Napoleonic looting of art, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 324 relations: Aachen Cathedral, Abdication of Napoleon, 1815, Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze, Agrippina the Younger, Alexander I of Russia, Alexandre Lenoir, Amsterdam, Ancien régime, Ancona, André Thouin, Andrea Appiani, Andrea Mantegna, Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Antonio Canova, Antonio da Correggio, Antwerp, Apollo Belvedere, Apsley House, Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, Arezzo, Arles, Armistice of Bologna, Armistice of Cherasco, Army Museum (Paris), Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Austrian Empire, Barbadori Altarpiece, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, Basel, Basilica della Santa Casa, Batavian Republic, Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, Battle of Salamanca, Battle of the Nile, Battle of Vitoria, Belgium, Benjamin West, Berlin, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Biblioteca Estense, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Bologna, Brera Academy, British Museum, Bucentaur, Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona, Carla Bruni, Carrara, Castello Sforzesco, Catholic Church, ... Expand index (274 more) »

2. Looting

Aachen Cathedral

Aachen Cathedral (Aachener Dom) is a Catholic church in Aachen, Germany and the cathedral of the Diocese of Aachen.

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Abdication of Napoleon, 1815

Napoleon abdicated on 22 June 1815, in favour of his son Napoleon II.

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Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze

The Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze is an instructional art academy in Florence, in Tuscany, in central Italy.

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Agrippina the Younger

Julia Agrippina (6 November AD 15 – 23 March AD 59), also referred to as Agrippina the Younger, was Roman empress from AD 49 to 54, the fourth wife and niece of emperor Claudius, and the mother of Nero.

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Alexander I of Russia

Alexander I (–), nicknamed "the Blessed", was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first king of Congress Poland from 1815, and the grand duke of Finland from 1809 to his death in 1825.

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Alexandre Lenoir

Marie Alexandre Lenoir (27 December 1761 – 11 June 1839) was a French archaeologist.

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Amsterdam

Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.

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Ancien régime

The ancien régime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France that the French Revolution overturned through its abolition in 1790 of the feudal system of the French nobility and in 1792 through its execution of the king and declaration of a republic.

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Ancona

Ancona (also) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of Central Italy, with a population of around 101,997.

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André Thouin

André Thouin (10 February 1747 – 24 October 1824) was a French botanist.

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Andrea Appiani

Andrea Appiani (31 May 17548 November 1817) was an Italian neoclassical painter.

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Andrea Mantegna

Andrea Mantegna (September 13, 1506) was an Italian Renaissance painter, a student of Roman archeology, and son-in-law of Jacopo Bellini.

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Antoine Christophe Saliceti

Antoine Christophe Saliceti (baptised in the name of Antonio Cristoforo Saliceti: Antoniu Cristufaru Saliceti in Corsican; 26 August 175723 December 1809) was a French politician and diplomat of the Revolution and First Empire.

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Antonio Canova

Antonio Canova (1 November 1757 – 13 October 1822) was an Italian Neoclassical sculptor, famous for his marble sculptures.

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Antonio da Correggio

Antonio Allegri da Correggio (August 1489 – 5 March 1534), usually known as just Correggio (also) was an Italian Renaissance painter who was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the High Renaissance, who was responsible for some of the most vigorous and sensuous works of the sixteenth century.

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Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen; Anvers) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

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Apollo Belvedere

The Apollo Belvedere (also called the Belvedere Apollo, Apollo of the Belvedere, or Pythian Apollo) is a celebrated marble sculpture from classical antiquity.

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Apsley House

Apsley House is the London townhouse of the Dukes of Wellington.

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Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel

The Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel (Triumphal Arch of the Carousel) is a triumphal arch in Paris, located in the Place du Carrousel.

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Arezzo

Arezzo is a city and comune in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany.

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Arles

Arles (Arle; Classical Arelate) is a coastal city and commune in the South of France, a subprefecture in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in the former province of Provence.

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Armistice of Bologna

The Armistice of Bologna was a treaty signed between the Papal States and the French First Republic on 23 June 1796.

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Armistice of Cherasco

The Armistice of Cherasco was a truce signed at Cherasco, Piedmont, on 28 April 1796 between Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Army Museum (Paris)

The Musée de l'Armée ("Army Museum") is a national military museum of France located at Les Invalides in the 7th arrondissement of Paris.

