Melatonin, the Glossary
Melatonin, an indoleamine, is a natural compound produced by various organisms, including bacteria and eukaryotes.[1]
Table of Contents
197 relations: Aaron B. Lerner, Acetyl-CoA, Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase, Active ingredient, Adrenergic receptor, Agomelatine, Agonist, Alternaria, Animal coloration, Anterior pituitary, Antioxidant, Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, Aromaticity, Bacteria, Beta-1 adrenergic receptor, Bioenergetics, Biological half-life, Biosynthesis, Blood plasma, Blood pressure, Blood–brain barrier, Botrytis (fungus), Brain, Carbocation, Carbon dioxide, Carbon–carbon bond, Catalase, Cells (journal), Cerebral hemisphere, Cetacea, Chloroplast, Chorismic acid, Chromatophore, Circadian rhythm, Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, Circannual cycle, Cmax (pharmacology), Coenzyme A, Cofactor (biochemistry), Common frog, Compounding, Cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2C19, Cytokine, Decarboxylation, ... Expand index (147 more) »
Aaron B. Lerner
Aaron Bunsen Lerner (September 21, 1920 – February 3, 2007), also known in scientific articles as Aaron B. Lerner, was an American physician, researcher and professor.
See Melatonin and Aaron B. Lerner
Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
N-Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase, also known as ASMT, is an enzyme which catalyzes the final reaction in melatonin biosynthesis: converting Normelatonin to melatonin.
See Melatonin and Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
Active ingredient
An active ingredient is any ingredient that provides biologically active or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or to affect the structure or any function of the body of humans or animals.
See Melatonin and Active ingredient
Adrenergic receptor
The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like beta blockers, beta-2 (β2) agonists and alpha-2 (α2) agonists, which are used to treat high blood pressure and asthma, for example.
See Melatonin and Adrenergic receptor
Agomelatine
Agomelatine, sold under the brand names Valdoxan and Thymanax, among others, is an atypical antidepressant most commonly used to treat major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder.
Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.
Alternaria
Alternaria is a genus of Deuteromycetes fungi.
Animal coloration
Animal colouration is the general appearance of an animal resulting from the reflection or emission of light from its surfaces.
See Melatonin and Animal coloration
Anterior pituitary
A major organ of the endocrine system, the anterior pituitary (also called the adenohypophysis or pars anterior) is the glandular, anterior lobe that together with the posterior lobe (posterior pituitary, or the neurohypophysis) makes up the pituitary gland (hypophysis) which, in humans, is located at the base of the brain, protruding off the bottom of the hypothalamus.
See Melatonin and Anterior pituitary
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals.
Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), also known as arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase or serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT), is an enzyme that is involved in the day/night rhythmic production of melatonin, by modification of serotonin.
See Melatonin and Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC or AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), tryptophan decarboxylase, and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, is a lyase enzyme, located in region 7p12.2-p12.1.
See Melatonin and Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
The beta-1 adrenergic receptor (β1 adrenoceptor), also known as ADRB1, can refer to either the protein-encoding gene (gene ADRB1) or one of the four adrenergic receptors.
See Melatonin and Beta-1 adrenergic receptor
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics is a field in biochemistry and cell biology that concerns energy flow through living systems.
See Melatonin and Bioenergetics
Biological half-life
Biological half-life (elimination half-life, pharmacological half-life) is the time taken for concentration of a biological substance (such as a medication) to decrease from its maximum concentration (Cmax) to half of Cmax in the blood plasma.
See Melatonin and Biological half-life
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occuring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrates, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex products.
See Melatonin and Biosynthesis
Blood plasma
Blood plasma is a light amber-colored liquid component of blood in which blood cells are absent, but which contains proteins and other constituents of whole blood in suspension.
See Melatonin and Blood plasma
Blood pressure
Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure of circulating blood against the walls of blood vessels.
See Melatonin and Blood pressure
Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.
See Melatonin and Blood–brain barrier
Botrytis (fungus)
Botrytis is a genus of anamorphic fungi in the family Sclerotiniaceae.
See Melatonin and Botrytis (fungus)
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
Carbocation
A carbocation is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
See Melatonin and Carbon dioxide
Carbon–carbon bond
A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms.
See Melatonin and Carbon–carbon bond
Catalase
Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals) which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.
