

Cosmology is a branch of physics and metaphysics dealing with the nature of the universe, the cosmos.

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Covenant (biblical)

The Hebrew Bible makes reference to a number of covenants (בְּרִיתוֹת) with God (YHWH).

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Crates of Thebes

Crates (Κράτης ὁ Θηβαῖος; c. 365 – c. 285 BC) of Thebes was a Greek Cynic philosopher, the principal pupil of Diogenes of Sinope and the husband of Hipparchia of Maroneia who lived in the same manner as him.

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Critical thinking

Critical thinking is the analysis of available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments in order to form a judgement by the application of rational, skeptical, and unbiased analyses and evaluation.

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Crucifixion of Jesus

The crucifixion of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judaea, most likely in AD 30 or AD 33.

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Culture

Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.

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David Benatar

David Benatar (born 8 December 1966) is a South African philosopher, academic, and author.

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David Haig (biologist)

__notoc__ David Addison Haig (born 28 June 1958) is an Australian evolutionary biologist, geneticist, and professor in Harvard University's Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology.

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Death anxiety

Death anxiety is anxiety caused by thoughts of one's own death, and is also known as thanatophobia (fear of death). Meaning of life and death anxiety are philosophy of life.

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Deconstruction

Deconstruction is a loosely-defined set of approaches to understanding the relationship between text and meaning.

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Deity

A deity or god is a supernatural being considered to be sacred and worthy of worship due to having authority over the universe, nature or human life.

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Deontology

In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek: +) is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules and principles, rather than based on the consequences of the action.

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Depression (mood)

Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity.

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Depressive realism

Depressive realism is the hypothesis developed by Lauren Alloy and Lyn Yvonne Abramson that depressed individuals make more realistic inferences than non-depressed individuals.

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Desire

Desires are states of mind that are expressed by terms like "wanting", "wishing", "longing" or "craving".

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Determinism

Determinism is the philosophical view that all events in the universe, including human decisions and actions, are causally inevitable.

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Deva (Hinduism)

Deva (Sanskrit: देव) means "shiny", "exalted", "heavenly being", "divine being", "anything of excellence", and is also one of the Sanskrit terms used to indicate a deity in Hinduism.

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Dharma

Dharma (धर्म) is a key concept with multiple meanings in the Indian religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism), among others.

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Dhāraṇā

Dhāraṇā is translated as "collection or concentration of the mind (joined with the retention of breath)", or "the act of holding, bearing, wearing, supporting, maintaining, retaining, keeping back (in remembrance), a good memory", or "firmness, steadfastness, certainty".

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Dialogue

Dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog in American English) is a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more people, and a literary and theatrical form that depicts such an exchange.

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Discourse

Discourse is a generalization of the notion of a conversation to any form of communication.

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Douglas Adams

Douglas Noel Adams (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was an English author, humourist, and screenwriter, best known for The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (HHGTTG).

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Dualism in cosmology

Dualism in cosmology or dualistic cosmology is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other.

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Duḥkha

Duḥkha(Sanskrit: दुःख; Pali: dukkha), 'unease', "standing unstable," commonly translated as "suffering", "pain", or "unhappiness", is an important concept in Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism.

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Duty

A duty (from "due" meaning "that which is owing"; deu, did, past participle of devoir; debere, debitum, whence "debt") is a commitment or expectation to perform some action in general or if certain circumstances arise.

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Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

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Egoism

Egoism is a philosophy concerned with the role of the self, or, as the motivation and goal of one's own action. Meaning of life and Egoism are philosophy of life.

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Electromagnetic field

An electromagnetic field (also EM field) is a physical field, mathematical functions of position and time, representing the influences on and due to electric charges.

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Electromagnetic theories of consciousness

Electromagnetic theories of consciousness propose that consciousness can be understood as an electromagnetic phenomenon.

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Eliminative materialism

Eliminative materialism (also called eliminativism) is a materialist position in the philosophy of mind.

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Embodied cognition

Embodied cognition is the concept suggesting that many features of cognition are shaped by the state and capacities of the organism.

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Emotion

Emotions are physical and mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.

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Empiricism

In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence.

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Endosymbiont

An endosymbiont or endobiont is an organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism.

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Energy

Energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.

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Enlightened self-interest

Enlightened self-interest is a philosophy in ethics which states that persons who act to further the interests of others (or the interests of the group or groups to which they belong) ultimately serve their own self-interest.

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Entropy

Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.

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Epicureanism

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BCE based upon the teachings of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher.

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Epicurus

Epicurus (Ἐπίκουρος; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and sage who founded Epicureanism, a highly influential school of philosophy.

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Epistemology

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge.

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Epistle to the Ephesians

The Epistle to the Ephesians is the tenth book of the New Testament.

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Epistle to the Romans

The Epistle to the Romans is the sixth book in the New Testament, and the longest of the thirteen Pauline epistles.

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Essence

Essence (essentia) has various meanings and uses for different thinkers and in different contexts. Meaning of life and Essence are existentialist concepts, metaphysical properties and philosophy of life.

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Ethics

Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.

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Eudaimonia

Eudaimonia (εὐδαιμονία), sometimes anglicized as eudaemonia or eudemonia, is a Greek word literally translating to the state or condition of 'good spirit', and which is commonly translated as 'happiness' or 'welfare'.

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Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.

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Existence

Existence is the state of having being or reality in contrast to nonexistence and nonbeing. Meaning of life and Existence are metaphysical properties.

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Existence of God

The existence of God is a subject of debate in the philosophy of religion. Meaning of life and existence of God are philosophical problems.

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Existence precedes essence

The proposition that existence precedes essence (l'existence précède l'essence) is a central claim of existentialism, which reverses the traditional philosophical view that the essence (the nature) of a thing is more fundamental and immutable than its existence (the mere fact of its being). Meaning of life and existence precedes essence are existentialist concepts.

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Existential crisis

Existential crises are inner conflicts characterized by the impression that life lacks meaning and confusion about one's personal identity. Meaning of life and Existential crisis are existentialist concepts and philosophy of life.

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Existential therapy

Existential psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy based on the model of human nature and experience developed by the existential tradition of European philosophy.

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Existentialism

Existentialism is a family of views and forms of philosophical inquiry that explores the issue of human existence. Meaning of life and Existentialism are philosophy of life and Teleology.

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Experience

Experience refers to conscious events in general, more specifically to perceptions, or to the practical knowledge and familiarity that is produced by these processes.

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Experimental philosophy

Experimental philosophy is an emerging field of philosophical inquiryEdmonds, David and Warburton, Nigel.

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Explanatory gap

In the philosophy of mind, the explanatory gap is the difficulty that physicalist philosophies have in explaining how physical properties give rise to the way things feel subjectively when they are experienced.

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Extrasensory perception (ESP), also known as a sixth sense, or cryptaesthesia, is a claimed paranormal ability pertaining to reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses, but sensed with the mind.

