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Middle Kingdom of Egypt, the Glossary

The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the period in the history of ancient Egypt following a period of political division known as the First Intermediate Period.^[1]

111 relations: Absolute monarchy, Akhmim wooden tablets, Amenemhat I, Amenemhat II, Amenemhat III, Amenemhat IV, Amun, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Egyptian religion, Avaris, Bahr Yussef, Belles-lettres, Beni Hasan, Berlin Papyrus 6619, Block statue, Buhen, Byblos, Canaan, Cartonnage, Cataracts of the Nile, Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen, Dispute between a man and his Ba, Donald B. Redford, Ebers Papyrus, Edwin Smith Papyrus, Egypt, Egyptian language, Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, El Lahun, Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt, Faiyum Oasis, First Intermediate Period of Egypt, Graffito (archaeology), Haty-a, Heqanakht Papyri, Heracleopolis Magna, Hermopolis, Hyksos, Imperial cult, Instructions of Amenemhat, Itjtawy, Khnumhotep I, Khnumhotep II, Khufu, Kim Ryholt, Lisht, List of pharaohs, Lower Egypt, Lower Nubia, Ludwig David Morenz, ... Expand index (61 more) »
17th century BC in Egypt
19th century BC in Egypt
21st century BC in Egypt

Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.

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Akhmim wooden tablets

The Akhmim wooden tablets, also known as the Cairo wooden tablets are two wooden writing tablets from ancient Egypt, solving arithmetical problems.

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Amenemhat I

Amenemhat I (Ancient Egyptian: Ỉmn-m-ḥꜣt meaning 'Amun is at the forefront'), also known as Amenemhet I, was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the first king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom.

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Amenemhat II

Nubkaure Amenemhat II, also known as Amenemhet II, was the third pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty of ancient Egypt.

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Amenemhat III

Amenemhat III (Ancient Egyptian: Ỉmn-m-hꜣt meaning 'Amun is at the forefront'), also known as Amenemhet III, was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the sixth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom.

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Amenemhat IV

Amenemhat IV (also known as Amenemhet IV) was the seventh and penultimateJürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, Münchner ägyptologische Studien, Heft 49, Mainz: Philip von Zabern, 1999,, see pp.

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Amun

Amun was a major ancient Egyptian deity who appears as a member of the Hermopolitan Ogdoad.

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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

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Ancient Egyptian religion

Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals that formed an integral part of ancient Egyptian culture.

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Avaris

Avaris (Egyptian: ḥw.t wꜥr.t, sometimes hut-waret; Auaris; Ávaris; Hawwara) was the Hyksos capital of Egypt located at the modern site of Tell el-Dab'a in the northeastern region of the Nile Delta.

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Bahr Yussef

The Bahr Yussef (بحر يوسف; "the waterway of Joseph") is a canal which connects the Nile River with Faiyum Oasis in Egypt.

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Belles-lettres

Belles-lettres is a category of writing, originally meaning beautiful or fine writing.

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Beni Hasan

Beni Hasan (also written as Bani Hasan, or also Beni-Hassan) (بني حسن) is an ancient Egyptian cemetery.

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Berlin Papyrus 6619

The Berlin Papyrus 6619, simply called the Berlin Papyrus when the context makes it clear, is one of the primary sources of ancient Egyptian mathematics.

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Block statue

The block statue is a type of memorial statue that first emerged in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt.

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Buhen

Buhen, alternatively known as Βοὥν (Bohón) in Ancient Greek, stands as a significant ancient Egyptian settlement on the western bank of the Nile, just below the Second Cataract in present-day Northern State, Sudan.

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Byblos

Byblos (Βύβλος), also known as Jebeil, Jbeil or Jubayl (Jubayl, locally Jbeil; 𐤂𐤁𐤋,, probably Gebal), is an ancient city in the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Lebanon.

