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Militarisation of space, the Glossary

The militarisation of space involves the placement and development of weaponry and military technology in outer space.^[1]

187 relations: Almaz, Anti-ballistic missile, Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, Anti-satellite weapon, Astronomical object, Atmosphere, Atmosphere of Earth, Ballistic missile, Battle, Boeing X-37, Buran programme, Carl Sagan, China, Cold War, Colorado, Commercial use of space, Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite, Communications satellite, Conference on Disarmament, Conventional Prompt Strike, COSMO-SkyMed, Cruise missile, Cyberwarfare, Delta II, Denmark, Directed-energy weapon, Donald Rumsfeld, Earth, Earth observation satellite, Email, Energia (rocket), England, Europe, European Union, Fanhui Shi Weixing, Federation of American Scientists, Fort Greely, Fractional Orbital Bombardment System, France, Galileo (satellite navigation), Göktürk-1, Göktürk-2, Geneva, Geocentric orbit, George W. Bush, Germany, Global Information Grid, Global Positioning System, GLONASS, Gravity tractor, ... Expand index (137 more) »
Military globalization
Space weapons

Almaz

The Almaz (lit) program was a highly secret Soviet military space station program, begun in the early 1960s. Militarisation of space and Almaz are space weapons.

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Anti-ballistic missile

An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a surface-to-air missile designed to counter ballistic missiles (missile defense).

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The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, also known as the ABM Treaty or ABMT, was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against ballistic missile-delivered nuclear weapons.

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Anti-satellite weapon

Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are space weapons designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic or tactical purposes. Militarisation of space and Anti-satellite weapon are space weapons.

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Astronomical object

An astronomical object, celestial object, stellar object or heavenly body is a naturally occurring physical entity, association, or structure that exists within the observable universe.

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Atmosphere

An atmosphere is a layer of gasses that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object.

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Atmosphere of Earth

The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.

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Ballistic missile

A ballistic missile (BM) is a type of missile that uses projectile motion to deliver warheads on a target.

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Battle

A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size.

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Boeing X-37

The Boeing X-37, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), is a reusable robotic spacecraft.

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Buran programme

The Buran programme (Буран,, "Snowstorm", "Blizzard"), also known as the "VKK Space Orbiter programme" (lit), was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project that began in 1974 at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in Moscow and was formally suspended in 1993.

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Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, and science communicator.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Colorado

Colorado (other variants) is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.

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Commercial use of space

Commercial use of space is the provision of goods or services of commercial value by using equipment sent into Earth orbit or outer space.

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Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite

Communication-Centric Intelligence Satellite is an Indian advanced reconnaissance satellite, being developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).

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Communications satellite

A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.

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Conference on Disarmament

The Conference on Disarmament (CD) is a multilateral disarmament forum established by the international community to negotiate arms control and disarmament agreements based at the Palais des Nations in Geneva.

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Conventional Prompt Strike

Conventional Prompt Strike (CPS), formerly called Prompt Global Strike (PGS), is a United States military effort to develop a system that can deliver a precision-guided conventional weapon strike anywhere in the world within one hour, in a similar manner to a nuclear ICBM. Militarisation of space and conventional Prompt Strike are space weapons.

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COSMO-SkyMed

COSMO-SkyMed (COnstellation of small Satellites for the Mediterranean basin Observation) is an Earth-observation satellite space-based radar system funded by the Italian Ministry of Research and Ministry of Defence and conducted by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), intended for both military and civilian use.

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Cruise missile

A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled guided vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path and whose primary mission is to place an ordnance or special payload on a target.

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Cyberwarfare

Cyberwarfare is the use of cyber attacks against an enemy state, causing comparable harm to actual warfare and/or disrupting vital computer systems.

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Delta II

Delta II was an expendable launch system, originally designed and built by McDonnell Douglas, and sometimes known as the Thorad Delta 1.

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Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.

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Directed-energy weapon

A directed-energy weapon (DEW) is a ranged weapon that damages its target with highly focused energy without a solid projectile, including lasers, microwaves, particle beams, and sound beams.

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Donald Rumsfeld

Donald Henry Rumsfeld (July 9, 1932 – June 29, 2021) was an American politician, government official and businessman who served as secretary of defense from 1975 to 1977 under president Gerald Ford, and again from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush.

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Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.

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Earth observation satellite

An Earth observation satellite or Earth remote sensing satellite is a satellite used or designed for Earth observation (EO) from orbit, including spy satellites and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, cartography and others.