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ʻAbdu'l-Bahá

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (Persian: عبد البهاء‎, 23 May 1844 – 28 November 1921), born ʻAbbás (عباس), was the eldest son of Baháʼu'lláh and served as head of the Baháʼí Faith from 1892 until 1921.

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Fact

A fact is a true datum about one or more aspects of a circumstance.

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Fall of man

The fall of man, the fall of Adam, or simply the Fall, is a term used in Christianity to describe the transition of the first man and woman from a state of innocent obedience to God to a state of guilty disobedience.

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Fasting in Islam

In Islam, fasting (known as, صوم; or, صيام) is the practice of abstaining, usually from food, drink, sexual activity and anything which substitutes food and drink.

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Fear

Fear is an intensely unpleasant primal emotion in response to perceiving or recognizing a danger or threat.

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Five Pillars of Islam

The Five Pillars of Islam (أركان الإسلام; also أركان الدين "pillars of the religion") are fundamental practices in Islam, considered to be obligatory acts of worship for all Muslims.

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Flow (psychology)

Flow in positive psychology, also known colloquially as being in the zone or locked in, is the mental state in which a person performing some activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity.

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Form of the Good

The Form of the Good, or more literally translated "the Idea of the Good" (ἡ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ ἰδέα), is a concept in the philosophy of Plato.

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Four Noble Truths

In Buddhism, the Four Noble Truths (caturāriyasaccāni; "The Four Arya Satya") are "the truths of the Noble Ones", the truths or realities for the "spiritually worthy ones".

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FOXP2

Forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOXP2 gene.

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Frashokereti

Frashokereti (𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬴𐬋⸱𐬐𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬌 frašō.kərəti) is the Avestan language term (corresponding to Middle Persian 𐭯𐭫𐭱(𐭠)𐭪𐭥𐭲 fraš(a)gird) for the Zoroastrian doctrine of a final renovation of the universe, when evil will be destroyed, and everything else will be then in perfect unity with God (Ahura Mazda).

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Free will

Free will is the capacity or ability to choose between different possible courses of action. Meaning of life and Free will are philosophical problems, philosophy of life and Teleology.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers.

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Friedrich Schiller

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (short:; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German polymath and poet, playwright, historian, philosopher, physician, lawyer.

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Friedrich Schlegel

Karl Wilhelm Friedrich (after 1814: von) Schlegel (10 March 1772 – 12 January 1829) was a German poet, literary critic, philosopher, philologist, and Indologist.

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Garbage in, garbage out

In computer science, garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) is the concept that flawed, biased or poor quality ("garbage") information or input produces a result or output of similar ("garbage") quality.

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Gaudiya Vaishnavism

Gaudiya Vaishnavism, also known as Chaitanya Vaishnavism, is a Vaishnava Hindu religious movement inspired by Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534) in India.

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Gene

In biology, the word gene has two meanings.

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Gene-centered view of evolution

The gene-centered view of evolution, gene's eye view, gene selection theory, or selfish gene theory holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of competing genes, increasing the allele frequency of those alleles whose phenotypic trait effects successfully promote their own propagation.

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George Christopher Williams

George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.

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George Lakoff

George Philip Lakoff (born May 24, 1941) is an American cognitive linguist and philosopher, best known for his thesis that people's lives are significantly influenced by the conceptual metaphors they use to explain complex phenomena.

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German Romanticism

German Romanticism was the dominant intellectual movement of German-speaking countries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, influencing philosophy, aesthetics, literature, and criticism.

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God in Judaism

In Judaism, God has been conceived in a variety of ways.

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God is dead

"God is dead" (nocat; also known as the death of God) is a statement made by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.

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Golden Rule

The Golden Rule is the principle of treating others as one would want to be treated by them.

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Good and evil

In philosophy, religion, and psychology, "good and evil" is a common dichotomy. Meaning of life and Good and evil are religious philosophical concepts.

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Gospel

Gospel (εὐαγγέλιον; evangelium) originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported.

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Gospel of John

The Gospel of John (translit) is the fourth of the New Testament's four canonical gospels.

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Guru Granth Sahib

The Guru Granth Sahib (ਗੁਰੂ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ਸਾਹਿਬ) is the central holy religious scripture of Sikhism, regarded by Sikhs as the final, sovereign and eternal Guru following the lineage of the ten human gurus of the religion.

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Guru Nanak

Gurū Nānak (15 April 1469 – 22 September 1539; Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ; pronunciation), also known as ('Father Nānak'), was the founder of Sikhism and is the first of the ten Sikh Gurus.

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Hadith

Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.

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Hajj

Hajj (translit; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims.

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Happiness

Happiness is a positive and pleasant emotion, ranging from contentment to intense joy.

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Hard problem of consciousness

In the philosophy of mind, the hard problem of consciousness is to explain why and how humans and other organisms have qualia, phenomenal consciousness, or subjective experience. Meaning of life and hard problem of consciousness are philosophical problems.

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Hasidic Judaism

Hasidism or Hasidic Judaism is a religious movement within Judaism that arose in the 18th century as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine before spreading rapidly throughout Eastern Europe.

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Health

Health has a variety of definitions, which have been used for different purposes over time.

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Heat death of the universe

The heat death of the universe (also known as the Big Chill or Big Freeze) is a hypothesis on the ultimate fate of the universe, which suggests the universe will evolve to a state of no thermodynamic free energy, and will therefore be unable to sustain processes that increase entropy.

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Hedonism

Hedonism refers to the prioritization of pleasure in one's lifestyle, actions, or thoughts. Meaning of life and Hedonism are philosophy of life.

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Higher consciousness

Higher consciousness (also called expanded consciousness) is a term that has been used in various ways to label particular states of consciousness or personal development.

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Hillel the Elder

Hillel (הִלֵּל Hīllēl; variously called Hillel the Elder, Hillel the Great, or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim.

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Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

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Hoʻoponopono

Hooponopono is a traditional Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness.

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Homeostasis

In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.

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Human

Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.

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Human brain

The brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.

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Human condition

The human condition can be defined as the characteristics and key events of human life, including birth, learning, emotion, aspiration, reason, morality, conflict, and death. Meaning of life and human condition are existentialist concepts and philosophy of life.

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Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and agency of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry. Meaning of life and Humanism are philosophy of life.

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Hygiene

Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health.

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Ibn Arabi

Ibn ʿArabī (ابن عربي,; full name: أبو عبد الله محـمـد بن عربي الطائي الحاتمي,; 1165–1240) was an Andalusi Arab scholar, mystic, poet, and philosopher, extremely influential within Islamic thought.

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Idealism

Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered "real".

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Ideology

An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones".

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Ignatius of Loyola

Ignatius of Loyola (Ignazio Loiolakoa; Ignacio de Loyola; Ignatius de Loyola; born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola; – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a Spanish-French Basque Catholic priest and theologian, who, with six companions, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and became its first Superior General, in Paris in 1541.

