Messenger RNA, the Glossary
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.[1]
Table of Contents
149 relations: Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein, Adaptive immune system, Adenine, Alfred Hershey, Alternative splicing, Amino acid, Animal, Archaea, Arthur Pardee, AU-rich element, Axon, Bacteria, Barley yellow dwarf, Biochemistry, Breast cancer, C-rich stability element, California Institute of Technology, Cap binding complex, Capping enzyme, Cas9, Catalysis, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Central dogma of molecular biology, COVID-19 pandemic, CRISPR gene editing, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, DCP2, Decapping complex, Dendrite, Dicer, Directionality (molecular biology), DNA, Drew Weissman, EIF4E, EIF4G, Endonuclease, Endoplasmic reticulum, Enzyme, Escherichia coli, Eukaryote, Eukaryotic initiation factor, Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S), Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1, Exon, Exonic splicing enhancer, Exonic splicing silencer, Exonuclease, Exosome complex, ... Expand index (99 more) »
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein
Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein is a plasticity protein that in humans is encoded by the ARC gene.
See Messenger RNA and Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system, or specific immune system is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
See Messenger RNA and Adaptive immune system
Adenine
Adenine (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleobase.
Alfred Hershey
Alfred Day Hershey (December 4, 1908 – May 22, 1997) was an American Nobel Prize–winning bacteriologist and geneticist.
See Messenger RNA and Alfred Hershey
Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing, or alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to produce different splice variants. Messenger RNA and alternative splicing are gene expression, RNA splicing and Spliceosome.
See Messenger RNA and Alternative splicing
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
See Messenger RNA and Amino acid
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia.
Archaea
Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.
Arthur Pardee
Arthur Beck Pardee (July 13, 1921 – February 24, 2019) was an American biochemist.
See Messenger RNA and Arthur Pardee
AU-rich element
Adenylate-uridylate-rich elements (AU-rich elements; AREs) are found in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that code for proto-oncogenes, nuclear transcription factors, and cytokines. Messenger RNA and aU-rich element are gene expression and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and AU-rich element
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis) or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences) is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
See Messenger RNA and Bacteria
Barley yellow dwarf
Barley yellow dwarf (BYD) is a plant disease caused by the barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), and is the most widely distributed viral disease of cereals.
See Messenger RNA and Barley yellow dwarf
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
See Messenger RNA and Biochemistry
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue.
See Messenger RNA and Breast cancer
C-rich stability element
The C-rich Not M, -ND stability element is a short part of a gene sequence important for the proper synthesis of globin and several other human proteins.
See Messenger RNA and C-rich stability element
California Institute of Technology
The California Institute of Technology (branded as Caltech) is a private research university in Pasadena, California.
See Messenger RNA and California Institute of Technology
Cap binding complex
The 5' cap of eukaryotic messenger RNA is bound at all times by various cap-binding complexes (CBCs). Messenger RNA and cap binding complex are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Cap binding complex
Capping enzyme
A capping enzyme (CE) is an enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of the 5' cap to messenger RNA molecules that are in the process of being synthesized in the cell nucleus during the first stages of gene expression. Messenger RNA and capping enzyme are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Capping enzyme
Cas9
Cas9 (CRISPR associated protein 9, formerly called Cas5, Csn1, or Csx12) is a 160 kilodalton protein which plays a vital role in the immunological defense of certain bacteria against DNA viruses and plasmids, and is heavily utilized in genetic engineering applications.
Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.
See Messenger RNA and Catalysis
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
See Messenger RNA and Cell membrane
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
See Messenger RNA and Cell nucleus
Central dogma of molecular biology
The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the flow of genetic information within a biological system. Messenger RNA and central dogma of molecular biology are molecular genetics.
See Messenger RNA and Central dogma of molecular biology
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.
See Messenger RNA and COVID-19 pandemic
CRISPR gene editing
CRISPR gene editing (CRISPR, pronounced "crisper", refers to "clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats") is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which the genomes of living organisms may be modified.
See Messenger RNA and CRISPR gene editing
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
See Messenger RNA and Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
See Messenger RNA and Cytoskeleton
DCP2
mRNA-decapping enzyme 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCP2 gene.
Decapping complex
The mRNA decapping complex is a protein complex in eukaryotic cells responsible for removal of the 5' cap. Messenger RNA and decapping complex are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Decapping complex
Dendrite
A dendrite (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree") or dendron is a branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that propagates the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.
See Messenger RNA and Dendrite
Dicer
Dicer, also known as endoribonuclease Dicer or helicase with RNase motif, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the gene.
Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. Messenger RNA and Directionality (molecular biology) are molecular genetics and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Directionality (molecular biology)
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
Drew Weissman
Drew Weissman (born September 7, 1959) is an American physician and immunologist known for his contributions to RNA biology.
See Messenger RNA and Drew Weissman
EIF4E
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E, also known as eIF4E, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4E gene.
EIF4G
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 G (eIF4G) is a protein involved in eukaryotic translation initiation and is a component of the eIF4F cap-binding complex.
Endonuclease
In molecular biology, endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain (namely DNA or RNA).
See Messenger RNA and Endonuclease
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.
See Messenger RNA and Endoplasmic reticulum
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See Messenger RNA and Escherichia coli
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
See Messenger RNA and Eukaryote
Eukaryotic initiation factor
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation. Messenger RNA and eukaryotic initiation factor are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Eukaryotic initiation factor
Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S)
The eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S) is the smaller subunit of the eukaryotic 80S ribosomes, with the other major component being the large ribosomal subunit (60S).
See Messenger RNA and Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S)
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1
Elongation factor 1-alpha 1 (eEF1a1) is a translation elongation protein, expressed across eukaryotes.
See Messenger RNA and Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1
Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. Messenger RNA and exon are RNA splicing and Spliceosome.
Exonic splicing enhancer
In molecular biology, an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) is a DNA sequence motif consisting of 6 bases within an exon that directs, or enhances, accurate splicing of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) or pre-mRNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).
See Messenger RNA and Exonic splicing enhancer
Exonic splicing silencer
An exonic splicing silencer (ESS) is a short region (usually 4-18 nucleotides) of an exon and is a cis-regulatory element.
See Messenger RNA and Exonic splicing silencer
Exonuclease
Exonucleases are enzymes that work by cleaving nucleotides one at a time from the end (exo) of a polynucleotide chain.
See Messenger RNA and Exonuclease
Exosome complex
The exosome complex (or PM/Scl complex, often just called the exosome) is a multi-protein intracellular complex capable of degrading various types of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules. Messenger RNA and exosome complex are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Exosome complex
Extension Poly(A) Test
The extension Poly(A) Test (ePAT) describes a method to determine the poly(A) tail lengths of mRNA molecules.
See Messenger RNA and Extension Poly(A) Test
Five prime untranslated region
The 5′ untranslated region (also known as 5′ UTR, leader sequence, transcript leader, or leader RNA) is the region of a messenger RNA (mRNA) that is directly upstream from the initiation codon. Messenger RNA and Five prime untranslated region are gene expression and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Five prime untranslated region
Five-prime cap
In molecular biology, the five-prime cap (5′ cap) is a specially altered nucleotide on the 5′ end of some primary transcripts such as precursor messenger RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Five-prime cap
François Jacob
François Jacob (17 June 1920 – 19 April 2013) was a French biologist who, together with Jacques Monod, originated the idea that control of enzyme levels in all cells occurs through regulation of transcription.
See Messenger RNA and François Jacob
Francis Crick
Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist.
See Messenger RNA and Francis Crick
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings.
GeneCalling
In the field of genomics, GeneCalling is an open-platform mRNA transcriptional profiling technique. Messenger RNA and GeneCalling are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and GeneCalling
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Messenger RNA and genetic code are gene expression and molecular genetics.
See Messenger RNA and Genetic code
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
See Messenger RNA and Harvard University
Immune system
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
See Messenger RNA and Immune system
Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. Messenger RNA and intron are gene expression, RNA splicing and Spliceosome.
Jacques Monod
Jacques Lucien Monod (9 February 1910 – 31 May 1976) was a French biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965, sharing it with François Jacob and André Lwoff "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis".
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James Watson
James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist.
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Journal of Molecular Biology
The Journal of Molecular Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of molecular biology.
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Karen Lillycrop
Karen Ann Lillycrop is a British geneticist.
See Messenger RNA and Karen Lillycrop
Katalin Karikó
Katalin "Kati" Karikó (Karikó Katalin,; born 17 January 1955) is a Hungarian-American biochemist who specializes in ribonucleic acid (RNA)-mediated mechanisms, particularly in vitro-transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) for protein replacement therapy.
See Messenger RNA and Katalin Karikó
King's College, Cambridge
King's College, formally The King's College of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas in Cambridge, is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge.
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Leaky scanning
Leaky scanning is a mechanism used during the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation that enables regulation of gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Leaky scanning
Martha Chase
Martha Cowles Chase (November 30, 1927 – August 8, 2003), also known as Martha C. Epstein, was an American geneticist who in 1952, with Alfred Hershey, experimentally helped to confirm that DNA rather than protein is the genetic material of life.