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Email

Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a method of transmitting and receiving messages using electronic devices.

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Energia (rocket)

Energia (Energy; GRAU 11K25) was a 1980s super-heavy lift launch vehicle.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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Fanhui Shi Weixing

The Fanhui Shi Weixing series of satellites was China's first reconnaissance satellite program.

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Federation of American Scientists

The Federation of American Scientists (FAS) is an American nonprofit global policy think tank with the stated intent of using science and scientific analysis to attempt to make the world more secure.

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Fort Greely

Fort Greely is a United States Army launch site for anti-ballistic missiles located about southeast of Fairbanks, Alaska.

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Fractional Orbital Bombardment System

A Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) is a warhead delivery system that uses a low Earth orbit towards its target destination. Militarisation of space and Fractional Orbital Bombardment System are military globalization and space weapons.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Galileo (satellite navigation)

Galileo is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that went live in 2016, created by the European Union through the European Space Agency (ESA), operated by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA), headquartered in Prague, Czechia, with two ground operations centres in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, mostly responsible for the control of the satellites, and in Fucino, Italy, mostly responsible for providing the navigation data.

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Göktürk-1

Göktürk-1 (also Göktürk-1A) is a high resolution Earth observation satellite (greater than 50 cm) designed and developed for the Turkish Ministry of National Defence by the Italian space service company Telespazio with technological input from Turkish Aerospace Industries (TUSAŞ) and ASELSAN of Turkey.

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Göktürk-2

Göktürk-2 is an Earth observation satellite designed and developed by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) and built by TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute (TÜBİTAK UZAY) and Turkish Aerospace Industries (TUSAŞ) for the Turkish Ministry of National Defence.

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Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

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Geocentric orbit

A geocentric orbit, Earth-centered orbit, or Earth orbit involves any object orbiting Earth, such as the Moon or artificial satellites.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Global Information Grid

The Global Information Grid (GIG) is a network of information transmission and processing maintained by the United States Department of Defense.

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Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. Militarisation of space and Global Positioning System are military globalization.

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GLONASS

GLONASS (label,; t) is a Russian satellite navigation system operating as part of a radionavigation-satellite service.

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Gravity tractor

A gravity tractor is a theoretical spacecraft that would deflect another object in space, typically a potentially hazardous asteroid that might impact Earth, without physically contacting it, using only its gravitational field to transmit the required impulse.

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Great power

A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale.

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Greenland

Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.

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Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.

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Guided bomb

A guided bomb (also known as a smart bomb, guided bomb unit, or GBU) is a precision-guided munition designed to achieve a smaller circular error probable (CEP).

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Gulf War

The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States.

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Hélios 1B

Hélios 1A and Hélios 1B were French military photo-reconnaissance satellites in which Italy and Spain also participated.

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Health threat from cosmic rays

Health threats from cosmic rays are the dangers posed by cosmic rays to astronauts on interplanetary missions or any missions that venture through the Van-Allen Belts or outside the Earth's magnetosphere.

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Helios 2 (satellite)

The Helios 2 system, which consists of the Helios 2A and Helios 2B, is a French-developed military Earth observation satellite program.

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High-altitude nuclear explosion

High-altitude nuclear explosions are the result of nuclear weapons testing within the upper layers of the Earth's atmosphere and in outer space.

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Imagery intelligence

Imagery intelligence (IMINT), pronounced as either as Im-Int or I-Mint, is an intelligence gathering discipline wherein imagery is analyzed (or "exploited") to identify information of intelligence value.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.

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Information Gathering Satellite

are the satellites of the Japanese spy satellite program.

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Intercontinental ballistic missile

An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range greater than, primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads).

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Internet

The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.

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Iron Curtain

During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain was a political metaphor used to describe the political and later physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

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Israel

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.

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Kamikaze

, officially, were a part of the Japanese Special Attack Units of military aviators who flew suicide attacks for the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, intending to destroy warships more effectively than with conventional air attacks.

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Kessler syndrome

The Kessler syndrome (also called the Kessler effect, collisional cascading, or ablation cascade), proposed by NASA scientists Donald J. Kessler and Burton G. Cour-Palais in 1978, is a scenario in which the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) due to space pollution is numerous enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade in which each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions.

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Kill vehicle

Kill vehicle is a term from space weapon development and science fiction which denotes either a kinetic projectile or an explosive warhead supposed to impact on or (in the case of the warhead) near a target. Militarisation of space and Kill vehicle are space weapons.