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Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, (1 May 1769 – 14 September 1852) was an Anglo-Irish military officer and statesman who was one of the leading military and political figures in Britain during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, serving twice as British prime minister.

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Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

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Barbadori Altarpiece

The Barbadori Altarpiece is a painting by Filippo Lippi, dated to 1438 and housed in the Louvre Museum of Paris.

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Bartolomé Esteban Murillo

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (late December 1617, baptized January 1, 1618April 3, 1682) was a Spanish Baroque painter.

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Basel

Basel, also known as Basle,Bâle; Basilea; Basileia; other Basilea.

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Basilica della Santa Casa

The Basilica della Santa Casa (Basilica of the Holy House) is a Marian shrine in Loreto, in the Marches, Italy.

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Batavian Republic

The Batavian Republic (Bataafse Republiek; République Batave) was the successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

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Battle of Jena–Auerstedt

The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older spelling: Auerstädt) were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the river Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia.

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Battle of Salamanca

The Battle of Salamanca (in French and Spanish known as the Battle of the Arapiles) took place on 22July 1812.

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Battle of the Nile

The Battle of the Nile (also known as the Battle of Aboukir Bay; Bataille d'Aboukir) was a major naval battle fought between the British Royal Navy and the Navy of the French Republic at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast off the Nile Delta of Egypt between 1–3 August 1798.

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Battle of Vitoria

At the Battle of Vitoria (21 June 1813), a British, Portuguese and Spanish army under the Marquess of Wellington broke the French army under King Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan near Vitoria in Spain, eventually leading to victory in the Peninsular War.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

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Benjamin West

Benjamin West (October 10, 1738 – March 11, 1820) was a British-American artist who painted famous historical scenes such as The Death of Nelson, The Death of General Wolfe, the Treaty of Paris, and Benjamin Franklin Drawing Electricity from the Sky.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Biblioteca Ambrosiana

The Biblioteca Ambrosiana is a historic library in Milan, Italy, also housing the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana, the Ambrosian art gallery.

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Biblioteca Estense

The Biblioteca Estense (Estense Library), was the family library of the marquises and dukes of the House of Este.

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Bibliothèque nationale de France

The ('National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as Richelieu and François-Mitterrand.

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Bologna

Bologna (Bulåggna; Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region, in northern Italy.

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Brera Academy

The Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera ("academy of fine arts of Brera"), also known as the italic or Brera Academy, is a state-run tertiary public academy of fine arts in Milan, Italy.

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British Museum

The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London.

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Bucentaur

The bucentaur (bucintoro in Italian and Venetian) was the ceremonial barge of the doges of Venice.

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Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona

Don Camillo Filippo Ludovico Borghese, Prince of Sulmona and of Rossano, Duke and Prince of Guastalla (19 July 1775 – 9 May 1832), was a member of the Borghese family and was best known for being a brother-in-law of Napoleon.

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Carla Bruni

Carla Bruni-Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (born Carla Gilberta Bruni Tedeschi;; 23 December 1967) is an Italian and French singer, songwriter and former fashion model who served as the first lady of France from 2008—when she married then president Nicolas Sarkozy—to 2012.

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Carrara

Carrara is a town and comune in Tuscany, in central Italy, of the province of Massa and Carrara, and notable for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there.

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Castello Sforzesco

The Castello Sforzesco (Italian for "Sforza's Castle") is a medieval fortification located in Milan, Northern Italy.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.

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Charles Borromeo

Charles Borromeo (Carlo Borromeo; Carolus Borromeus; 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584) was the Archbishop of Milan from 1564 to 1584 and a cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Charles de Wailly

Charles de Wailly (9 November 1730 – 2 November 1798) was a French architect and urbanist, and furniture designer, one of the principals in the Neoclassical revival of the Antique.

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Charles Lock Eastlake

Sir Charles Lock Eastlake (17 November 1793 – 24 December 1865) was a British painter, gallery director, collector and writer of the 19th century.

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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), 1st Prince of Benevento, then Prince of Talleyrand, was a French secularized clergyman, statesman, and leading diplomat.