Cells (journal)
Cells is a monthly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal that covers all aspects of cell and molecular biology, and biophysics.
See Melatonin and Cells (journal)
Cerebral hemisphere
The vertebrate cerebrum (brain) is formed by two cerebral hemispheres that are separated by a groove, the longitudinal fissure.
See Melatonin and Cerebral hemisphere
Cetacea
Cetacea is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.
Chloroplast
A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
Chorismic acid
Chorismic acid, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms.
See Melatonin and Chorismic acid
Chromatophore
Chromatophores are cells that produce color, of which many types are pigment-containing cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods.
See Melatonin and Chromatophore
Circadian rhythm
A circadian rhythm, or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours.
See Melatonin and Circadian rhythm
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD), also known as circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (CRSWD), are a family of sleep disorders which affect the timing of sleep.
See Melatonin and Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
Circannual cycle
In chronobiology, the circannual cycle is characterized by biological processes and behaviors recurring on an approximate annual basis, spanning a period of about one year.
See Melatonin and Circannual cycle
Cmax (pharmacology)
Cmax is the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment or test area of the body after the drug has been administered and before the administration of a second dose.
See Melatonin and Cmax (pharmacology)
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction).
See Melatonin and Cofactor (biochemistry)
Common frog
The common frog or grass frog (Rana temporaria), also known as the European common frog, European common brown frog, European grass frog, European Holarctic true frog, European pond frog or European brown frog, is a semi-aquatic amphibian of the family Ranidae, found throughout much of Europe as far north as Scandinavia and as far east as the Urals, except for most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and the southern Balkans.
Compounding
In the field of pharmacy, compounding (performed in compounding pharmacies) is preparation of custom medications to fit unique needs of patients that cannot be met with mass-produced products.
Cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin
Cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin (3-OHM) is a metabolite of melatonin and an antioxidant more potent than melatonin.
See Melatonin and Cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes.
See Melatonin and Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CYP1A1
Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP1A1 gene.
CYP1A2
Cytochrome P450 1A2 (abbreviated CYP1A2), a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the human body.
CYP1B1
Cytochrome P450 1B1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP1B1 gene.
CYP2C19
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (abbreviated CYP2C19) is an enzyme protein.
Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling.
Decarboxylation
Decarboxylation is a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide (CO2).
See Melatonin and Decarboxylation
Delayed sleep phase disorder
Delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), more often known as delayed sleep phase syndrome and also as delayed sleep–wake phase disorder, is the delaying of a person's circadian rhythm (biological clock) compared to those of societal norms.
See Melatonin and Delayed sleep phase disorder
Deprotonation
Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid–base reaction.
See Melatonin and Deprotonation
Dermatology
Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin.
Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid.
See Melatonin and Dietary supplement
Digital object identifier
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a persistent identifier or handle used to uniquely identify various objects, standardized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
See Melatonin and Digital object identifier
Diplocarpon coronariae
Diplocarpon coronariae is a plant pathogen that causes Marssonina blotch on apple.
See Melatonin and Diplocarpon coronariae
Diurnality
Diurnality is a form of plant and animal behavior characterized by activity during daytime, with a period of sleeping or other inactivity at night.
Domain (biology)
In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also dominion, superkingdom, realm, or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of all organisms taken together.
See Melatonin and Domain (biology)
Double bond
In chemistry, a double bond is a covalent bond between two atoms involving four bonding electrons as opposed to two in a single bond.
Electron
The electron (or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge.
Elsevier
Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.
Endocrine gland
Endocrine glands are ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood.
See Melatonin and Endocrine gland
Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within a living system such as an organism, tissue, or cell.
See Melatonin and Endogeny (biology)
Energy homeostasis
In biology, energy homeostasis, or the homeostatic control of energy balance, is a biological process that involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure (energy outflow).
See Melatonin and Energy homeostasis
Entrainment (chronobiology)
In the study of chronobiology, entrainment refers to the synchronization of a biological clock to an environmental cycle.
See Melatonin and Entrainment (chronobiology)
Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a process by a biological molecule, an "enzyme".
See Melatonin and Enzyme catalysis
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis.
Erythrose 4-phosphate
Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphate of the simple sugar erythrose.
See Melatonin and Erythrose 4-phosphate
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See Melatonin and Escherichia coli
Estrous cycle
The estrous cycle (originally) is a set of recurring physiological changes induced by reproductive hormones in females of mammalian subclass Theria.