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Ignorance

Ignorance is a lack of knowledge or understanding.

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Image of God

The "image of God" is a concept and theological doctrine in Judaism and Christianity.

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Immanence

The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world. Meaning of life and immanence are metaphysical properties and religious philosophical concepts.

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Immanuel Kant

Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.

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Immortality

Immortality is the concept of eternal life.

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Importance

Importance is a property of entities that matter or make a difference. Meaning of life and Importance are metaphysical properties, philosophical problems and philosophy of life.

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Incorporeality

Incorporeality is "the state or quality of being incorporeal or bodiless; immateriality; incorporealism." Incorporeal (Greek: ἀσώματος) means "Not composed of matter; having no material existence. Meaning of life and Incorporeality are metaphysical properties.

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Infinite regress

An infinite regress is an infinite series of entities governed by a recursive principle that determines how each entity in the series depends on or is produced by its predecessor.

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Intention

An intention is a mental state in which a person commits themselves to a course of action.

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Interlocutor (linguistics)

In linguistics, discourse analysis, and related fields, an interlocutor is a person involved in a conversation or dialogue.

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Internalization (sociology)

In sociology and other social sciences, internalization (or internalisation) means an individual's acceptance of a set of norms and values (established by others) through socialisation.

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Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP) is a scholarly online encyclopedia with 880 articles about philosophy, philosophers, and related topics.

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Interpersonal relationship

In social psychology, an interpersonal relation (or interpersonal relationship) describes a social association, connection, or affiliation between two or more persons.

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Interpersonal ties

In social network analysis and mathematical sociology, interpersonal ties are defined as information-carrying connections between people.

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Intrinsic value (ethics)

In ethics, intrinsic value is a property of anything that is valuable on its own.

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Introduction to evolution

In biology, evolution is the process of change in all forms of life over generations, and evolutionary biology is the study of how evolution occurs.

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Iron Age in India

In the prehistory of the Indian subcontinent, the Iron Age succeeded Bronze Age India and partly corresponds with the megalithic cultures of India.

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Irvin D. Yalom

Irvin David Yalom (born June 13, 1931) is an American existential psychiatrist who is an emeritus professor of psychiatry at Stanford University, as well as author of both fiction and nonfiction.

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Ishvara

Ishvara is a concept in Hinduism, with a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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J. O. Urmson

James Opie Urmson (4 March 1915 – 29 January 2012) was a philosopher and classicist who spent most of his professional career at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

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Jahannam

In Islam, Jahannam is the place of punishment for unbelievers and evildoers in the afterlife, or hell.

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Jainism

Jainism, also known as Jain Dharma, is an Indian religion.

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James Mill

James Mill (born James Milne; 6 April 1773 – 23 June 1836) was a Scottish historian, economist, political theorist and philosopher.

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James Watson

James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist.

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Jannah

In Islam, Jannah (janna, pl. جَنّٰت jannāt) is the final abode of the righteous.

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Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism.

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Jeremy Bentham

Jeremy Bentham (4 February 1747/8 O.S. – 6 June 1832) was an English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.

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Jesus

Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.

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Jewish eschatology

Jewish eschatology is the area of Jewish theology concerned with events that will happen in the end of days and related concepts.

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Jewish ethics

Jewish ethics is the ethics of the Jewish religion or the Jewish people.

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Jewish philosophy

Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism.

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Jewish religious movements

Jewish religious movements, sometimes called "denominations", include diverse groups within Judaism which have developed among Jews from ancient times.

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Jiva

Jiva (जीव, IAST), also referred as Jivātman, is a living being or any entity imbued with a life force in Hinduism and Jainism.

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German polymath and writer, who is widely regarded as the greatest and most influential writer in the German language.

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John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, politician and civil servant.

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Jonathan Rée

Jonathan Rée (born 1948) is a British freelance historian and philosopher from Bradford.

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Joyous Life

In Tenrikyo, the Joyous Life (yōki yusan or yōki gurashi) is the ideal taught by spiritual leaders and pursued through charity and abstention from greed, selfishness, hatred, anger and arrogance.

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Judaism

Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.

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Judgement Day in Islam

In Islam, "the promise and threat" of Judgement Day (Day of Resurrection or Day of Judgement), is when "all bodies will be resurrected" from the dead, and "all people" are "called to account" for their deeds and their faith during their life on Earth.

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Kabbalah

Kabbalah or Qabalah (קַבָּלָה|Qabbālā|reception, tradition) is an esoteric method, discipline and school of thought in Jewish mysticism.

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Kalam

Ilm al-kalam or ilm al-lahut, often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or philosophical study of Islamic theology (aqida).

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Kama

Kama (Sanskrit: काम) is the concept of pleasure, enjoyment and desire in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.

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Kami

are the deities, divinities, spirits, mythological, spiritual, or natural phenomena that are venerated in the Shinto religion.

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Kantianism

Kantianism (Kantianismus) is the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia).

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Karen Armstrong

Karen Armstrong (born 14 November 1944) is a British author and commentator of Irish Catholic descent known for her books on comparative religion.

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Karma

Karma (from कर्म,; italic) is an ancient Indian concept that refers to an action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences.

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Karma in Jainism

Karma is the basic principle within an overarching psycho-cosmology in Jainism.

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Knowledge

Knowledge is an awareness of facts, a familiarity with individuals and situations, or a practical skill.

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Krishna

Krishna (Sanskrit: कृष्ण) is a major deity in Hinduism.

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Krishnaism

Krishnaism is a term used in scholarly circles to describe large group of independent Hindu traditions—sampradayas related to Vaishnavism—that center on the devotion to Krishna as Svayam Bhagavan, Ishvara, Para Brahman, who is the source of all reality, not simply an avatar of Vishnu.

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Laura Kubzansky

Laura D. Kubzansky is a psychologist.

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Leap of faith

In philosophy, a leap of faith is the act of believing in or accepting something not on the basis of reason. Meaning of life and leap of faith are existentialist concepts.

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Lesson

A lesson or class is a structured period of time where learning is intended to occur.

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Life

Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not.

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Life extension

Life extension is the concept of extending the human lifespan, either modestly through improvements in medicine or dramatically by increasing the maximum lifespan beyond its generally-settled biological limit of around 125 years.

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Light unto the nations

Light to the nations (ʾŌr laGōyyīm; also "light of the nations", "light of all nations", "light for all nations") is a term originated from the prophet Isaiah which is understood by some to express the universal designation of the Israelites as mentors for spiritual and moral guidance for the entire world.

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Limbic system

The limbic system, also known as the paleomammalian cortex, is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus, immediately beneath the medial temporal lobe of the cerebrum primarily in the forebrain.

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Linguistic turn

The linguistic turn was a major development in Western philosophy during the early 20th century, the most important characteristic of which is the focusing of philosophy primarily on the relations between language, language users, and the world.

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List of Christian denominations

A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organization and doctrine.