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Kinetic bombardment

A kinetic bombardment or a kinetic orbital strike is the hypothetical act of attacking a planetary surface with an inert kinetic projectile from orbit (orbital bombardment), where the destructive power comes from the kinetic energy of the projectile impacting at very high speeds. Militarisation of space and kinetic bombardment are space weapons.

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Kinetic energy weapon

A kinetic energy weapon (also known as kinetic weapon, kinetic energy warhead, kinetic warhead, kinetic projectile, kinetic kill vehicle) is a projectile weapon based solely on a projectile's kinetic energy to inflict damage to a target, instead of using any explosive, incendiary/thermal, chemical or radiological payload.

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Kosmos (satellite)

Kosmos (Ко́смос,, meaning "(outer) space" or "Kosmos") is a designation given to many satellites operated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia.

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Kosmos 1408

Kosmos-1408 (Космос-1408) was an electronic signals intelligence (ELINT) satellite operated by the Soviet Union.

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Lacrosse (satellite)

Lacrosse or Onyx was a series of terrestrial radar imaging reconnaissance satellites operated by the United States National Reconnaissance Office (NRO).

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Low Earth orbit

A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less than 0.25.

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Lunex Project

The Lunex Project was a US Air Force 1958 plan for a crewed lunar landing prior to the Apollo Program.

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McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle

The McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle is an American twin-engine, all-weather fighter aircraft designed by McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing).

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Medium Earth orbit

A medium Earth orbit (MEO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude above a low Earth orbit (LEO) and below a high Earth orbit (HEO) – between above sea level.

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Militarisation of space

The militarisation of space involves the placement and development of weaponry and military technology in outer space. Militarisation of space and militarisation of space are military globalization and space weapons.

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Military satellite

A military satellite is an artificial satellite used for a military purpose.

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Military science fiction

Military science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction and military fiction that depicts the use of science fiction technology, including spaceships and weapons, for military purposes and usually principal characters who are members of a military organization, usually during a war; occurring sometimes in outer space or on a different planet or planets.

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Missile launch facility

A missile launch facility, also known as an underground missile silo, launch facility (LF), or nuclear silo, is a vertical cylindrical structure constructed underground, for the storage and launching of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs).

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Misty (satellite program)

Misty is reportedly the name of a classified project by the United States National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) to operate stealthy reconnaissance satellites.

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Moon

The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite.

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Mutual assured destruction

Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy which posits that a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by an attacker on a nuclear-armed defender with second-strike capabilities would result in the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender.

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Nekoma, North Dakota

Nekoma is a city in Cavalier County, North Dakota, United States.

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Network-centric warfare

Network-centric warfare, also called network-centric operations or net-centric warfare, is a military doctrine or theory of war that aims to translate an information advantage, enabled partly by information technology, into a competitive advantage through the computer networking of dispersed forces.

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NORAD

North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Canada and the continental United States.

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Nuclear blackmail

Nuclear blackmail is a form of nuclear strategy in which one of states uses the threat of use of nuclear weapons to force an adversary to perform some action or make some concessions.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.

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Ofeq

Ofeq, also spelled Offek or Ofek (אופק, lit. Horizon) is the designation of a series of Israeli reconnaissance satellites first launched in 1988.

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Operation Hardtack I

Operation Hardtack I was a series of 35 nuclear tests conducted by the United States from April 28 to August 18 in 1958 at the Pacific Proving Grounds.

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Operation RYAN

Operation RYAN (or RYaN, and sometimes written as VRYAN, p) was a Cold War military intelligence program run by the Soviet Union during the early 1980s when they believed the United States was planning for an imminent first strike attack.

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Outer space

Outer space (or simply space) is the expanse that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere and between celestial bodies.

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Outer Space Treaty

The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a multilateral treaty that forms the basis of international space law. Militarisation of space and Outer Space Treaty are space weapons.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Palace of Nations

The Palace of Nations (Palais des Nations) is the home of the United Nations Office at Geneva, located in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Paz (satellite)

Paz (Spanish for "Peace") is a Spanish Earth observation and reconnaissance satellite launched on 22 February 2018.

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Peterson Space Force Base

Peterson Space Force Base, previously Peterson Air Force Base, Peterson Field, and Army Air Base, Colorado Springs, is a United States Space Force base that shares an airfield with the adjacent Colorado Springs Municipal Airport and is home to the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the Space Force's 21st Space Wing, elements of the Space Force's Space Systems Command, and United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) headquarters.