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Charles Nicolas Lacretelle

Charles Nicolas Lacretelle (1822–1891) was a French general and statesman born in Pont-à-Mousson (Meurthe-et-Moselle, France) on 30 October 1822.

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Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick

Charles William Ferdinand (Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand; 9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806) was the prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and a military leader.

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Charles-François Lebrun

Charles-François Lebrun, 1st duc de Plaisance (19 March 1739 – 16 June 1824) was a French statesman who served as Third Consul of the French Republic and was later created Arch-Treasurer by Napoleon I.

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Château de Malmaison

The Château de Malmaison is a French château situated near the left bank of the Seine, about west of the centre of Paris, in the commune of Rueil-Malmaison.

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Christina, Queen of Sweden

Christina (Kristina; 18 December 1626 – 19 April 1689) was a member of the House of Vasa and the Queen of Sweden in her own right from 1632 until her abdication in 1654.

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Cimabue

Giovanni Cimabue, – 1302, Translated with an introduction and notes by J.C. and P Bondanella.

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Cisalpine Republic

The Cisalpine Republic (Repubblica Cisalpina) was a sister republic of France in Northern Italy that existed from 1797 to 1799, with a second version until 1802.

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Claude Louis Berthollet

Claude Louis Berthollet (9 December 1748 – 6 November 1822) was a Savoyard-French chemist who became vice president of the French Senate in 1804.

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Codex Atlanticus

The Codex Atlanticus (Atlantic Codex) is a 12-volume, bound set of drawings and writings (in Italian) by Leonardo da Vinci, the largest single set.

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Commission des Sciences et des Arts

The Commission des Sciences et des Arts (Commission of the Sciences and Arts) was a French scientific and artistic institute.

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Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples

The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples was a congregation of the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church in Rome, responsible for missionary work and related activities.

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Conservation and restoration of cultural property

The conservation and restoration of cultural property focuses on protection and care of cultural property (tangible cultural heritage), including artworks, architecture, archaeology, and museum collections.

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Conservatoire national des arts et métiers

The (English: National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts; abbr. CNAM) is an AMBA-accredited French grande école and grand établissement.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Daniele da Volterra

Daniele Ricciarelli (15094 April 1566), better known as Daniele da Volterra, was a Mannerist Italian painter and sculptor.

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Decemviri Altarpiece

Decemviri Altarpiece (Italian: Pala dei Decemviri) is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Pietro Perugino, executed in 1495–1496, and housed in the Pinacoteca Vaticana in Vatican City.

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Dendera Temple complex

The Dendera Temple complex (Ancient Egyptian: Iunet or Tantere; the 19th-century English spelling in most sources, including Belzoni, was Tentyra; also spelled Denderah) is located about south-east of Dendera, Egypt.

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Dendera zodiac

The sculptured Dendera zodiac (or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known Egyptian bas-relief from the ceiling of the pronaos (or portico) of a chapel dedicated to Osiris in the Hathor temple at Dendera, containing images of Taurus (the bull) and Libra (the scales).

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Denmark–Norway

Denmark–Norway (Danish and Norwegian: Danmark–Norge) is a term for the 16th-to-19th-century multi-national and multi-lingual real unionFeldbæk 1998:11 consisting of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Kingdom of Norway (including the then Norwegian overseas possessions: the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and other possessions), the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.

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Description de l'Égypte

The Description de l'Égypte ("Description of Egypt") was a series of publications, appearing first in 1809 and continuing until the final volume appeared in 1829, which aimed to comprehensively catalog all known aspects of ancient and modern Egypt as well as its natural history.

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Detachment of wall paintings

The detachment of wall paintings involves the removal of a wall painting from the structure of which it formed part.

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Diego Velázquez

Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, Knight of the Order of Santiago (baptized 6 June 15996 August 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age.

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Discobolus

The Discobolus by Myron ("discus thrower", Δισκοβόλος, Diskobólos) is an ancient Greek sculpture completed at the start of the Classical period in around 460–450 BC that depicts an ancient Greek athlete throwing a discus.

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Domenico Ghirlandaio

Domenico di Tommaso Curradi di Doffo Bigordi (2 June 1448 – 11 January 1494), professionally known as Domenico Ghirlandaio (also spelt as Ghirlandajo), was an Italian Renaissance painter born in Florence.