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Logic programming

Logic programming is a programming, database and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic.

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Logical positivism

Logical positivism, later called logical empiricism, and both of which together are also known as neopositivism, is a movement whose central thesis is the verification principle (also known as the verifiability criterion of meaning).

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Logos

Logos (lit) is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology and rhetoric, as well as religion (notably Christianity); among its connotations is that of a rational form of discourse that relies on inductive and deductive reasoning.

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Love

Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.

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Lurianic Kabbalah

Lurianic Kabbalah is a school of Kabbalah named after Isaac Luria (1534–1572), the Jewish rabbi who developed it.

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Mahāvākyas

The Mahāvākyas (sing.:, महावाक्यम्; plural:, महावाक्यानि) are "The Great Sayings" of the Upanishads, as characterized by the Advaita school of Vedanta with mahā meaning great and vākya, a sentence.

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Maimonides

Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (רמב״ם), was a Sephardic rabbi and philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.

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Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)

The Manifestation of God (مظهر ظهور maẓhar ẓohūr) is a concept in the Baháʼí Faith that refers to what are commonly called prophets.

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Many-worlds interpretation

The many-worlds interpretation (MWI) is a philosophical position about how the mathematics used in quantum mechanics relates to physical reality.

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Martin Heidegger

Martin Heidegger (26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism.

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Mass media include the diverse arrays of media that reach a large audience via mass communication.

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Materialism

Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions of material things.

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Matt O'Dowd (astrophysicist)

Matthew John O'Dowd is an Australian astrophysicist.

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Maxim (philosophy)

A maxim is simply a moral rule or principle, which can be considered dependent on one's philosophy.

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Meaning (philosophy)

In philosophymore specifically, in its sub-fields semantics, semiotics, philosophy of language, metaphysics, and metasemanticsmeaning "is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they intend, express, or signify".

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Meaning-making

In psychology, meaning-making is the process of how people construe, understand, or make sense of life events, relationships, and the self.

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Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

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Meditation

Meditation is a practice in which an individual uses a technique to train attention and awareness and detach from reflexive, "discursive thinking," achieving a mentally clear and emotionally calm and stable state, while not judging the meditation process itself.

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Messiah in Judaism

The Messiah in Judaism is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jews.

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Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

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Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality.

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Michael Palin

Sir Michael Edward Palin (born 5 May 1943) is an English actor, comedian, writer, and television presenter.

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Mind

The mind is what thinks, feels, perceives, imagines, remembers, and wills, encompassing the totality of mental phenomena.

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Mindfulness

Mindfulness is the cognitive skill, usually developed through meditation, of sustaining meta-attention on the contents of one's own mind in the present moment.

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Mitzvah

In its primary meaning, the Hebrew word (מִצְוָה, mīṣvā, plural מִצְווֹת mīṣvōt; "commandment") refers to a commandment from God to be performed as a religious duty.

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Moksha

Moksha (मोक्ष), also called vimoksha, vimukti, and mukti, is a term in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, liberation, nirvana, or release.

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Moksha (Jainism)

Sanskrit or Prakrit mokkha refers to the liberation or salvation of a soul from saṃsāra, the cycle of birth and death.

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Monism

Monism attributes oneness or singleness to a concept, such as to existence.

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Monotheism

Monotheism is the belief that one god is the only deity.

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Monty Python's The Meaning of Life

Monty Python's The Meaning of Life, also known simply as The Meaning of Life, is a 1983 British musical sketch comedy film written and performed by the Monty Python troupe, directed by Terry Jones.

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Moral universalism

Moral universalism (also called moral objectivism) is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for "all similarly situated individuals", regardless of culture, race, sex, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, or any other distinguishing feature.

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Mormonism

Mormonism is the theology and religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity started by Joseph Smith in Western New York in the 1820s and 1830s.

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Motivation

Motivation is an internal state that propels individuals to engage in goal-directed behavior.

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Mount Sinai

Mount Sinai (הַר סִינָֽי Har Sīnay; Aramaic: ܛܘܪܐ ܕܣܝܢܝ Ṭūrāʾ dəSīnăy; Coptic: Ⲡⲧⲟⲟⲩ Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), also known as Jabal Musa (جَبَل مُوسَىٰ, translation: Mountain of Moses), is a mountain on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt.

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Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

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Multiple drafts model

Daniel Dennett's multiple drafts model of consciousness is a physicalist theory of consciousness based upon cognitivism, which views the mind in terms of information processing.

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Multiverse

The multiverse is the hypothetical set of all universes.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

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Narayana

Narayana is one of the forms and epithets of Vishnu.

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Narcissism

Narcissism is a selfcentered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others.

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National Health Service

The National Health Service (NHS) is the umbrella term for the publicly funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom, comprising the NHS in England, NHS Scotland and NHS Wales.

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Natural law

Natural law (ius naturale, lex naturalis) is a system of law based on a close observation of natural order and human nature, from which values, thought by natural law's proponents to be intrinsic to human nature, can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (the express enacted laws of a state or society).

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Natural selection

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.

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Naturalistic pantheism

Naturalistic pantheism, also known as scientific pantheism, is a form of pantheism.

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Nature

Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the ecosphere or the universe as a whole.

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Negentropy

In information theory and statistics, negentropy is used as a measure of distance to normality.

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Neural network (biology)

A neural network, also called a neuronal network, is an interconnected population of neurons (typically containing multiple neural circuits).

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Neuroethics

In philosophy and neuroscience, neuroethics is the study of both the ethics of neuroscience and the neuroscience of ethics.

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Neuron

A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.

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Neuroscience

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders.

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Neuroscience of free will

The neuroscience of free will, a part of neurophilosophy, is the study of topics related to free will (volition and sense of agency) using neuroscience and the analysis of how findings from such studies may impact the free will debate.

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Neuroscience of religion

The neuroscience of religion, also known as neurotheology and as spiritual neuroscience, attempts to explain religious experience and behaviour in neuroscientific terms.

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New American Standard Bible

The New American Standard Bible (NASB, also simply NAS for "New American Standard") is a translation of the Bible in contemporary English.

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New King James Version

The New King James Version (NKJV) is a translation of the Bible in contemporary English.

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New religious movement

A new religious movement (NRM), also known as alternative spirituality or a new religion, is a religious or spiritual group that has modern origins and is peripheral to its society's dominant religious culture.

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New Testament

The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.

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Nicomachean Ethics

The Nicomachean Ethics (Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια) is among Aristotle's best-known works on ethics: the science of the good for human life, that which is the goal or end at which all our actions aim.

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Nihilism

Nihilism is a family of views within philosophy that rejects generally accepted or fundamental aspects of human existence, such as knowledge, morality, or meaning. Meaning of life and Nihilism are philosophy of life.