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Canaan

Canaan (Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 –; כְּנַעַן –, in pausa כְּנָעַן –; Χανααν –;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta: id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes.

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Cartonnage

Cartonnage or cartonage is a type of material used in ancient Egyptian funerary masks from the First Intermediate Period to the Roman era.

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Cataracts of the Nile

The Cataracts of the Nile are shallow lengths (or whitewater rapids) of the Nile river, between Khartoum and Aswan, where the surface of the water is broken by many small boulders and stones jutting out of the river bed, as well as many rocky islets.

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Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen

Christian Charles Josias, Baron von Bunsen (25 August 1791 – 28 November 1860), was a German diplomat and scholar.

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Dispute between a man and his Ba

The Dispute between a man and his Ba or The Debate Between a Man and his Soul is an ancient Egyptian text dating to the Middle Kingdom.

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Donald B. Redford

Donald Bruce Redford (born September 2, 1934) is a Canadian Egyptologist and archaeologist, currently Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies at Pennsylvania State University.

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Ebers Papyrus

The Ebers Papyrus, also known as Papyrus Ebers, is an Egyptian medical papyrus of herbal knowledge dating to (the late Second Intermediate Period or early New Kingdom).

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Edwin Smith Papyrus

The Edwin Smith Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical text, named after Edwin Smith who bought it in 1862, and the oldest known surgical treatise on trauma.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Egyptian language

The Egyptian language, or Ancient Egyptian, is an extinct branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages that was spoken in ancient Egypt.

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Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the first dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power.

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El Lahun

El Lahun (اللاهون El Lāhūn, alt. Illahun, Lahun, or Kahun (the latter being a neologism coined by archaeologist William Matthew Flinders Petrie) is a workmen's village in Faiyum, Egypt founded by Senusret II. El Lahun is associated with the Pyramid of Senusret II (Sesostris II), which is located near the modern town, and is often called the Pyramid of Lahun.

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Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt

The Eleventh Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XI) is a well-attested group of rulers. Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt are 21st century BC in Egypt.

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Faiyum Oasis

The Faiyum Oasis (واحة الفيومWaḥet El Fayyum) is a depression or basin in the desert immediately west of the Nile river, 62 miles south of Cairo, Egypt.

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The First Intermediate Period, described as a 'dark period' in ancient Egyptian history, spanned approximately 125 years, c. 2181–2055 BC, after the end of the Old Kingdom. Middle Kingdom of Egypt and First Intermediate Period of Egypt are 21st century BC in Egypt.

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Graffito (archaeology)

A graffito (plural "graffiti"), in an archaeological context, is a deliberate mark made by scratching or engraving on a large surface such as a wall.

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Haty-a

Ḥaty-a was an ancient Egyptian rank and title given to local princes, mayors, or governors.

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Heqanakht Papyri

The Heqanakht Papyri or Heqanakht letters (also spelled Hekanakht) are a group of papyri dating to the early Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt that were found in the tomb complex of Vizier Ipi.

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Heracleopolis Magna

Heracleopolis Magna (Μεγάλη Ἡρακλέους πόλις, Megálē Herakléous pólis), Heracleopolis (Ἡρακλεόπολις, Herakleópolis) or Herakleoupolis (Ἡρακλεούπολις) is the Roman name of the capital of the 20th nome of ancient Upper Egypt, known in Ancient Egyptian as nn nswt. Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Heracleopolis Magna are 21st century BC in Egypt.

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Hermopolis

Hermopolis (Ἑρμούπολις Hermoúpolis "the City of Hermes", also Hermopolis Magna, Ἑρμοῦ πόλις μεγάλη Hermoû pólis megálẽ, Eight, Egyptological pronunciation: "Khemenu"; Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ Shmun, and thus The Two Shmun) was a major city in antiquity, located near the boundary between Lower and Upper Egypt.