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Ducal Palace of Modena

The Ducal Palace of Modena is a Baroque palace in Modena, Italy.

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Duke of Ferrara and of Modena

This is a list of rulers of the estates owned by the Este family, which main line of Marquesses (Marchesi d'Este) rose in 1039 with Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan.

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Duomo

Duomo is an Italian term for a church with the features of, or having been built to serve as a cathedral, whether or not it currently plays this role.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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El Escorial

El Escorial, or the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid), or italic, is a historical residence of the King of Spain located in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, up the valley (road distance) from the town of El Escorial and about northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid.

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Electorate of Bavaria

The Electorate of Bavaria (Kurfürstentum Bayern) was a quasi-independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1623 to 1806, when it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Bavaria.

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Elgin Marbles

The Elgin Marbles are a collection of Ancient Greek sculptures from the Parthenon and other structures from the Acropolis of Athens, removed from Ottoman Greece and shipped to Britain by agents of Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, and now held in the British Museum in London.

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Emilia-Romagna

Emilia-Romagna (both also;; Emégglia-Rumâgna or Emîlia-Rumâgna; Emélia-Rumâgna) is an administrative region of northern Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna.

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Emperor of Russia

The emperor and autocrat of all Russia, also translated as emperor and autocrat of all the Russias, was the official title of the Russian monarch from 1721 to 1917.

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Encyclopedism

Encyclopedism is an outlook that aims to include a wide range of knowledge in a single work.

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Enlightened absolutism

Enlightened absolutism, also called enlightened despotism, refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and early 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, espousing them to enhance their power.

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Ennio Quirino Visconti

Ennio Quirino Visconti (November 1, 1751 – February 7, 1818) was a Roman politician, antiquarian, and art historian, papal Prefect of Antiquities, and the leading expert of his day in the field of ancient Roman sculpture.

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Ercole III d'Este

Ercole III d'Este (Ercole Rinaldo; 22 November 1727 – 14 October 1803) was Duke of Modena and Reggio from 1780 to 1796, and later of Breisgau (not resident).

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Farnese Hercules

The Farnese Hercules (Ercole Farnese) is an ancient statue of Hercules, probably an enlarged copy made in the early third century AD and signed by Glykon, who is otherwise unknown; he was an Athenian but he may have worked in Rome.

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Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand I (Italian: Ferdinando I; 12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1816 until his death.

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Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma

Ferdinand I (Ferdinando Maria Filippo Lodovico Sebastiano Francesco Giacomo; 20 January 1751 – 9 October 1802) was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla from his father's death on 18 July 1765 until he ceded the duchy to France by the Treaty of Aranjuez on 20 March 1801.

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Ferdinand VII

Ferdinand VII (Fernando VII; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was King of Spain during the early 19th century.

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Filippo Lippi

Filippo Lippi (– 8 October 1469), also known as Lippo Lippi, was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Quattrocento (fifteenth century) and a Carmelite priest.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire after 1809 and also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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First Restoration

The First Restoration was a period in French history that saw the return of the House of Bourbon to the throne, between the abdication of Napoleon in the spring of 1814 and the Hundred Days in March 1815.

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Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

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Fra Angelico

Fra Angelico, OP (born Guido di Pietro; 18 February 1455) was a Dominican friar and Italian Renaissance painter of the Early Renaissance, described by Giorgio Vasari in his Lives of the Artists as having "a rare and perfect talent".

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Francisco de Zurbarán

Francisco de Zurbarán (baptized 7 November 1598 – 27 August 1664) was a Spanish painter.

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Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Frederick William III of Prussia

Frederick William III (Friedrich Wilhelm III.; 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was King of Prussia from 16 November 1797 until his death in 1840.

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French Consulate

The Consulate (Consulat) was the top-level government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of 18 Brumaire on 9 November 1799 until the start of the French Empire on 18 May 1804.

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French Directory

The Directory (also called Directorate) was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic from 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire an IV) until October 1799, when it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate.

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French First Republic

In the history of France, the First Republic (Première République), sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, and officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution.