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Matthew Meselson
Matthew Stanley Meselson (born May 24, 1930) is a geneticist and molecular biologist currently at Harvard University, known for his demonstration, with Franklin Stahl, of semi-conservative DNA replication.
See Messenger RNA and Matthew Meselson
Mature messenger RNA
Mature messenger RNA, often abbreviated as mature mRNA is a eukaryotic RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and is ready for translation in the course of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA and mature messenger RNA are gene expression and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Mature messenger RNA
Messenger RNP
Messenger RNP (messenger ribonucleoprotein) is mRNA with bound proteins. Messenger RNA and Messenger RNP are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Messenger RNP
MicroRNA
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides. Messenger RNA and MicroRNA are gene expression and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and MicroRNA
Missense mRNA
Missense mRNA is a messenger RNA bearing one or more mutated codons that yield polypeptides with an amino acid sequence different from the wild-type or naturally occurring polypeptide. Messenger RNA and Missense mRNA are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Missense mRNA
Moderna COVID-19 vaccine
The Moderna COVID19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Spikevax, is a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the American company Moderna, the United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA).
See Messenger RNA and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.
See Messenger RNA and Molecular biology
Molecule
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion.
See Messenger RNA and Molecule
Motor protein
Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoskeleton of cells.
See Messenger RNA and Motor protein
MRNA display
mRNA display is a display technique used for in vitro protein, and/or peptide evolution to create molecules that can bind to a desired target.
See Messenger RNA and MRNA display
MRNA surveillance
mRNA surveillance mechanisms are pathways utilized by organisms to ensure fidelity and quality of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Messenger RNA and MRNA surveillance are molecular genetics and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and MRNA surveillance
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
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Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Nature Portfolio.
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Neurite
A neurite or neuronal process refers to any projection from the cell body of a neuron.
Neuron
A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and predominantly Ca2+ ion channel found in neurons.
See Messenger RNA and NMDA receptor
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine.
See Messenger RNA and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Non-stop decay
Non-stop decay (NSD) is a cellular mechanism of mRNA surveillance to detect mRNA molecules lacking a stop codon and prevent these mRNAs from translation. Messenger RNA and Non-stop decay are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Non-stop decay
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a surveillance pathway that exists in all eukaryotes. Messenger RNA and Nonsense-mediated decay are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Nonsense-mediated decay
Nuclear pore
A nuclear pore is a channel as part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a large protein complex found in the nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells.
See Messenger RNA and Nuclear pore
Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. Messenger RNA and nucleic acid sequence are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Nucleic acid sequence
Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA
A nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (modRNA) is a synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) in which some nucleosides are replaced by other naturally modified nucleosides or by synthetic nucleoside analogues. Messenger RNA and nucleoside-modified messenger RNA are life sciences industry, molecular genetics and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.
See Messenger RNA and Nucleotide
Open reading frame
In molecular biology, reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons. Messenger RNA and Open reading frame are molecular genetics.
See Messenger RNA and Open reading frame
Operon
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter. Messenger RNA and operon are gene expression.
Outron
An outron is a nucleotide sequence at the 5' end of the primary transcript of a gene that is removed by a special form of RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product. Messenger RNA and outron are gene expression, RNA splicing and Spliceosome.
P-bodies
In cellular biology, P-bodies, or processing bodies, are distinct foci formed by phase separation within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell consisting of many enzymes involved in mRNA turnover.
See Messenger RNA and P-bodies
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, sold under the brand name Comirnaty, is an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine developed by the German biotechnology company BioNTech. For its development, BioNTech collaborated with the American company Pfizer to carry out clinical trials, logistics, and manufacturing.
See Messenger RNA and Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
Phosphorylation
In biochemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion.
See Messenger RNA and Phosphorylation
Piwi-interacting RNA
Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells. Messenger RNA and Piwi-interacting RNA are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Piwi-interacting RNA
Poliovirus
Poliovirus, the causative agent of polio (also known as poliomyelitis), is a serotype of the species Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae.
See Messenger RNA and Poliovirus
Poly(A)-binding protein
Poly(A)-binding protein (PAB or PABP) is an RNA-binding protein which triggers the binding of eukaryotic initiation factor 4 complex (eIF4G) directly to the poly(A) tail of mRNA which is 200-250 nucleotides long.
