Middle Dutch, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 90 relations: Accusative case, Alveolar consonant, Approximant, Back vowel, Bilabial consonant, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Brabantian dialect, Calais, Central vowel, Clitic, Close vowel, Conservative and innovative language, County of Artois, County of Flanders, County of Holland, Dative case, Dental consonant, Dialect continuum, Diphthong, Duchy of Brabant, Duchy of Cleves, Duchy of Limburg, Dutch language, East Flemish, East Franconian German, Eighty Years' War, Final-obstruent devoicing, Frankish language, Fricative, Frisians, Front vowel, Gemination, Genitive case, Germanic languages, Germanic strong verb, Germanic umlaut, Germanic verbs, Germanic weak verb, Glottal consonant, Grammatical case, Grammatical number, High German consonant shift, Hollandic dialect, Hypercorrection, Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law, L-vocalization, Labial consonant, Labiodental consonant, Latin alphabet, Latin script, ... Expand index (40 more) »

2. History of the Dutch language
3. Languages attested from the 12th century
4. Low Franconian languages

Accusative case

In grammar, the accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb.

See Middle Dutch and Accusative case

Alveolar consonant

Alveolar (UK also) consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the upper teeth.

See Middle Dutch and Alveolar consonant

Approximant

Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.

See Middle Dutch and Approximant

Back vowel

A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages.

See Middle Dutch and Back vowel

Bilabial consonant

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips.

See Middle Dutch and Bilabial consonant

Boulogne-sur-Mer

Boulogne-sur-Mer (Boulonne-su-Mér; Bonen; Gesoriacum or Bononia), often called just Boulogne, is a coastal city in Northern France.

See Middle Dutch and Boulogne-sur-Mer

Brabantian dialect

Brabantian or Brabantish, also Brabantic or Brabantine (Brabants, Standard Dutch pronunciation), is a dialect group of the Dutch language.

See Middle Dutch and Brabantian dialect

Calais

Calais (traditionally) is a port city in the Pas-de-Calais department, of which it is a subprefecture.

See Middle Dutch and Calais

Central vowel

A central vowel, formerly also known as a mixed vowel, is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.

See Middle Dutch and Central vowel

Clitic

In morphology and syntax, a clitic (backformed from Greek ἐγκλιτικός "leaning" or "enclitic"Crystal, David. A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.) is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.

See Middle Dutch and Clitic

Close vowel

A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in U.S. terminology), is any in a class of vowel sounds used in many spoken languages.

See Middle Dutch and Close vowel

Conservative and innovative language

In linguistics, a conservative form, variety, or feature of a language is one that has changed relatively little across the language's history, or which is relatively resistant to change.

See Middle Dutch and Conservative and innovative language

County of Artois

The County of Artois (Picard: Comté d'Artoé) was a historic province of the Kingdom of France, held by the Dukes of Burgundy from 1384 until 1477/82, and a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1493 until 1659.

See Middle Dutch and County of Artois

County of Flanders

The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of what is now Belgium.

See Middle Dutch and County of Flanders

County of Holland

The County of Holland was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and from 1433 part of the Burgundian Netherlands, from 1482 part of the Habsburg Netherlands and from 1581 onward the leading province of the Dutch Republic, of which it remained a part until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

See Middle Dutch and County of Holland

Dative case

In grammar, the dative case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as in "", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink".

See Middle Dutch and Dative case

Dental consonant

A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as,. In some languages, dentals are distinguished from other groups, such as alveolar consonants, in which the tongue contacts the gum ridge.

See Middle Dutch and Dental consonant

Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be.

See Middle Dutch and Dialect continuum

Diphthong

A diphthong, also known as a gliding vowel or a vowel glide, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.

See Middle Dutch and Diphthong

Duchy of Brabant

The Duchy of Brabant, a state of the Holy Roman Empire, was established in 1183.

See Middle Dutch and Duchy of Brabant

Duchy of Cleves

The Duchy of Cleves (Herzogtum Kleve; Hertogdom Kleef) was a State of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged from the medieval.

See Middle Dutch and Duchy of Cleves

Duchy of Limburg

The Duchy of Limburg or Limbourg was an imperial estate of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Middle Dutch and Duchy of Limburg

Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language. Middle Dutch and Dutch language are low Franconian languages.