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French invasion of Egypt and Syria

The French invasion of Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) was an invasion and occupation of the Ottoman territories of Egypt and Syria, by forces of the French First Republic led by Napoleon Bonaparte.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars (Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts resulting from the French Revolution that lasted from 1792 until 1802.

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Fridericianum

The Fridericianum is a museum in Kassel, Germany.

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Galleria Sabauda

The Savoy Gallery (Galleria Sabauda) is an art collection in the Italian city of Turin, which contains the royal art collections amassed by the House of Savoy over the centuries.

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Gaspard Monge

Gaspard Monge, Comte de Péluse (9 May 1746 – 28 July 1818) was a French mathematician, commonly presented as the inventor of descriptive geometry, (the mathematical basis of) technical drawing, and the father of differential geometry.

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Genoa

Genoa (Genova,; Zêna) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy.

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Ghent Altarpiece

The Ghent Altarpiece, also called the Adoration of the Mystic Lamb (De aanbidding van het Lam Gods), is a very large and complex 15th-century polyptych altarpiece in St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium.

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Giorgio Vasari

Giorgio Vasari (also,; 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian Renaissance painter and architect, who is best known for his work Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, considered the ideological foundation of all art-historical writing, and still much cited in modern biographies of the many Italian Renaissance artists he covers, including Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, although he is now regarded as including many factual errors, especially when covering artists from before he was born.

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Giotto

Giotto di Bondone (– January 8, 1337), known mononymously as Giotto and Latinised as Giottus, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence during the Late Middle Ages.

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Giovanni Battista Sommariva

Giovanni or Gian Battista Sommariva (died 6 January 1826, Milan) was an Italian politician of the Cisalpine Republic and a notable arts patron.

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Giovanni Lanfranco

Giovanni Lanfranco (26 January 1582 – 30 November 1647) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period.

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Giulio Romano

Giulio Pippi (– 1 November 1546), known as Giulio Romano (Jules Romain), was an Italian painter and architect.

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Giuseppe Albani

Giuseppe (Andrea) Albani (13 September 1750 – 3 December 1834) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal.

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Giuseppe Maria Soli

Giuseppe Maria Soli (23 June 1747 – 20 October 1822) was an Italian architect.

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Gonzaga Cameo

The Gonzaga Cameo is a Hellenistic engraved gem; a cameo of the capita jugata variety cut out from the three layers of an Indian sardonyx, dating from perhaps the 3rd century BC.

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Grand Duchy of Tuscany

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana; Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence.

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Hans Holbein the Younger

Hans Holbein the Younger (Hans Holbein der Jüngere; – between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German-Swiss painter and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, and is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.

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Henri Grégoire

Henri Jean-Baptiste Grégoire (4 December 1750 – 28 May 1831), often referred to as the Abbé Grégoire, was a French Catholic priest, constitutional bishop of Blois and a revolutionary leader.

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Henry Fuseli

Henry Fuseli (italic; 7 February 1741 – 17 April 1825) was a Swiss painter, draughtsman, and writer on art who spent much of his life in Britain.

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Hermitage Museum

The State Hermitage Museum (p) is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

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History of Spain (1808–1874)

Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta

Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta (Oraziu Francescu Bastianu Sebastiani di A Porta; 11 November 1771 – 20 July 1851) was a French general, diplomat, and politician, who served as Naval Minister, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of State under the July Monarchy.

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Horses of Saint Mark

The Horses of Saint Mark (Cavalli di San Marco), also known as the Triumphal Quadriga or Horses of the Hippodrome of Constantinople, is a set of bronze statues of four horses, originally part of a monument depicting a quadriga (a four-horse carriage used for chariot racing).

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House of Bourbon

The House of Bourbon (also) is a dynasty that originated in the Kingdom of France as a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

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House of Orange-Nassau

The House of Orange-Nassau (Huis van Oranje-Nassau) is the current reigning house of the Netherlands.

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House of Savoy

The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia) is an Italian royal house (formally a dynasty) that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region.

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Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars

The Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1801) were a series of conflicts fought principally in Northern Italy between the French Revolutionary Army and a Coalition of Austria, Russia, Piedmont-Sardinia, and a number of other Italian states.

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Italian Peninsula

The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana), also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula or Italian Boot, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south, which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.

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J. M. W. Turner

Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 177519 December 1851), known in his time as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist.