See Messenger RNA and Poly(A)-binding protein
Polyadenylation
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA). Messenger RNA and Polyadenylation are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Polyadenylation
Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase
In enzymology, a polynucleotide adenylyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and RNA, whereas its two products are pyrophosphate and RNA with an extra adenosine nucleotide at its 3' end.
See Messenger RNA and Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase
Post-transcriptional modification
Transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule that can then leave the nucleus and perform any of a variety of different functions in the cell. Messenger RNA and Post-transcriptional modification are gene expression and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Post-transcriptional modification
Primary transcript
A primary transcript is the single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) product synthesized by transcription of DNA, and processed to yield various mature RNA products such as mRNAs, tRNAs, and rRNAs. Messenger RNA and primary transcript are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Primary transcript
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
See Messenger RNA and Prokaryote
Prokaryotic mRNA degradation
Prokaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation, also called prokaryotic mRNA decay, is an important part of gene regulation in prokaryotes.. Messenger RNA and prokaryotic mRNA degradation are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Prokaryotic mRNA degradation
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. Messenger RNA and promoter (genetics) are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Promoter (genetics)
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Protein biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. Messenger RNA and protein biosynthesis are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Protein biosynthesis
Protein c-Fos
Protein c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos.
See Messenger RNA and Protein c-Fos
Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.
See Messenger RNA and Protein primary structure
Protein secondary structure
Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains.
See Messenger RNA and Protein secondary structure
Ribonuclease
Ribonuclease (commonly abbreviated RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components.
See Messenger RNA and Ribonuclease
Ribonuclease III
Ribonuclease III (RNase III or RNase C)(BRENDA) is a type of ribonuclease that recognizes dsRNA and cleaves it at specific targeted locations to transform them into mature RNAs. Messenger RNA and ribonuclease III are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Ribonuclease III
Ribonucleotide
In biochemistry, a ribonucleotide is a nucleotide containing ribose as its pentose component. Messenger RNA and ribonucleotide are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Ribonucleotide
Ribosomal frameshift
Ribosomal frameshifting, also known as translational frameshifting or translational recoding, is a biological phenomenon that occurs during translation that results in the production of multiple, unique proteins from a single mRNA. Messenger RNA and Ribosomal frameshift are gene expression and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Ribosomal frameshift
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. Messenger RNA and Ribosomal RNA are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Ribosomal RNA
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
See Messenger RNA and Ribosome
Riboswitch
In molecular biology, a riboswitch is a regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small molecule, resulting in a change in production of the proteins encoded by the mRNA. Messenger RNA and riboswitch are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Riboswitch
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA). Messenger RNA and RNA are RNA splicing.
RNA editing
RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase. Messenger RNA and RNA editing are gene expression, RNA and RNA splicing.
See Messenger RNA and RNA editing
RNA polymerase
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template. Messenger RNA and RNA polymerase are gene expression and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and RNA polymerase
RNA splicing
RNA splicing is a process in molecular biology where a newly-made precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript is transformed into a mature messenger RNA (mRNA). Messenger RNA and RNA splicing are gene expression, RNA and Spliceosome.
See Messenger RNA and RNA splicing
RNA-induced silencing complex
The RNA-induced silencing complex, or RISC, is a multiprotein complex, specifically a ribonucleoprotein, which functions in gene silencing via a variety of pathways at the transcriptional and translational levels. Messenger RNA and RNA-induced silencing complex are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and RNA-induced silencing complex
SECIS element
In biology, the SECIS element (SECIS: selenocysteine insertion sequence) is an RNA element around 60 nucleotides in length that adopts a stem-loop structure. Messenger RNA and SECIS element are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and SECIS element
Semipermeable membrane
Semipermeable membrane is a type of synthetic or biologic, polymeric membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis.
See Messenger RNA and Semipermeable membrane
Signal recognition particle
The signal recognition particle (SRP) is an abundant, cytosolic, universally conserved ribonucleoprotein (protein-RNA complex) that recognizes and targets specific proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and the plasma membrane in prokaryotes.
See Messenger RNA and Signal recognition particle
Small interfering RNA
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA at first non-coding RNA molecules, typically 20–24 (normally 21) base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating within the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Messenger RNA and Small interfering RNA are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Small interfering RNA
Small RNA
Small RNA (sRNA) are polymeric RNA molecules that are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and are usually non-coding.
See Messenger RNA and Small RNA
Soma (biology)
In cellular neuroscience, the soma (somata or somas), perikaryon (perikarya), neurocyton, or cell body is the bulbous, non-process portion of a neuron or other brain cell type, containing the cell nucleus.