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Pituffik Space Base

Pituffik Space Base, formerly Thule Air Base, is the United States Space Force's northernmost base, and the northernmost installation of the U.S. Armed Forces, located north of the Arctic Circle and from the North Pole on the northwest coast of Greenland.

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Politics of outer space

The politics of outer space includes space treaties, law in space, international cooperation and conflict in space exploration, international economics, and the hypothetical political impact of any contact with extraterrestrial intelligence.

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Polyus (spacecraft)

The Polyus spacecraft (Полюс, pole), also known as Polus, Skif-DM, GRAU index 17F19DM, was a prototype Soviet orbital weapons platform designed to destroy Strategic Defense Initiative satellites with a megawatt carbon-dioxide laser. Militarisation of space and Polyus (spacecraft) are space weapons.

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Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space

The Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space document is a 1981 UN resolutionSee Official Records of the General Assembly, A/RES/36/97 C, 9 December 1981. Militarisation of space and Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space are space weapons.

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Project A119

Project A119, also known as A Study of Lunar Research Flights, was a top-secret plan developed in 1958 by the United States Air Force.

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Project Horizon

Project Horizon was a 1959 study to determine the feasibility of constructing a scientific / military base on the Moon, at a time when the U.S. Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, and Department of the Air Force had total responsibility for U.S. space program plans.

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RAF Fylingdales

Royal Air Force Fylingdales or more simply RAF Fylingdales is a Royal Air Force station on Snod Hill in the North York Moors, England.

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Reconnaissance

In military operations, military reconnaissance or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, the terrain, and civil activities in the area of operations.

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Reconnaissance satellite

A reconnaissance satellite or intelligence satellite (commonly, although unofficially, referred to as a spy satellite) is an Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications.

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RISAT-1

Radar Imaging Satellite 1 or RISAT-1, was an Indian remote sensing satellite built and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

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RISAT-2

RISAT-2, or Radar Imaging Satellite-2 was an Indian radar imaging reconnaissance satellite that was part of India's RISAT programme.

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Rogue state

"Rogue state" (or sometimes "outlaw state") is a term applied by some international theorists to states that they consider threatening to the world's peace.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Russian Aerospace Forces

The Russian Aerospace Forces (Russian: VKS) or Russian Air and Space Forces comprise the aerial, space warfare, and missile defence branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

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Russian Armed Forces

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia.

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Russian Space Forces

The Russian Space Forces (Kosmicheskie voyska Rossii, KV) are the space force branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces.

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Safeguard Program

The Safeguard Program was a U.S. Army anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system designed to protect the U.S. Air Force's Minuteman ICBM silos from attack, thus preserving the US's nuclear deterrent fleet. Militarisation of space and Safeguard Program are space weapons.

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Salyut 3

Salyut 3 (Салют-3; Salute 3; also known as OPS-2 or Almaz 2Portree (1995).) was a Soviet space station launched on 25 June 1974. Militarisation of space and Salyut 3 are space weapons.

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Samos (satellite)

The SAMOS (Misidentified as Satellite and Missile Observation System) or SAMOS-E program was a relatively short-lived series of reconnaissance satellites for the United States in the early 1960s, also used as a cover for the initial development of the KH-7 GAMBIT system.

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SAR-Lupe

SAR-Lupe is Germany's first reconnaissance satellite system and is used for military purposes.

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Satellite

A satellite or artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body.

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Satellite constellation

A satellite constellation is a group of artificial satellites working together as a system.

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Satellite Data System

The Satellite Data System (SDS) is a system of United States military communications satellites.

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Satellite navigation

A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geopositioning.

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Scud missile

A Scud missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

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Sentinel program

Sentinel was a proposed US Army anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system designed to provide a light layer of protection over the entire United States, able to defend against small ICBM strikes like those expected from China, or accidental launches from the USSR or other states.

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Signals intelligence

Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the act and field of intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT).

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Situation awareness

Situational awareness or situation awareness (SA) is the understanding of an environment, its elements, and how it changes with respect to time or other factors.

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Skynet (satellite)

Skynet is a family of military communications satellites, now operated by Babcock International on behalf of the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence (MoD).

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Soldier

A soldier is a person who is a member of an army.

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Solwind

P78-1 or Solwind was a United States satellite launched aboard an Atlas F rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California on February 24, 1979.

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South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.

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South Pole

The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 20,004 km (12,430 miles) in all directions.