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Hyksos

The Hyksos (Egyptian ḥqꜣ(w)-ḫꜣswt, Egyptological pronunciation: heqau khasut, "ruler(s) of foreign lands"), in modern Egyptology, are the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (fl. c. 1650–1550 BC).

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Imperial cult

An imperial cult is a form of state religion in which an emperor or a dynasty of emperors (or rulers of another title) are worshipped as demigods or deities.

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Instructions of Amenemhat

Instructions of Amenemhat (aka "Teaching of King Ammenemes I to His Son Sesostris") is a short ancient Egyptian poem of the sebayt genre written during the early Middle Kingdom.

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Itjtawy

Itjtawy or It-Towy ("Seizer of the Two Lands"), also known by its full name Amenemhat-itjtawy ("Amenemhat seizes the Two Lands"), was an ancient Egyptian royal city established by pharaoh Amenemhat I. As yet, Itjtawy’s exact location remains unidentified.

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Khnumhotep I

Khnumhotep I (ẖnmw-ḥtp, "Khnum is pleased") was an ancient Egyptian Great Chief of the Oryx nome (the 16th nome of Upper Egypt) during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat I of the 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom (early 20th century BCE).

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Khnumhotep II

Khnumhotep II (ẖnmw-ḥtp, "Khnum is pleased") was an ancient Egyptian Great Chief of the Oryx nome (the 16th nome of Upper Egypt) during the reign of pharaohs Amenemhat II and Senusret II of the 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom (20th century BCE).

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Khufu

Khufu or Cheops was an ancient Egyptian monarch who was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, in the first half of the Old Kingdom period (26th century BC).

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Kim Ryholt

Kim Steven Bardrum Ryholt (born 19 June 1970) is a professor of Egyptology at the University of Copenhagen and a specialist on Egyptian history and literature.

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Lisht

Lisht or el-Lisht (translit) is an Egyptian village located south of Cairo.

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List of pharaohs

The title "pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC.

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Lower Egypt

Lower Egypt (مصر السفلى) is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur.

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Lower Nubia

Lower Nubia (also called Wawat) is the northernmost part of Nubia, roughly contiguous with the modern Lake Nasser, which submerged the historical region in the 1960s with the construction of the Aswan High Dam.

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Ludwig David Morenz

Ludwig David Morenz (born 4 April 1965) is German professor in Egyptology at the University of Bonn.

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Manetho

Manetho (Μανέθων Manéthōn, gen.: Μανέθωνος) is believed to have been an Egyptian priest from Sebennytos (translit) who lived in the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the early third century BC, during the Hellenistic period.

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Medjay

Medjay (also Medjai, Mazoi, Madjai, Mejay, Egyptian mḏꜣ.j, a nisba of mḏꜣ) was a demonym used in various ways throughout ancient Egyptian history to refer initially to a nomadic group from Nubia and later as a generic term for desert-ranger police.

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Mentuhotep II

Mentuhotep II (ḥtp, meaning "Mentu is satisfied"), also known under his prenomen Nebhepetre (Rˁ, meaning "The Lord of the rudder is Ra"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the sixth ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty.

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Mentuhotep III

Sankhkare Mentuhotep III (also Montuhotep III) of the Eleventh Dynasty was Pharaoh of Egypt during the Middle Kingdom.

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Mentuhotep IV

Nebtawyre Mentuhotep IV was the last king of the 11th Dynasty in the Middle Kingdom.

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Merhotepre Sobekhotep

Merhotepre Sobekhotep (also known as Sobekhotep V; Sobekhotep VI in older studies) was an Egyptian king of the late 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period.

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Merneferre Ay

Merneferre Ay (also spelled Aya or Eje, sometimes known as Ay I) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the mid 13th Dynasty.

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Min (god)

Min (mnw), also called Menas, is an ancient Egyptian god whose cult originated in the predynastic period (4th millennium BCE).