See Melatonin and Estrous cycle
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Folia Horticulturae
Folia Horticulturae is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal of the Polish Society of Horticultural Science publishing original research papers, short communications and review papers from all branches of horticulture.
See Melatonin and Folia Horticulturae
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone.
See Melatonin and Follicle-stimulating hormone
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Fusarium
Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants.
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate cellular responses.
See Melatonin and G protein-coupled receptor
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.
See Melatonin and Gene expression
Genetically modified rice
Genetically modified rice are rice strains that have been genetically modified (also called genetic engineering).
See Melatonin and Genetically modified rice
Gi alpha subunit
Gi protein alpha subunit is a family of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits.
See Melatonin and Gi alpha subunit
Glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage.
See Melatonin and Glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione reductase
Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene.
See Melatonin and Glutathione reductase
Gq alpha subunit
Gq protein alpha subunit is a family of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits.
See Melatonin and Gq alpha subunit
Growth inhibition
Growth inhibition (GI) is a medical term pertaining to cancer therapy and the specific reduction in growth of tumors and oncogene cells by a chemical compound, mechanical therapy (e.g. electroporation), radiation, gene therapy, protein therapy, ultrasound waves, light, or any other treatment.
See Melatonin and Growth inhibition
Herbicide
Herbicides, also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.
Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
Hydroxy group
In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom.
See Melatonin and Hydroxy group
Hydroxylation
In chemistry, hydroxylation can refer to.
See Melatonin and Hydroxylation
Imine
In organic chemistry, an imine is a functional group or organic compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond.
Immune system
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
See Melatonin and Immune system
Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.
See Melatonin and Immunodeficiency
In vitro
In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
Incandescent light bulb
An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a filament that is heated until it glows.
See Melatonin and Incandescent light bulb
Indolamines
Indolamines are a family of neurotransmitters that share a common molecular structure (namely, indolamine).
Indole
Indole is an organic compound with the formula.
Insomnia
Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), also called photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGC), or melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), are a type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye.
See Melatonin and Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
JAMA
JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association.
Jet lag
Jet lag, or desynchronosis, is a temporary physiological condition that occurs when a person's circadian rhythm is out of sync with the time zone they are in, and is a typical result from travelling rapidly across multiple time zones (east–west or west–east).
Jonathan Seet
Jonathan Seet (born November 23, 1969) is a Singaporean-born Canadian singer-songwriter, composer and producer.
See Melatonin and Jonathan Seet
Journal of the American Chemical Society
The Journal of the American Chemical Society (also known as JACS) is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1879 by the American Chemical Society.
See Melatonin and Journal of the American Chemical Society
Leaving group
In chemistry, a leaving group is defined by the IUPAC as an atom or group of atoms that detaches from the main or residual part of a substrate during a reaction or elementary step of a reaction.
See Melatonin and Leaving group
Leptin
Leptin (from Greek λεπτός leptos, "thin" or "light" or "small"), also known as obese protein, is a protein hormone predominantly made by adipocytes (cells of adipose tissue).
Libido
In psychology, libido (from the Latin, 'desire') is psychic drive or energy, usually conceived as sexual in nature, but sometimes conceived as including other forms of desire.
Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
See Melatonin and Ligand (biochemistry)
Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly") is the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene.
See Melatonin and Lipophilicity
Lone pair
In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bondIUPAC Gold Book definition: and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair.
Lupinus albus
Lupinus albus, commonly known as the white lupin or field lupine, is a member of the genus Lupinus in the family Fabaceae.
See Melatonin and Lupinus albus
Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as luteinising hormone, lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
See Melatonin and Luteinizing hormone
Malus prunifolia
Malus prunifolia is a species of crabapple tree known by the common names plumleaf crab apple, plum-leaved apple, pear-leaf crabapple, Chinese apple and Chinese crabapple.
See Melatonin and Malus prunifolia
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
See Melatonin and Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Melanin
Melanin is a family of biomolecules organized as oligomers or polymers, which among other functions provide the pigments of many organisms.
Melatonin as a medication and supplement
Melatonin is a dietary supplement and medication as well as naturally occurring hormone.
See Melatonin and Melatonin as a medication and supplement
Melatonin receptor
Melatonin receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which bind melatonin.