See Middle Dutch and Dutch language

East Flemish

East Flemish (Oost-Vlaams, flamand oriental) is a collective term for the two easternmost subdivisions ("true" East Flemish, also called Core Flemish,Hoppenbrouwers, Cor; Hoppenbrouwers, Geer (2001): De Indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen. and Waaslandic) of the so-called Flemish dialects, native to the southwest of the Dutch language area, which also include West Flemish.

See Middle Dutch and East Flemish

East Franconian German

East Franconian (Ostfränkisch) or Mainfränkisch, usually referred to as Franconian (Fränkisch) in German, is a dialect spoken in Franconia, the northern part of the federal state of Bavaria and other areas in Germany around Nuremberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Würzburg, Hof, Bayreuth, Meiningen, Bad Mergentheim, and Crailsheim.

See Middle Dutch and East Franconian German

Eighty Years' War

The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (Nederlandse Opstand) (c. 1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government.

See Middle Dutch and Eighty Years' War

Final-obstruent devoicing

Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as Catalan, German, Dutch, Quebec French, Breton, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Turkish, and Wolof.

See Middle Dutch and Final-obstruent devoicing

Frankish language

Frankish (reconstructed endonym: *italic), also known as Old Franconian or Old Frankish, was the West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 9th century. Middle Dutch and Frankish language are medieval languages.

See Middle Dutch and Frankish language

Fricative

A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

See Middle Dutch and Fricative

Frisians

The Frisians are an ethnic group indigenous to the coastal regions of the Netherlands, north-western Germany and southern Denmark, and during the Early Middle Ages in the north-western coastal zone of Flanders, Belgium.

See Middle Dutch and Frisians

Front vowel

A front vowel is a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would otherwise make it a consonant.

See Middle Dutch and Front vowel

Gemination

In phonetics and phonology, gemination (from Latin 'doubling', itself from gemini 'twins'), or consonant lengthening, is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a singleton consonant.

See Middle Dutch and Gemination

Genitive case

In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun.

See Middle Dutch and Genitive case

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.

See Middle Dutch and Germanic languages

Germanic strong verb

In the Germanic languages, a strong verb is a verb that marks its past tense by means of changes to the stem vowel.

See Middle Dutch and Germanic strong verb

Germanic umlaut

The Germanic umlaut (sometimes called i-umlaut or i-mutation) is a type of linguistic umlaut in which a back vowel changes to the associated front vowel (fronting) or a front vowel becomes closer to (raising) when the following syllable contains,, or.

See Middle Dutch and Germanic umlaut

Germanic verbs

The Germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of Proto-Indo-European (PIE).

See Middle Dutch and Germanic verbs

Germanic weak verb

In the Germanic languages, weak verbs are by far the largest group of verbs, and are therefore often regarded as the norm (the regular verbs).

See Middle Dutch and Germanic weak verb

Glottal consonant

Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation.

See Middle Dutch and Glottal consonant

Grammatical case

A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording.

See Middle Dutch and Grammatical case

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more").

See Middle Dutch and Grammatical number

High German consonant shift

In historical linguistics, the High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development (sound change) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum in several phases.

See Middle Dutch and High German consonant shift

Hollandic dialect

Hollandic or Hollandish is the most widely spoken dialect of the Dutch language.

See Middle Dutch and Hollandic dialect

Hypercorrection

In sociolinguistics, hypercorrection is the nonstandard use of language that results from the overapplication of a perceived rule of language-usage prescription.

See Middle Dutch and Hypercorrection

Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law

In historical linguistics, the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law (also called the Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic nasal spirant law) is a description of a phonological development that occurred in the Ingvaeonic dialects of the West Germanic languages.

See Middle Dutch and Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law

L-vocalization

L-vocalization, in linguistics, is a process by which a lateral approximant sound such as, or, perhaps more often, velarized, is replaced by a vowel or a semivowel.

See Middle Dutch and L-vocalization

Labial consonant

Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.

See Middle Dutch and Labial consonant

Labiodental consonant

In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth, such as and.

See Middle Dutch and Labiodental consonant

Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.

See Middle Dutch and Latin alphabet

Latin script

The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia.

See Middle Dutch and Latin script

Limburg (Belgium)

Limburg (Limburg,; Limburg or Wes-Limburg; Limbourg), also known as Belgian Limburg, is a province in Belgium.

See Middle Dutch and Limburg (Belgium)

Limburg (Netherlands)

Limburg, also known as Dutch Limburg, is the southernmost of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands.