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Moscow Mathematical Papyrus

The Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, also named the Golenishchev Mathematical Papyrus after its first non-Egyptian owner, Egyptologist Vladimir Golenishchev, is an ancient Egyptian mathematical papyrus containing several problems in arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Moscow Mathematical Papyrus are 19th century BC in Egypt.

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Neferhotep I

Khasekhemre Neferhotep I was an Egyptian pharaoh of the mid Thirteenth Dynasty ruling in the second half of the 18th century BCK.S.B. Ryholt: The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol.

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Nile

The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.

See Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Nile

Nomarch

A nomarch (νομάρχης, ꜥꜣ Great Chief) was a provincial governor in ancient Egypt; the country was divided into 42 provinces, called nomes (singular spꜣ.t, plural spꜣ.wt).

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Nome (Egypt)

A nome (from νομός, nomós, "district") was a territorial division in ancient Egypt.

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Nubia

Nubia (Nobiin: Nobīn) is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between the first cataract of the Nile (south of Aswan in southern Egypt) and the confluence of the Blue and White Niles (in Khartoum in central Sudan), or more strictly, Al Dabbah.

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Nubians

Nubians (Nobiin: Nobī) are a Nilo-Saharan speaking ethnic group indigenous to the region which is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt.

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Old Kingdom of Egypt

In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning –2200 BC.

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Oral literature

Oral literature, orature, or folk literature is a genre of literature that is spoken or sung in contrast to that which is written, though much oral literature has been transcribed.

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Osiris

Osiris (from Egyptian wsjr) is the god of fertility, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail.

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Papyrus

Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface.

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Periodization of ancient Egypt

The periodization of ancient Egypt is the use of periodization to organize the 3,000-year history of ancient Egypt.

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Prophecy of Neferti

The Prophecy of Neferti is one of the few surviving literary texts from ancient Egypt.

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Ptolemaic Kingdom

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

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Pyramid

A pyramid is a structure whose visible surfaces are triangular in broad outline and converge toward the top, making the appearance roughly a pyramid in the geometric sense.

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Red Sea

The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.

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Relief

Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.

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Reporter (Ancient Egypt)

The Reporter (or often translated as Herald) (w) was an Ancient Egyptian title.

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Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP; also designated as papyrus British Museum 10057, pBM 10058, and Brooklyn Museum 37.1784Ea-b) is one of the best known examples of ancient Egyptian mathematics.

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Richard B. Parkinson

Richard Bruce Parkinson (born 25 May 1963) is a British Egyptologist and academic.

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Rishi coffin

Rishi coffins are funerary coffins adorned with a feather design, which were used in Ancient Egypt.

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Sakha, Egypt

Sakha, also known by the ancient name of Xois (سخا, Ξόις, ⲥϦⲱⲟⲩ Strabo xvii. p, 802; Ptolemy iv. 5. § 50; Ξόης, Stephanus of Byzantium s. v.) is a town in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate of Egypt.

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Sarcophagus

A sarcophagus (sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a coffin, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.

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Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.

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The Second Intermediate Period dates from 1700 to 1550 BC. Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Second Intermediate Period of Egypt are 17th century BC in Egypt.

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Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep

Sekhemre Khutawy Amenemhat Sobekhotep was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early 13th Dynasty.

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Semna (Nubia)

The region of Semna is 15 miles south of Wadi Halfa and is situated where rocks cross the Nile narrowing its flow—the Semna Cataract.

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Senusret I

Senusret I (Middle Egyptian: z-n-wsrt; /suʀ nij ˈwas.ɾiʔ/) also anglicized as Sesostris I and Senwosret I, was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt.

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Senusret II

Senusret II was the fourth pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt.

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Senusret III

Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Egypt.

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Shechem

Shechem (Šəḵem; Samaritan Hebrew: script), also spelled Sichem (Sykhém) was an ancient city in the southern Levant.

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Sobekhotep IV

Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV was one of the more powerful Egyptian kings of the 13th Dynasty (c. 1803 BC to c. 1649 BC), who reigned at least eight years.