See Melatonin and Melatonin receptor
Melatonin receptor 1A
Melatonin receptor type 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTNR1A gene.
See Melatonin and Melatonin receptor 1A
Melatonin receptor 1B
Melatonin receptor 1B, also known as MTNR1B, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MTNR1B gene.
See Melatonin and Melatonin receptor 1B
Melatonin receptor agonist
Melatonin receptor agonists are analogues of melatonin that bind to and activate the melatonin receptor.
See Melatonin and Melatonin receptor agonist
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Methyl group
In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula (whereas normal methane has the formula). In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me.
See Melatonin and Methyl group
Methylation
Methylation, in the chemical sciences, is the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.
Mitochondrial matrix
In the mitochondrion, the matrix is the space within the inner membrane.
See Melatonin and Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
See Melatonin and Mitochondrion
Molar concentration
Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular, of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution.
See Melatonin and Molar concentration
Myna
The mynas (also spelled mynah) are a group of birds in the starling family (Sturnidae).
N-Acetylserotonin
N-Acetylserotonin (NAS), also known as normelatonin, is a naturally occurring chemical intermediate in the endogenous production of melatonin from serotonin.
See Melatonin and N-Acetylserotonin
N1-Acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine
N1-Acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AMK) is a metabolite of melatonin that could improve memory by acting on the melatonin receptors.
See Melatonin and N1-Acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine
Nanometre
molecular scale. The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American spelling), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) of a meter (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres.
Natural product
A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.
See Melatonin and Natural product
Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
See Melatonin and Neurotransmitter
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula.
See Melatonin and Nitric oxide
Nocturnality
Nocturnality is a behavior in some non-human animals characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day.
See Melatonin and Nocturnality
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.
See Melatonin and Norepinephrine
Novo Nordisk
Novo Nordisk A/S is a Danish multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Bagsværd with production facilities in nine countries and affiliates or offices in five countries.
See Melatonin and Novo Nordisk
Nucleophile
In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair.
Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
Over-the-counter drug
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a requirement for a prescription from a healthcare professional, as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be supplied only to consumers possessing a valid prescription.
See Melatonin and Over-the-counter drug
Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
See Melatonin and Oxidative stress
Phase response curve
A phase response curve (PRC) illustrates the transient change (phase response) in the cycle period of an oscillation induced by a perturbation as a function of the phase at which it is received.
See Melatonin and Phase response curve
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
Phosphoenolpyruvate (2-phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP) is the carboxylic acid derived from the enol of pyruvate and phosphate.
See Melatonin and Phosphoenolpyruvic acid
Phosphorylation
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion.
See Melatonin and Phosphorylation
Photoperiodism
Photoperiod is the change of day length around the seasons.
See Melatonin and Photoperiodism
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
See Melatonin and Photosynthesis
Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestans is an oomycete or water mold, a fungus-like microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight.
See Melatonin and Phytophthora infestans
Pineal gland
The pineal gland (also known as the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri) is a small endocrine gland in the brain of most vertebrates.
See Melatonin and Pineal gland
Plant disease
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).
See Melatonin and Plant disease
Plant disease resistance
Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways: by pre-formed structures and chemicals, and by infection-induced responses of the immune system.
See Melatonin and Plant disease resistance
Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication, prescription medicine or prescription-only medication) is a pharmaceutical drug that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a medical prescription.
See Melatonin and Prescription drug
Proteasome
Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade ubiquitin-tagged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds.
Protein catabolism
In molecular biology, protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and ultimately into amino acids.
See Melatonin and Protein catabolism
Protein kinase A
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKA) is a family of serine-threonine kinase whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
See Melatonin and Protein kinase A
Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.
Protist
A protist or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus.
Protonation
In chemistry, protonation (or hydronation) is the adding of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), usually denoted by H+, to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming a conjugate acid.
Pyridine
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula.
Pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, P5P), the active form of vitamin B6, is a coenzyme in a variety of enzymatic reactions.
See Melatonin and Pyridoxal phosphate
Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical, also known as a free radical, is an atom, molecule, or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron.
See Melatonin and Radical (chemistry)
Ramelteon
Ramelteon, sold under the brand name Rozerem among others, is a melatonin agonist medication which is used in the treatment of insomnia.