See Middle Dutch and Limburg (Netherlands)

Limburgish

Limburgish (Limburgs or Lèmburgs; Limburgs; Limburgisch; Limbourgeois), also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic, is a West Germanic language spoken in Dutch Limburg, Belgian Limburg, and neighbouring regions of Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia). Middle Dutch and Limburgish are low Franconian languages.

See Middle Dutch and Limburgish

Low Countries

The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular).

See Middle Dutch and Low Countries

Low Franconian

In historical and comparative linguistics, Low Franconian is a linguistic category used to classify a number of historical and contemporary West Germanic varieties closely related to, and including, the Dutch language. Middle Dutch and Low Franconian are low Franconian languages.

See Middle Dutch and Low Franconian

Lower Rhine

Lower Rhine (Niederrhein,; kilometres 660 to 1,033 of the Rhine) refers to the section of the Rhine between Bonn in Germany and the North Sea at Hook of Holland in the Netherlands, including the Nederrijn (Nether Rhine) within the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta; alternatively, Lower Rhine may also refer to just the part upstream of Pannerdens Kop (km 660–865.5), excluding the Nederrijn.

See Middle Dutch and Lower Rhine

Mid central vowel

The mid central vowel (also known as schwa) is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages.

See Middle Dutch and Mid central vowel

Mid vowel

A mid vowel (or a true-mid vowel) is any in a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages.

See Middle Dutch and Mid vowel

Middle Dutch literature

Middle Dutch literature (1150–1500) is the Dutch literature produced in the Low Countries from the 12th century to the 16th century.

See Middle Dutch and Middle Dutch literature

Middle High German

Middle High German (MHG; Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhdt., Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages. Middle Dutch and Middle High German are medieval languages.

See Middle Dutch and Middle High German

Middle Low German

Middle Low German (Middelsassisk, label, label or label, italics, italics) is a developmental stage of Low German. Middle Dutch and Middle Low German are languages attested from the 12th century and medieval languages.

See Middle Dutch and Middle Low German

Nasal consonant

In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.

See Middle Dutch and Nasal consonant

Nominative case

In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.

See Middle Dutch and Nominative case

North Sea Germanic

North Sea Germanic, also known as Ingvaeonic, is a postulated grouping of the northern West Germanic languages that consists of Old Frisian, Old English, and Old Saxon, and their descendants.

See Middle Dutch and North Sea Germanic

Old Dutch

In linguistics, Old Dutch (Modern Dutch: Oudnederlands) or Old Low Franconian (Modern Dutch: Oudnederfrankisch) is the set of dialects that evolved from Frankish spoken in the Low Countries during the Early Middle Ages, from around the 6th Page 55: "Uit de zesde eeuw dateren de oudst bekende geschreven woorden en tekstjes in de Lage Landen, waarmee de periode van het oud-Nederlands begint." or 9th Page 27: "Aan het einde van de negende eeuw kan er zeker van Nederlands gesproken worden; hoe long daarvoor dat ook het geval was, kan niet met zekerheid worden uitgemaakt." to the 12th century. Middle Dutch and Old Dutch are history of the Dutch language, low Franconian languages and medieval languages.

See Middle Dutch and Old Dutch

Old Frisian

Old Frisian was a West Germanic language spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries along the North Sea coast, roughly between the mouths of the Rhine and Weser rivers. Middle Dutch and Old Frisian are medieval languages.

See Middle Dutch and Old Frisian

Open syllable lengthening

Open syllable lengthening, in linguistics, is the process by which short vowels become long in an open syllable.

See Middle Dutch and Open syllable lengthening

Open vowel

An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.

See Middle Dutch and Open vowel

Palatal consonant

Palatals are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).

See Middle Dutch and Palatal consonant

Plosive

In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

See Middle Dutch and Plosive

Plural

The plural (sometimes abbreviated as pl., pl, or), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.

See Middle Dutch and Plural

Realis mood

A realis mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentences.

See Middle Dutch and Realis mood

Rhotic consonant

In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek letter rho, including r in the Latin script and p in the Cyrillic script.

See Middle Dutch and Rhotic consonant

Roundedness

In phonetics, vowel roundedness is the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel.

See Middle Dutch and Roundedness

Standard language

A standard language (or standard variety, standard dialect, standardized dialect or simply standard) is a language variety that has undergone substantial codification of its grammar, lexicon, writing system, or other features and stands out among other varieties in a community as the one with the highest status or prestige.