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Nimbarka Sampradaya

The Nimbarka Sampradaya (IAST: Nimbārka Sampradāya, Sanskrit निम्बार्क सम्प्रदाय), also known as the Kumāra Sampradāya, Hamsa Sampradāya, and Sanakādi Sampradāya (सनकादि सम्प्रदाय), is one of the four Vaiṣṇava Sampradāyas.

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Nirvana

Nirvana (निर्वाण nirvāṇa; Pali: nibbāna; Prakrit: ṇivvāṇa; literally, "blown out", as in an oil lampRichard Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benāres to Modern Colombo. Routledge) is a concept in Indian religions (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism), the extinguishing of the passions which is the ultimate state of soteriological release and the liberation from duḥkha ('suffering') and saṃsāra, the cycle of birth and rebirth.

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Noble Eightfold Path

The Noble Eightfold Path or Eight Right Paths is an early summary of the path of Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara, the painful cycle of rebirth, in the form of nirvana.

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Nomology

In philosophy, nomology refers to a "science of laws" based on the theory that it is possible to elaborate descriptions dedicated not to particular aspects of reality but inspired by a scientific vision of universal validity expressed by scientific laws.

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Nonviolence

Nonviolence is the personal practice of not causing harm to others under any condition.

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Normative ethics

Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates questions regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense. Meaning of life and Normative ethics are philosophy of life.

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Novalis

Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (2 May 1772 – 25 March 1801), pen name Novalis, was a German aristocrat and polymath, who was a poet, novelist, philosopher and mystic.

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Omnipresence

Omnipresence or ubiquity is the property of being present anywhere and everywhere.

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On the Origin of Species

On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life)The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

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Ontology

Ontology is the philosophical study of being.

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Oppression

Oppression is malicious or unjust treatment of, or exercise of power over, a group of individuals, often in the form of governmental authority or cultural opprobrium.

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Oral Torah

According to Rabbinic Judaism, the Oral Torah or Oral Law (תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל־פֶּה.|Tōrā šebbəʿal-pe|) are statutes and legal interpretations that were not recorded in the Five Books of Moses, the Written Torah (תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב|Tōrā šebbīḵṯāv|"Written Law"|label.

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Organism

An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.

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Original sin

Original sin is the Christian doctrine that holds that humans, through the act of birth, inherit a tainted nature with a proclivity to sinful conduct in need of regeneration.

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Pacifism

Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism (including conscription and mandatory military service) or violence.

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Pali

Pāli, also known as Pali-Magadhi, is a Middle Indo-Aryan liturgical language on the Indian subcontinent.

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Pancharatra

Pancharatra (IAST: Pāñcarātra) was a religious movement in Hinduism that originated in late 3rd-century BCE around the ideas of Narayana and the various avatars of Vishnu as their central deities.

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Panentheism

Panentheism ("all in God", from the Greek label, label and label) is the belief that the divine intersects every part of the universe and also extends beyond space and time.

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Pantheism

Pantheism is the philosophical and religious belief that reality, the universe, and nature are identical to divinity or a supreme entity.

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Paranormal

Paranormal events are purported phenomena described in popular culture, folk, and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose existence within these contexts is described as being beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding.

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Parapsychology

Parapsychology is the study of alleged psychic phenomena (extrasensory perception, telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis (also called telekinesis), and psychometry) and other paranormal claims, for example, those related to near-death experiences, synchronicity, apparitional experiences, etc.

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Parasitism

Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.

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Passion of Jesus

The Passion (from Latin patior, "to suffer, bear, endure") is the short final period before the death of Jesus, described in the four canonical gospels.

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Pathogenic bacteria

Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.

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Paul T. P. Wong

Paul T. P. Wong is a Canadian clinical psychologist and professor.

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Penguin Books

Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.

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Penicillin

Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens.

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Person of Interest (TV series)

Person of Interest is an American science fiction crime drama television series that aired on CBS from September 22, 2011, to June 21, 2016, with its five seasons consisting of 103 episodes.

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Personal development

Personal development or self-improvement consists of activities that develop a person's capabilities and potential, build human capital, facilitate employability, enhance quality of life, and facilitate the realization of dreams and aspirations.

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Perspectivism

Perspectivism (Perspektivismus; also called perspectivalism) is the epistemological principle that perception of and knowledge of something are always bound to the interpretive perspectives of those observing it.

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Philosophy

Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.

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Philosophy Now

Philosophy Now is a bimonthly philosophy magazine sold from news-stands and book stores in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, and Canada; it is also available on digital devices, and online.

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Philosophy of mind

The philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of the mind and its relation to the body and the external world.

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Philosophy of science

Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.

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Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle's religious, historical and political thought has long been the subject of debate.

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Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a comic science fiction series created by Douglas Adams that has become popular among fans of the genre and members of the scientific community.

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Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.

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Platonism

Platonism is the philosophy of Plato and philosophical systems closely derived from it, though contemporary Platonists do not necessarily accept all doctrines of Plato.

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Pleasure

Pleasure is experience that feels good, that involves the enjoyment of something.

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Popular culture

Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as popular art or mass art) and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time.

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Positive psychology

Positive psychology is a field of psychological theory and research of optimal human functioning of people, groups, and institutions.

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Positivism

Positivism is a philosophical school that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—meaning ''a posteriori'' facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience.

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Post-structuralism

Post-structuralism is a philosophical movement that questions the objectivity or stability of the various interpretive structures that are posited by structuralism and considers them to be constituted by broader systems of power.

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Posthumanism

Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is an idea in continental philosophy and critical theory responding to the presence of anthropocentrism in 21st-century thought.

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Power (social and political)

In political science, power is the social production of an effect that determines the capacities, actions, beliefs, or conduct of actors.

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Pragmatism

Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality.

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Predestination in Islam

Qadar (قدر, transliterated qadar, meaning literally "power",J. M. Cowan (ed.) (1976). The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic. Wiesbaden, Germany: Spoken Language Services. but translated variously as: "divine fore-ordainment", "predestination," "divine decree", "decree" of Allah", "preordainment") is the concept of divine destiny in Islam.

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Problem of universals

The problem of universals is an ancient question from metaphysics that has inspired a range of philosophical topics and disputes: "Should the properties an object has in common with other objects, such as color and shape, be considered to exist beyond those objects? And if a property exists separately from objects, what is the nature of that existence?" The problem of universals relates to various inquiries closely related to metaphysics, logic, and epistemology, as far back as Plato and Aristotle, in efforts to define the mental connections a human makes when they understand a property such as shape or color to be the same in nonidentical objects. Meaning of life and problem of universals are philosophical problems.

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Prophets and messengers in Islam

Prophets in Islam (translit) are individuals in Islam who are believed to spread God's message on Earth and serve as models of ideal human behaviour.

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Propitiation

Propitiation is the act of appeasing or making well-disposed a deity, thus incurring divine favor or avoiding divine retribution.

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Psychic

A psychic is a person who claims to use powers rooted in parapsychology such as extrasensory perception (ESP) to identify information hidden from the normal senses, particularly involving telepathy or clairvoyance, or who performs acts that are apparently inexplicable by natural laws, such as psychokinesis or teleportation.