Reactive nitrogen species
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are a family of antimicrobial molecules derived from nitric oxide (•NO) and superoxide (O2•−) produced via the enzymatic activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and NADPH oxidase respectively.
See Melatonin and Reactive nitrogen species
Reactive oxygen species
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.
See Melatonin and Reactive oxygen species
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
Reproduction
Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents.
See Melatonin and Reproduction
Richard Wurtman
Richard Wurtman (March 9, 1936 – December 13, 2022) was an American neuroscientist who spent his career doing basic and translational neuroscience research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
See Melatonin and Richard Wurtman
S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM), also known under the commercial names of SAMe, SAM-e, or AdoMet, is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation.
See Melatonin and S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) is the biosynthetic precursor to homocysteine.
See Melatonin and S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungal microorganisms).
See Melatonin and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Seed treatment
A seed treatment is a treatment of the seed with either chemical agents or biological or by physical methods.
See Melatonin and Seed treatment
Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.
Shift work sleep disorder
Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by insomnia, excessive sleepiness, or both affecting people whose work hours overlap with the typical sleep period.
See Melatonin and Shift work sleep disorder
Shikimate pathway
The shikimate pathway (shikimic acid pathway) is a seven-step metabolic pathway used by bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, some protozoans, and plants for the biosynthesis of folates and aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine).
See Melatonin and Shikimate pathway
Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.
See Melatonin and Signal transduction
Sirenia
The Sirenia, commonly referred to as sea cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters.
Skin condition
A skin condition, also known as cutaneous condition, is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, nails, and related muscle and glands.
See Melatonin and Skin condition
Skin whitening
Skin whitening, also known as skin lightening and skin bleaching, is the practice of using chemical substances in an attempt to lighten the skin or provide an even skin color by reducing the melanin concentration in the skin.
See Melatonin and Skin whitening
Sleep disorder
A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of an individual's sleep patterns.
See Melatonin and Sleep disorder
Soil salinity
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization.
See Melatonin and Soil salinity
Superoxide
In chemistry, a superoxide is a compound that contains the superoxide ion, which has the chemical formula.
Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide anion radical into normal molecular oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide.
See Melatonin and Superoxide dismutase
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei (SCN) is a small region of the brain in the hypothalamus, situated directly above the optic chiasm.
See Melatonin and Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Synergy
Synergy is an interaction or cooperation giving rise to a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts (i.e., a non-linear addition of force, energy, or effect).
T cell
T cells are one of the important types of white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response.
Tasimelteon
Tasimelteon, sold under the brand name Hetlioz, is a medication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in January 2014, for the treatment of non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder (also called non-24, N24 and N24HSWD).
Tetrahedral carbonyl addition compound
A tetrahedral intermediate is a reaction intermediate in which the bond arrangement around an initially double-bonded carbon atom has been transformed from trigonal to tetrahedral.
See Melatonin and Tetrahedral carbonyl addition compound
Tetrahydrobiopterin
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, THB), also known as sapropterin (INN), is a cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and is a cofactor for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the nitric oxide synthases.
See Melatonin and Tetrahydrobiopterin
Thiol
In organic chemistry, a thiol, or thiol derivative, is any organosulfur compound of the form, where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent.
Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Tryptophan hydroxylase
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin.
See Melatonin and Tryptophan hydroxylase
Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep (USWS) is sleep where one half of the brain rests while the other half remains alert.
See Melatonin and Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
Vascular resistance
Vascular resistance is the resistance that must be overcome for blood to flow through the circulatory system.
See Melatonin and Vascular resistance
Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and small arterioles.
See Melatonin and Vasoconstriction
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of eight fat soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
See Melatonin and Wiley (publisher)
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.
See Melatonin and Yale University
1,2-rearrangement
A 1,2-rearrangement or 1,2-migration or 1,2-shift or Whitmore 1,2-shift is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound.
See Melatonin and 1,2-rearrangement
5-Hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
See Melatonin and 5-Hydroxytryptophan
6-Hydroxymelatonin
6-Hydroxymelatonin (6-OHM) is a naturally occurring, endogenous, major active metabolite of melatonin.
See Melatonin and 6-Hydroxymelatonin
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin
Also known as 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, Biosynthesis of melatonin, Dim light melatonin onset, Melatonine, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, Phytomelatonin.
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