See Middle Dutch and Standard language

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive (also known as conjunctive in some languages) is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it.

See Middle Dutch and Subjunctive mood

Syllable weight

In linguistics, syllable weight is the concept that syllables pattern together according to the number and/or duration of segments in the rime.

See Middle Dutch and Syllable weight

Tap and flap consonants

In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another.

See Middle Dutch and Tap and flap consonants

T–V distinction

The T–V distinction is the contextual use of different pronouns that exists in some languages and serves to convey formality or familiarity.

See Middle Dutch and T–V distinction

Trill consonant

In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator.

See Middle Dutch and Trill consonant

Umlaut (linguistics)

In linguistics, umlaut (from German "sound alternation") is a sound change in which a vowel is pronounced more like a following vowel or semivowel.

See Middle Dutch and Umlaut (linguistics)

Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (also known as the "velum").

See Middle Dutch and Velar consonant

Virginity

Virginity is the state of a person who has never engaged in sexual intercourse.

See Middle Dutch and Virginity

Voice (phonetics)

Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).

See Middle Dutch and Voice (phonetics)

Voicelessness

In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.

See Middle Dutch and Voicelessness

Weser–Rhine Germanic

Weser–Rhine Germanic is a proposed group of prehistoric West Germanic dialects, which includes both Central German dialects and Low Franconian, the ancestor of Dutch.

See Middle Dutch and Weser–Rhine Germanic

West Flemish

West Flemish (West-Vlams or West-Vloams or Vlaemsch (in French Flanders), West-Vlaams, flamand occidental) is a collection of Low Franconian varieties spoken in western Belgium and the neighbouring areas of France and the Netherlands.

See Middle Dutch and West Flemish

West Friesland (region)

West Friesland (West-Friesland) is a contemporary region in the Northwest of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.

See Middle Dutch and West Friesland (region)

West Germanic languages

The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages).

See Middle Dutch and West Germanic languages

Zeelandic

Zeelandic (Zeêuws; Zeeuws; Zêeuws) is a group of language varieties spoken in the southwestern parts of the Netherlands.

See Middle Dutch and Zeelandic

See also

History of the Dutch language

• Archaic Dutch declension
• Bergakker inscription
• Dutch phonology
• Francization of Brussels
• Grimm's law
• History of Dutch orthography
• History of the Dutch language
• Middle Dutch
• Old Dutch
• Theodiscus
• West Germanic gemination

Languages attested from the 12th century

• Classical Newar
• Hiberno-English
• Historic Colognian
• Konkani language
• Late Middle Japanese
• Middle Armenian
• Middle Dutch
• Middle Low German
• Middle Welsh
• Old Azeri
• Old Spanish
• Upper Saxon German
• Yola dialect

Low Franconian languages

• Afrikaans
• Bergish dialects
• Central Dutch dialects
• Duisburg dialect
• Dutch dialects
• Dutch language
• Franconian (linguistics)
• Hamont-Achel dialect
• Hasselt dialect
• Hebban olla vogala
• Kaaps
• Kleverlandish
• Leiden Willeram
• Limburgish
• Limburgish language
• Low Franconian
• Maastrichtian dialect
• Middle Dutch
• Old Dutch
• Rhinelandic
• Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible
• Sittard dialect
• South Guelderish
• South Low Franconian
• Southeast Limburgish dialect
• Terminology of the Low Countries
• Venlo dialect
• Weert dialect

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dutch

Also known as ISO 639:dum, Middelnederlands, Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350), Middle Dutch dialects, Middle Dutch language, Middle Dutch language (ca. 1050-1350), Middle Dutch phonology.

, Limburg (Belgium), Limburg (Netherlands), Limburgish, Low Countries, Low Franconian, Lower Rhine, Mid central vowel, Mid vowel, Middle Dutch literature, Middle High German, Middle Low German, Nasal consonant, Nominative case, North Sea Germanic, Old Dutch, Old Frisian, Open syllable lengthening, Open vowel, Palatal consonant, Plosive, Plural, Realis mood, Rhotic consonant, Roundedness, Standard language, Subjunctive mood, Syllable weight, Tap and flap consonants, T–V distinction, Trill consonant, Umlaut (linguistics), Velar consonant, Virginity, Voice (phonetics), Voicelessness, Weser–Rhine Germanic, West Flemish, West Friesland (region), West Germanic languages, Zeelandic.