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Soviet Air Defence Forces

The Soviet Air Defence Forces (войска ПВО, voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony, voyska PVO, V-PVO, lit. Anti-Air Defence Troops; and formerly protivovozdushnaya oborona strany, PVO strany, lit. Anti-Air Defence of the Country) was the air defence branch of the Soviet Armed Forces.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Space force

A space force is a military branch of a nation's armed forces that conducts military operations in outer space and space warfare.

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Space Operations Command

Space Operations Command (SpOC) is the United States Space Force's space operations, cyber operations, and intelligence field command. Militarisation of space and space Operations Command are military globalization.

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Space Race

The Space Race (Космическая гонка) was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the United States and the Soviet Union, to achieve superior spaceflight capability.

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Space Shuttle program

The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011.

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Space warfare

Space warfare is combat in which one or more belligerents are in outer space.

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Space weapon

Space weapons are weapons used in space warfare. Militarisation of space and space weapon are space weapons.

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Spaceplane

A spaceplane is a vehicle that can fly and glide like an aircraft in Earth's atmosphere and maneuver like a spacecraft in outer space.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Sputnik 1

Sputnik 1 (Спутник-1, Satellite 1) was the first artificial Earth satellite.

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Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex

The Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex (SRMSC) was a cluster of military facilities near Langdon, North Dakota, that supported the United States Army's Safeguard anti-ballistic missile program.

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Star Wars

Star Wars is an American epic space opera media franchise created by George Lucas, which began with the eponymous 1977 film and quickly became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon.

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Starfish Prime

Starfish Prime was a high-altitude nuclear test conducted by the United States, a joint effort of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Defense Atomic Support Agency.

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Steven M. Greer

Steven Macon Greer (born 1955) is an American ufologist and retired physician.

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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union.

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Strategic Defense Initiative

The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic nuclear missiles. Militarisation of space and Strategic Defense Initiative are military globalization and space weapons.

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Strategic Rocket Forces

The Strategic Rocket Forces of the Russian Federation or the Strategic Missile Forces of the Russian Federation (RVSN RF; Raketnye voyska strategicheskogo naznacheniya Rossiyskoy Federatsii) is a separate-troops branch of the Russian Armed Forces that controls Russia's land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

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Strategy of Technology

The Strategy of Technology doctrine involves a country using its advantage in technology to create and deploy weapons of sufficient power and numbers so as to overawe or beggar its opponents, forcing them to spend their limited resources on developing hi-tech countermeasures and straining their economy. Militarisation of space and Strategy of Technology are space weapons.

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Sub-orbital spaceflight

A sub-orbital spaceflight is a spaceflight in which the spacecraft reaches outer space, but its trajectory intersects the surface of the gravitating body from which it was launched.

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Superpower

Superpower describes a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Pentagon

The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense, in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C. The building was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II.

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Time and frequency transfer

Time and frequency transfer is a scheme where multiple sites share a precise reference time or frequency.

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TP-82

The TP-82 (ТП-82) is an out-of-service triple-barreled Soviet combination gun carried by cosmonauts on space missions.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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Unified combatant command

A unified combatant command, also referred to as a combatant command (CCMD), is a joint military command of the United States Department of Defense that is composed of units from two or more service branches of the United States Armed Forces, and conducts broad and continuing missions.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space

The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) is a United Nations committee whose main task is to review and foster international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, as well as to consider legal issues arising from the exploration of outer space.

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United Nations General Assembly

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée générale, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Air Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.

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United States Armed Forces

The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States.

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United States Department of Defense

The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD, or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the U.S. government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Northern Command

The United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM) is one of eleven unified combatant commands of the United States Department of Defense.

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United States Space Command

United States Space Command (USSPACECOM or SPACECOM) is a unified combatant command of the United States Department of Defense, responsible for military operations in outer space, specifically all operations 100 kilometers (62 miles) and greater above mean sea level.

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United States Space Force

The United States Space Force (USSF) is the space service branch of the United States Armed Forces.

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United States Strategic Command

The United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands in the United States Department of Defense. Militarisation of space and United States Strategic Command are military globalization.

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Unmanned aerial vehicle

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board.

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USA-193

USA-193, also known as NRO Launch 21 (NROL-21 or simply L-21), was a United States military reconnaissance satellite (radar imaging) launched on 14 December 2006.

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Vela (satellite)

Vela was the name of a group of satellites developed as the Vela Hotel element of Project Vela by the United States to detect nuclear detonations and monitor Soviet Union compliance with the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty.