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Sobekneferu

Sobekneferu or Neferusobek (Sbk-nfrw meaning 'Beauty of Sobek') was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the last ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom.

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Sphinx

A sphinx (σφίγξ,; phíx,; or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human, the body of a lion, and the wings of an eagle.

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Squatting position

Squatting is a versatile posture where the weight of the body is on the feet but the knees and hips are bent.

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Stele

A stele,From Greek στήλη, stēlē, plural στήλαι stēlai; the plural in English is sometimes stelai based on direct transliteration of the Greek, sometimes stelae or stelæ based on the inflection of Greek nouns in Latin, and sometimes anglicized to steles.) or occasionally stela (stelas or stelæ) when derived from Latin, is a stone or wooden slab, generally taller than it is wide, erected in the ancient world as a monument.

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Story of Sinuhe

The Story of Sinuhe (also referred to as Sanehat or Sanhath) is a work of ancient Egyptian literature.

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Sudan

Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.

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Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor

The "Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor" is a Middle Kingdom story of an Ancient Egyptian voyage to "the King's mines".

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Tenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Tenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty X) is often combined with the 7th, 8th, 9th and early 11th Dynasties under the group title First Intermediate Period. Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Tenth Dynasty of Egypt are 21st century BC in Egypt.

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The Satire of the Trades

The Satire of the Trades, also called The Instruction of Kheti, is a didactic work of ancient Egyptian literature.

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Thebes, Egypt

Thebes (طيبة, Θῆβαι, Thēbai), known to the ancient Egyptians as Waset (Arabic: وسط), was an ancient Egyptian city located along the Nile about south of the Mediterranean.

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Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XIII) was a series of rulers from approximately 1803 BC until approximately 1649 BC, i.e. for 154 years. Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt are 17th century BC in Egypt and 19th century BC in Egypt.

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Turin King List

The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II, now in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum) in Turin.

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Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt

The Twelfth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty XII) is a series of rulers reigning from 1991–1802 BC (190 years), at what is often considered to be the apex of the Middle Kingdom (Dynasties XI–XIV). Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt are 19th century BC in Egypt.

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Ugarit

Ugarit (𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚, ʾUgarītu) was an ancient port city in northern Syria about 10 kilometers north of modern Latakia.

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Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر, shortened to الصعيد,, locally) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel N. It thus consists of the entire Nile River valley from Cairo south to Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan High Dam).

See Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Upper Egypt

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt

Also known as Egyptian Middle Kingdom, Middle Kingdom (Egypt), Middle Kingdom Egypt, The Period of Reunification.

, Manetho, Medjay, Mentuhotep II, Mentuhotep III, Mentuhotep IV, Merhotepre Sobekhotep, Merneferre Ay, Min (god), Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, Neferhotep I, Nile, Nomarch, Nome (Egypt), Nubia, Nubians, Old Kingdom of Egypt, Oral literature, Osiris, Papyrus, Periodization of ancient Egypt, Prophecy of Neferti, Ptolemaic Kingdom, Pyramid, Red Sea, Relief, Reporter (Ancient Egypt), Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Richard B. Parkinson, Rishi coffin, Sakha, Egypt, Sarcophagus, Sculpture, Second Intermediate Period of Egypt, Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep, Semna (Nubia), Senusret I, Senusret II, Senusret III, Shechem, Sobekhotep IV, Sobekneferu, Sphinx, Squatting position, Stele, Story of Sinuhe, Sudan, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor, Tenth Dynasty of Egypt, The Satire of the Trades, Thebes, Egypt, Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Turin King List, Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt, Ugarit, Upper Egypt, Upper Nubia, Wadi Hammamat, Wahibre Ibiau, Wegaf, Westcar Papyrus, Wooden tomb model.

Middle Kingdom of Egypt, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

17th century BC in Egypt

19th century BC in Egypt

21st century BC in Egypt

References