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Puja (Hinduism)

Puja (translit-std), also spelt pooja, is a worship ritual performed by Hindus to offer devotional homage and prayer to one or more deities, to host and honour a guest, or to spiritually celebrate an event.

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Pure Land Buddhism

Pure Land Buddhism or Pure Land School (translit;; Tịnh độ tông; also known as Amidism) is a broad branch of Mahayana Buddhism focused on achieving rebirth in a Pure Land.

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Puruṣārtha

Purushartha (Sanskrit: पुरुषार्थ, IAST) literally means "object(ive) of men".

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Qlippoth

In the Zohar, Lurianic Kabbalah, and Hermetic Qabalah, the qlippoth (originally translit, plural of קְלִפָּה qəlīppā; literally "peels", "shells", or "husks"), are the representation of evil or impure spiritual forces in Jewish mysticism, the opposites of the Sefirot.

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Quantum

In physics, a quantum (quanta) is the minimum amount of any physical entity (physical property) involved in an interaction.

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Quantum gravity

Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics.

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Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.

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Quantum mind

The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses proposing that local physical laws and interactions from classical mechanics or connections between neurons alone cannot explain consciousness, positing instead that quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as entanglement and superposition that cause nonlocalized quantum effects, interacting in smaller features of the brain than cells, may play an important part in the brain's function and could explain critical aspects of consciousness.

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Question

A question is an utterance which serves as a request for information.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Quranism

Quranism (translit) is an Islamic movement that holds the belief that the Quran is the only valid source of religious belief, guidance, and law in Islam.

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Ramadan

Ramadan (Ramaḍān; also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer (salah), reflection, and community.

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Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.

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Reality

Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within the universe, as opposed to that which is only imaginary, nonexistent or nonactual.

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Reason

Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.

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Rebirth (Buddhism)

Rebirth in Buddhism refers to the teaching that the actions of a sentient being lead to a new existence after death, in an endless cycle called saṃsāra.

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Recursion

Recursion occurs when the definition of a concept or process depends on a simpler or previous version of itself.

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Redistribution of income and wealth

Redistribution of income and wealth is the transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others through a social mechanism such as taxation, welfare, public services, land reform, monetary policies, confiscation, divorce or tort law.

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Reductionism

Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena.

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Regeneration (theology)

Regeneration, while sometimes perceived to be a step in the ordo salutis ('order of salvation'), is generally understood in Christian theology to be the objective work of God in a believer's life.

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Reincarnation

Reincarnation, also known as rebirth or transmigration, is the philosophical or religious concept that the non-physical essence of a living being begins a new life in a different physical form or body after biological death. Meaning of life and Reincarnation are religious philosophical concepts.

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Religion

Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.

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Renaissance humanism

Renaissance humanism was a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of Classical antiquity.

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Reproduction

Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents.

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Republic (Plato)

The Republic (Politeia) is a Socratic dialogue, authored by Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man.

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Resource

Resource refers to all the materials available in our environment which are technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants.

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Resurrection of Jesus

The resurrection of Jesus (anástasis toú Iēsoú) is the Christian belief that God raised Jesus from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion, starting – or restoring – his exalted life as Christ and Lord.

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Reward system

The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).

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Richard Dawkins

Richard Dawkins (born 26 March 1941) is a British evolutionary biologist, zoologist, and author.

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RNA world

The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins.

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Root vegetable

Root vegetables are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food.

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Saṃsāra

Saṃsāra (Devanagari: संसार) is a Pali and Sanskrit word that means "wandering" as well as "world," wherein the term connotes "cyclic change" or, less formally, "running around in circles." Saṃsāra is referred to with terms or phrases such as transmigration/reincarnation, karmic cycle, or Punarjanman, and "cycle of aimless drifting, wandering or mundane existence".

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Sahih al-Bukhari

(translit) is the first hadith collection of the Six Books of Islam.

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Sahih Muslim

(translit) is the second hadith collection of the Six Books of Sunni Islam.

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Salah

Salah is the principal form of worship in Islam.

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Salvation in Christianity

In Christianity, salvation (also called deliverance or redemption) is the saving of human beings from sin and its consequences—which include death and separation from God—by Christ's death and resurrection, and the justification entailed by this salvation.

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Samhita

Samhita (IAST: Saṃhitā) literally means "put together, joined, union", a "collection", and "a methodically, rule-based combination of text or verses".

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Sartor Resartus

Sartor Resartus: The Life and Opinions of Herr Teufelsdröckh in Three Books is an 1831 novel by the Scottish essayist, historian and philosopher Thomas Carlyle, first published as a serial in Fraser's Magazine in November 1833 – August 1834.

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Satya

(Sanskrit: सत्य; IAST) is a Sanskrit word translated as truth or essence.

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Søren Kierkegaard

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.

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Science

Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.

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Science of morality

Science of morality may refer to various forms of ethical naturalism grounding morality in rational, empirical consideration of the natural world.

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The scientific community is a diverse network of interacting scientists.

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Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.

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Secular humanism

Secular humanism is a philosophy, belief system, or life stance that embraces human reason, logic, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism, while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making.

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Sefirot

Sefirot (translit, Tiberian), meaning emanations, are the 10 attributes/emanations in Kabbalah, through which Ein Sof ("infinite space") reveals itself and continuously creates both the physical realm and the chain of higher metaphysical realms (Seder hishtalshelus). Meaning of life and Sefirot are religious philosophical concepts.

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Seicho-no-Ie

Seichō no Ie is a syncretic, monotheistic, New Thought Japanese new religion that has spread since the End of World War II in Asia.

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Self-determination

Self-determination refers to a people's right to form its own political entity, and internal self-determination is the right to representative government with full suffrage.

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Self-organization

Self-organization, also called spontaneous order in the social sciences, is a process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between parts of an initially disordered system.

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Self-preservation

Self-preservation is a behavior or set of behaviors that ensures the survival of an organism.

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Self-transcendence

Self-transcendence is a personality trait that involves the expansion or evaporation of personal boundaries.

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Semantics

Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning.

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Seven Laws of Noah

In Judaism, the Seven Laws of Noah (שבע מצוות בני נח, Sheva Mitzvot B'nei Noach), otherwise referred to as the Noahide Laws or the Noachian Laws (from the Hebrew pronunciation of "Noah"), are a set of universal moral laws which, according to the Talmud, were given by God as a covenant with Noah and with the "sons of Noah"—that is, all of humanity.

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Shahada

The Shahada (الشَّهَادَةُ;, 'the testimony'), also transliterated as Shahadah, is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the Adhan.

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Shekhinah

Shekhinah is the English transliteration of a Hebrew word meaning "dwelling" or "settling" and denotes the presence of God in a place.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Shinto

Shinto is a religion originating in Japan.