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Vela incident

The Vela incident was an unidentified double flash of light detected by an American Vela Hotel satellite on 22 September 1979 near the South African territory of Prince Edward Islands in the Indian Ocean, roughly midway between Africa and Antarctica.

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Video game

A video game or computer game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface or input device (such as a joystick, controller, keyboard, or motion sensing device) to generate visual feedback from a display device, most commonly shown in a video format on a television set, computer monitor, flat-panel display or touchscreen on handheld devices, or a virtual reality headset.

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Weapon

A weapon, arm, or armament is any implement or device that is used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill.

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Weapon of mass destruction

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.

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Weapons platform

A weapons platform is generally any structure, vehicle or mechanism on which a weapon can be installed (via various mounting mechanisms) for optimal stability and performance.

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Yantar (satellite)

Yantar (Янтарь meaning amber) were a series of Russian (previously Soviet) reconnaissance satellites, which supplemented and eventually replaced the Zenit spacecraft.

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Zenit (satellite)

Zenit (Зени́т,, Zenith) was a series of military photoreconnaissance satellites launched by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1994.

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Zircon (satellite)

Zircon was the codename for a British signals intelligence satellite, designed to intercept radio and other signals from the USSR, Europe and other areas.

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Zirconic

Zirconic is a program for the development of reconnaissance satellites which have features intended to make them more difficult to detect and track, by both radar and visual observation.

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2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test

On 11 January 2007, China conducted an anti-satellite missile test.

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321st Missile Wing LGM-30 Minuteman Missile Launch Sites

This is a list of the LGM-30 Minuteman missile Missile Alert Facilities and Launch Facilities of the 321st Missile Wing, 20th Air Force, assigned to Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarisation_of_space

Also known as Militarising space, Militarization of space, Militarizing space, Military use of space, Military uses of space, PPWT, Paramilitarization of space, Space Preservation Treaty, Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects, Weaponization of space.

, Great power, Greenland, Gross domestic product, Guided bomb, Gulf War, Hélios 1B, Health threat from cosmic rays, Helios 2 (satellite), High-altitude nuclear explosion, Imagery intelligence, India, Indian Ocean, Information Gathering Satellite, Intercontinental ballistic missile, Internet, Iron Curtain, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kamikaze, Kessler syndrome, Kill vehicle, Kinetic bombardment, Kinetic energy weapon, Kosmos (satellite), Kosmos 1408, Lacrosse (satellite), Low Earth orbit, Lunex Project, McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, Medium Earth orbit, Militarisation of space, Military satellite, Military science fiction, Missile launch facility, Misty (satellite program), Moon, Mutual assured destruction, Nekoma, North Dakota, Network-centric warfare, NORAD, Nuclear blackmail, Nuclear weapon, Ofeq, Operation Hardtack I, Operation RYAN, Outer space, Outer Space Treaty, Pakistan, Palace of Nations, Paz (satellite), Peterson Space Force Base, Pituffik Space Base, Politics of outer space, Polyus (spacecraft), Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, Project A119, Project Horizon, RAF Fylingdales, Reconnaissance, Reconnaissance satellite, RISAT-1, RISAT-2, Rogue state, Ronald Reagan, Russian Aerospace Forces, Russian Armed Forces, Russian Space Forces, Safeguard Program, Salyut 3, Samos (satellite), SAR-Lupe, Satellite, Satellite constellation, Satellite Data System, Satellite navigation, Scud missile, Sentinel program, Signals intelligence, Situation awareness, Skynet (satellite), Soldier, Solwind, South Africa, South Pole, Soviet Air Defence Forces, Soviet Union, Space force, Space Operations Command, Space Race, Space Shuttle program, Space warfare, Space weapon, Spaceplane, Spain, Sputnik 1, Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex, Star Wars, Starfish Prime, Steven M. Greer, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, Strategic Defense Initiative, Strategic Rocket Forces, Strategy of Technology, Sub-orbital spaceflight, Superpower, The New York Times, The Pentagon, Time and frequency transfer, TP-82, Turkey, Unified combatant command, United Kingdom, United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, United Nations General Assembly, United States, United States Air Force, United States Armed Forces, United States Department of Defense, United States Northern Command, United States Space Command, United States Space Force, United States Strategic Command, Unmanned aerial vehicle, USA-193, Vela (satellite), Vela incident, Video game, Weapon, Weapon of mass destruction, Weapons platform, Yantar (satellite), Zenit (satellite), Zircon (satellite), Zirconic, 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test, 321st Missile Wing LGM-30 Minuteman Missile Launch Sites.

Militarisation of space, the Glossary

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