See Messenger RNA and Soma (biology)
Src family kinase
Src kinase family is a family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases that includes nine members: Src, Yes, Fyn, and Fgr, forming the SrcA subfamily, Lck, Hck, Blk, and Lyn in the SrcB subfamily, and Frk in its own subfamily.
See Messenger RNA and Src family kinase
Start codon
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome. Messenger RNA and start codon are molecular genetics.
See Messenger RNA and Start codon
Stem cell
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
See Messenger RNA and Stem cell
Stop codon
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein. Messenger RNA and stop codon are gene expression and molecular genetics.
See Messenger RNA and Stop codon
Sydney Brenner
Sydney Brenner (13 January 1927 – 5 April 2019) was a South African biologist.
See Messenger RNA and Sydney Brenner
Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.
Three prime untranslated region
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3′-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon. Messenger RNA and three prime untranslated region are gene expression and RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Three prime untranslated region
Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. Messenger RNA and Transcription (biology) are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Transcription (biology)
Transcription factor Jun
Transcription factor Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene.
See Messenger RNA and Transcription factor Jun
Transcriptome
The transcriptome is the set of all RNA transcripts, including coding and non-coding, in an individual or a population of cells. Messenger RNA and transcriptome are gene expression, RNA and RNA splicing.
See Messenger RNA and Transcriptome
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins. Messenger RNA and Transfer RNA are RNA.
See Messenger RNA and Transfer RNA
Translation (biology)
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. Messenger RNA and translation (biology) are gene expression.
See Messenger RNA and Translation (biology)
Translational efficiency
In cell biology, translational efficiency or translation efficiency is the rate of mRNA translation into proteins within cells.
See Messenger RNA and Translational efficiency
Tunneling nanotube
A tunneling nanotube (TNT) or membrane nanotube is a term that has been applied to cytoskeletal protrusions that extend from the plasma membrane which enable different animal cells to connect over long distances, sometimes over 100 μm between certain types of cells.
See Messenger RNA and Tunneling nanotube
V(D)J recombination
V(D)J recombination (variable–diversity–joining rearrangement) is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation.
See Messenger RNA and V(D)J recombination
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease.
ZBP1
Z-DNA-binding protein 1, also known as DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI) and DLM-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZBP1 gene.
7-Methylguanosine
7-Methylguanosine (m7G) is a modified purine nucleoside.
See Messenger RNA and 7-Methylguanosine
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA
Also known as Dicistronic, MRNA, MRNA stability, MRNAs, Messenger RNAs, Messenger Ribonucleic Acid, Messenger-RNA, Monocistronic mRNA, Polycisticity, Polycistronic mRNA, Polycistronic message, RNA therapy, Rna, messenger.
, Extension Poly(A) Test, Five prime untranslated region, Five-prime cap, François Jacob, Francis Crick, Gene, GeneCalling, Genetic code, Harvard University, Immune system, Intron, Jacques Monod, James Watson, Journal of Molecular Biology, Karen Lillycrop, Katalin Karikó, King's College, Cambridge, Leaky scanning, Martha Chase, Matthew Meselson, Mature messenger RNA, Messenger RNP, MicroRNA, Missense mRNA, Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, Molecular biology, Molecule, Motor protein, MRNA display, MRNA surveillance, Nature (journal), Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Neurite, Neuron, NMDA receptor, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Non-stop decay, Nonsense-mediated decay, Nuclear pore, Nucleic acid sequence, Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA, Nucleotide, Open reading frame, Operon, Outron, P-bodies, Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, Phosphorylation, Piwi-interacting RNA, Poliovirus, Poly(A)-binding protein, Polyadenylation, Polynucleotide adenylyltransferase, Post-transcriptional modification, Primary transcript, Prokaryote, Prokaryotic mRNA degradation, Promoter (genetics), Protein, Protein biosynthesis, Protein c-Fos, Protein primary structure, Protein secondary structure, Ribonuclease, Ribonuclease III, Ribonucleotide, Ribosomal frameshift, Ribosomal RNA, Ribosome, Riboswitch, RNA, RNA editing, RNA polymerase, RNA splicing, RNA-induced silencing complex, SECIS element, Semipermeable membrane, Signal recognition particle, Small interfering RNA, Small RNA, Soma (biology), Src family kinase, Start codon, Stem cell, Stop codon, Sydney Brenner, Synapse, Three prime untranslated region, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor Jun, Transcriptome, Transfer RNA, Translation (biology), Translational efficiency, Tunneling nanotube, V(D)J recombination, Vaccine, ZBP1, 7-Methylguanosine.