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Siddur

A siddur (סִדּוּר sīddūr,; plural siddurim סִדּוּרִים) is a Jewish prayer book containing a set order of daily prayers.

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Sikh gurus

The Sikh gurus (Punjabi: ਸਿੱਖ ਗੁਰੂ; Hindi: सिख गुरु) are the spiritual masters of Sikhism, who established the religion over the course of about two and a half centuries, beginning in 1469.

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Simeon the Just

Simeon the Righteous or Simeon the Just (שִׁמְעוֹן הַצַּדִּיק Šimʿōn Haṣṣaddīq) was a Jewish High Priest during the Second Temple period.

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Social equality is a state of affairs in which all individuals within society have equal rights, liberties, and status, possibly including civil rights, freedom of expression, autonomy, and equal access to certain public goods and social services.

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Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.

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Society

A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction or a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

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Sociology

Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life.

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Socrates

Socrates (– 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and as among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought.

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Soul

In many religious and philosophical traditions, the soul is the non-material essence of a person, which includes one's identity, personality, and memories, an immaterial aspect or essence of a living being that is believed to be able to survive physical death. Meaning of life and soul are religious philosophical concepts.

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Spacetime

In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.

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Spirituality

The meaning of spirituality has developed and expanded over time, and various meanings can be found alongside each other.

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Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) is a freely available online philosophy resource published and maintained by Stanford University, encompassing both an online encyclopedia of philosophy and peer-reviewed original publication.

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Stress (biology)

Stress, whether physiological, biological or psychological, is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition.

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Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)

The distinction between subjectivity and objectivity is a basic idea of philosophy, particularly epistemology and metaphysics. Meaning of life and subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy) are metaphysical properties.

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Suffering

Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, may be an experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual.

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Sufism

Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.

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Suicide

Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.

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Summum bonum

Summum bonum is a Latin expression meaning the highest or ultimate good, which was introduced by the Roman philosopher Cicero to denote the fundamental principle on which some system of ethics is based — that is, the aim of actions, which, if consistently pursued, will lead to the best possible life.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Supercomputer

A supercomputer is a type of computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer.

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Sutra

Sutra (translation)Monier Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry for, page 1241 in Indian literary traditions refers to an aphorism or a collection of aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a condensed manual or text.

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Svayam Bhagavan

Svayam Bhagavan (roughly: "God Itself") is a Sanskrit concept in Hinduism, referring to the absolute representation of Bhagavan (the title "Lord" or "God") as the Supreme God in a monotheistic framework.

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Symbolic language (literature)

In literature, symbolic language refers to the use of words, phrases, or characters to represent or reference concepts.

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Taiji (philosophy)

In Chinese philosophy, taiji is a cosmological state of the universe and its affairs on all levels, including the mutually reinforcing interactions between the two opposing forces of yin and yang, (a dualistic monism), as well as that among the Three Treasures, the four cardinal directions, and the Five Elements—which together ultimately bring about the myriad things, each with their own nature.

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Talmud

The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.

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Tanya (Judaism)

The Tanya is an early work of Hasidic philosophy, by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of Chabad Hasidism, first published in 1796.

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Tao

In various Chinese religions and philosophies, the Tao or Dao is the natural lessons of the universe that one's intuition must discern to realize the potential for individual wisdom and spiritual growth, as conceived in the context of East Asian philosophy, religion, and related traditions. This seeing of life cannot be grasped as a concept.

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Taoism

Taoism or Daoism is a diverse philosophical and religious tradition indigenous to China, emphasizing harmony with the Tao—generally understood as an impersonal, enigmatic process of transformation ultimately underlying reality.

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Tawhid

Tawhid (تَوْحِيد|translit.

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Technoscience

In common usage, technoscience refers to the entire long-standing and global human activity of technology, combined with the relatively recent scientific method that occurred primarily in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Teleology

Teleology (from, and)Partridge, Eric.

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Temptation of Christ

The temptation of Christ is a biblical narrative detailed in the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke.

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Tenrikyo

is a Japanese new religion which is neither strictly monotheistic nor pantheistic, originating from the teachings of a 19th-century woman named Nakayama Miki, known to her followers as "Oyasama".

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Terror management theory

Terror management theory (TMT) is both a social and evolutionary psychology theory originally proposed by Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, and Tom Pyszczynski and codified in their book The Worm at the Core: On the Role of Death in Life (2015).

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The arts

The arts or creative arts are a vast range of human practices of creative expression, storytelling, and cultural participation.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Guide for the Perplexed

The Guide for the Perplexed (Dalālat al-ḥā'irīn, דלאלת אלחאירין; Moreh HaNevukhim) is a work of Jewish theology by Maimonides.

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The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy is a comedy science fiction franchise created by Douglas Adams.

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The Myth of Sisyphus

The Myth of Sisyphus (Le mythe de Sisyphe) is a 1942 philosophical essay by Albert Camus.

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The Sickness unto Death

The Sickness unto Death (Sygdommen til Døden) is a book written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1849 under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus.

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The Stranger (Camus novel)

The Stranger (L'Étranger), also published in English as The Outsider, is a 1942 novella written by French author Albert Camus.

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Theism

Theism is broadly defined as the belief in the existence of at least one deity.

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Theology

Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.

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Theoretical physics

Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena.

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Theory

A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking.

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Theory of forms

In philosophy and specifically metaphysics, the theory of Forms, theory of Ideas, Platonic idealism, or Platonic realism is a theory widely credited to the Classical Greek philosopher Plato.

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Theravada

Theravāda ('School of the Elders') is the most commonly accepted name of Buddhism's oldest existing school.

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Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher from the Scottish Lowlands.

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Thought

In their most common sense, the terms thought and thinking refer to cognitive processes that can happen independently of sensory stimulation.

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Tikkun olam

Tikkun olam (repairing of the world) is a concept in Judaism, which refers to various forms of action intended to repair and improve the world.

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Time

Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, and into the future.

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Tirthankara

In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a saviour and supreme spiritual teacher of the dharma (righteous path).

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Torah

The Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

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Tradition

A tradition is a system of beliefs or behaviors (folk custom) passed down within a group of people or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past.

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Transcendence (religion)

In religion, transcendence is the aspect of existence that is completely independent of the material universe, beyond all known physical laws.

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Transhumanism

Transhumanism is a philosophical and intellectual movement that advocates the enhancement of the human condition by developing and making widely available new and future technologies that can greatly enhance longevity, cognition, and well-being.

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Trolley problem

The trolley problem is a series of thought experiments in ethics, psychology and artificial intelligence involving stylized ethical dilemmas of whether to sacrifice one person to save a larger number. Meaning of life and trolley problem are philosophical problems.

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Truth

Truth or verity is the property of being in accord with fact or reality. Meaning of life and Truth are metaphysical properties.

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Tu Weiming

Tu Weiming (born 1940) is a Chinese-born American philosopher.

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Universe

The universe is all of space and time and their contents.

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University of Helsinki

The University of Helsinki (Helsingin yliopisto, Helsingfors universitet; UH) is a public university in Helsinki, Finland.

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University of Oxford

The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England.

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Upanishads

The Upanishads (उपनिषद्) are late Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.

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Utilitarianism

In ethical philosophy, utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals.

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Vaccination

Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease.

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Vaishnavism

Vaishnavism (translit-std) is one of the major Hindu denominations along with Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism.

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Vajrayana

Vajrayāna (वज्रयान; 'vajra vehicle'), also known as Mantrayāna ('mantra vehicle'), Mantranāya ('path of mantra'), Guhyamantrayāna ('secret mantra vehicle'), Tantrayāna ('tantra vehicle'), Tantric Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism, is a Buddhist tradition of tantric practice that developed in Medieval India and spread to Tibet, Nepal, other Himalayan states, East Asia, parts of Southeast Asia and Mongolia.

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Vallabha

Vallabha, or Vallabhacharya (1479–1531 CE), was an Indian saint and philosopher.

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Value (ethics and social sciences)

In ethics and social sciences, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining which actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics in ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions.

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Value of life

The value of life is an economic value used to quantify the benefit of avoiding a fatality. Meaning of life and value of life are philosophy of life.

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Vedas

The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the ''Atharvaveda''. The Vedas are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India.

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Veganism

Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products—particularly in diet—and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.

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Vegetarianism

Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood, insects, and the flesh of any other animal).

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Ventral tegmental area

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum is Latin for covering), also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, or simply ventral tegmentum, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.

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Vibhajyavāda

Vibhajyavāda (Sanskrit; Pāli: Vibhajjavāda) is a term applied generally to groups of early Buddhists belonging to the Sthavira Nikāya, which split from the Mahāsāṃghika (due either to the former attempting to make the Vinaya stricter, or the latter wishing to reform it; see: Sthavira Nikāya main article) into two main groups: the Sarvāstivāda and the Vibhajyavāda, of which the latter are known to have rejected both Sarvāstivāda doctrines (especially the doctrine of "all exists") and the doctrine of Pudgalavada (personalism).

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Viktor Frankl

Viktor Emil Frankl (26 March 1905 – 2 September 1997) was an Austrian neurologist, psychologist, philosopher, and Holocaust survivor, who founded logotherapy, a school of psychotherapy that describes a search for a life's meaning as the central human motivational force.

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Virtue

A virtue (virtus) is a trait of excellence, including traits that may be moral, social, or intellectual.

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Virus

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

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Vishnu

Vishnu, also known as Narayana and Hari, is one of the principal deities of Hinduism.

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Waheguru

Waheguru (translit-std, pronunciation:, literally meaning "Wow Guru", figuratively translated to mean "Wonderful God" or "Wonderful Lord") is a term used in Sikhism to refer to God as described in Guru Granth Sahib.

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Wealth

Wealth is the abundance of valuable financial assets or physical possessions which can be converted into a form that can be used for transactions.

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Well-being

Well-being, or wellbeing, also known as wellness, prudential value, prosperity or quality of life, is what is intrinsically valuable relative to someone.

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Western esotericism

Western esotericism, also known as esotericism, esoterism, and sometimes the Western mystery tradition, is a term scholars use to classify a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements that developed within Western society.

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Westminster Shorter Catechism

The Westminster Shorter Catechism is a catechism written in 1646 and 1647 by the Westminster Assembly, a synod of English and Scottish theologians and laymen intended to bring the Church of England into greater conformity with the Church of Scotland.

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White hole

In general relativity, a white hole is a hypothetical region of spacetime and singularity that cannot be entered from the outside, although energy-matter, light and information can escape from it.

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Will to power

The will to power (der Wille zur Macht) is a concept in the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.

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William James

William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.

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Wisdom

Wisdom (sapience, sagacity) is the act of using one's depth and breadth of knowledge and experience to do good by oneself and others.

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World

The world is the totality of entities, the whole of reality, or everything that exists.

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Yoga

Yoga (lit) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India and aim to control (yoke) and still the mind, recognizing a detached witness-consciousness untouched by the mind (Chitta) and mundane suffering (Duḥkha).

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Zakat

Zakat (or Zakāh) is one of the five pillars of Islam.

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Zen

Zen (Japanese; from Chinese "Chán"; in Korean: Sŏn, and Vietnamese: Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty as the Chan School (禪宗, chánzōng, "meditation school") or the Buddha-mind school (佛心宗, fóxīnzōng), and later developed into various sub-schools and branches.

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Zeno of Citium

Zeno of Citium (Ζήνων ὁ Κιτιεύς,; c. 334 – c. 262 BC) was a Hellenistic philosopher from Citium (Κίτιον), Cyprus.

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42 (number)

42 (forty-two) is the natural number that follows 41 and precedes 43.

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613 commandments

According to Jewish tradition, the Torah contains 613 commandments (mitsvót).

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See also

Philosophical problems

• Absolute generality
• Benacerraf's identification problem
• Bradley's regress
• Competing goods
• Demarcation problem
• Dilemmas
• Disagreement (epistemology)
• Eternity of the world
• Existence of God
• Frame problem
• Free will
• Free will in antiquity
• Frege's puzzles
• Gettier problem
• Hard problem of consciousness
• If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?
• Importance
• Is–ought problem
• Linguistic relativity
• List of philosophical problems
• Meaning of life
• Mind–body problem
• Molyneux's problem
• Moral luck
• Plato's problem
• Predation problem
• Problem of evil
• Problem of future contingents
• Problem of induction
• Problem of mental causation
• Problem of other minds
• Problem of religious language
• Problem of time
• Problem of universals
• Regress argument (epistemology)
• Swamping problem
• Trolley problem
• Turtles all the way down
• Vertiginous question
• Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation
• Why is there anything at all?

Teleology

• Arbitrariness
• Axiarchism
• Balance of nature
• Borussian myth
• Consequentialism
• Dysteleology
• Essentialism
• Eutaxiology
• Existentialism
• Extrinsic finality
• Fatalism
• Free will
• Historicity (philosophy)
• Intrinsic finality
• Kant's teleology
• Meaning of life
• Orthogenesis
• Teleological argument
• Teleological behaviorism
• Teleology
• Teleology in biology
• Teleonomy
• Telos
• The purpose of a system is what it does
• Three Suns (eschatology)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_of_life

Also known as Futility of life, Life goal, Life's purpose, Meaning of human life, Meaning of life (philosophy), Meaning of life (religious), Meaning of life (science), Meaning of life and existentialism, Meaningful aspects of life, Meaningless of life, Purpose in life, Purpose of existence, Purpose of life, The purpose of existence, The purpose of life, Theory of life, What are we here for?, What are we living for?, What is the meaning of life, What is the meaning of life?, What is the purpose of life?, What's it all about?, What's the point of living?, Why am I here, Why am I here?, Why are we here, Why are we here?, Why're we here.

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