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Jacques-Luc Barbier-Walbonne

Jacques-Luc Barbier-Walbonne (1769 –1860), was a French historical and portrait painter.

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Jan van Eyck

Jan van Eyck (– 9 July 1441) was a Flemish painter active in Bruges who was one of the early innovators of what became known as Early Netherlandish painting, and one of the most significant representatives of Early Northern Renaissance art.

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Jean Barthélemy Darmagnac

Jean Barthélemy Claude Toussaint Darmagnac (1 November 1766 – 12 December 1855) became a French division commander during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Jean Duplessis-Bertaux

Jean Duplessis-Bertaux (1747–1819) was a French painter, draughtsman and producer of etchings and burin engravings.

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Jean-Étienne Championnet

Jean-Étienne Vachier Championnet, also known as Championnet (13 April 1762, Alixan, Drôme – 9 January 1800), led a Republican French division in many important battles during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Jean-Baptiste Wicar

Jean-Baptiste Wicar (22 January 1762 – 27 February 1834) was a French Neoclassical painter and art collector.

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Jean-de-Dieu Soult

Marshal General Jean-de-Dieu Soult, 1st Duke of Dalmatia (29 March 1769 – 26 November 1851) was a French general and statesman.

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Jean-Simon Berthélemy

Jean-Simon Berthélemy (5 March 1743 – 1 March 1811) was a French history painter who was commissioned to paint allegorical ceilings for the Palais du Louvre, the Luxembourg Palace and others, in a conservative Late Baroque-Rococo manner only somewhat affected by Neoclassicism.

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Jewel of Vicenza

The Jewel of Vicenza (Gioiello di Vicenza) was a silver model of the city of Vicenza made as an ex-voto in the 16th century and attributed to the architect Andrea Palladio.

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Johann Joachim Winckelmann

Johann Joachim Winckelmann (9 December 17178 June 1768) was a German art historian and archaeologist.

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Joséphine de Beauharnais

Joséphine Bonaparte (born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I and as such Empress of the French from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 January 1810.

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Joseph Bonaparte

Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Giuseppe di Buonaparte,; Ghjuseppe Napulione Bonaparte; José Napoleón Bonaparte; 7 January 176828 July 1844) was a French statesman, lawyer, diplomat and older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Joseph Fourier

Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (21 March 1768 – 16 May 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist born in Auxerre and best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series, which eventually developed into Fourier analysis and harmonic analysis, and their applications to problems of heat transfer and vibrations.

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Kingdom of Etruria

The Kingdom of Etruria (Regno di Etruria) was an Italian kingdom between 1801 and 1807 that made up a large part of modern Tuscany.

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Kingdom of Naples

The Kingdom of Naples (Regnum Neapolitanum; Regno di Napoli; Regno 'e Napule), was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816.

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) constituted the German state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Laocoön and His Sons

The statue of Laocoön and His Sons, also called the Laocoön Group (Gruppo del Laocoonte), has been one of the most famous ancient sculptures since it was excavated in Rome in 1506 and put on public display in the Vatican Museums, where it remains today.

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Lazio

Lazio or Latium (from the original Latin name) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy.

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Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519) was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.

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Les Invalides

The Hôtel des Invalides ("house of invalids"), commonly called italic, is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and an Old Soldiers' retirement home, the building's original purpose.

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Lion of Venice

The Lion of Venice is an ancient bronze sculpture of a winged lion in the Piazza San Marco of Venice, Italy, which came to symbolize the city – as well as one of its patron saints, St Mark – after its arrival there in the 12th century.

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List of artworks with contested provenance

Throughout the world, there are many works of art that have a contested provenance.

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Lombardy

Lombardy (Lombardia; Lombardia) is an administrative region of Italy that covers; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population.

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London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Looted art

Looted art has been a consequence of looting during war, natural disaster and riot for centuries. Napoleonic looting of art and Looted art are looting.

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Louis Joseph Watteau

Louis Joseph Watteau (10 April 1731 - 17 August 1798), known as the Watteau of Lille (a title also given to his son) was a French painter active in Lille.

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Louis XVIII

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as the Desired, was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815.

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Louvre

The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world.

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Low Countries

The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular).

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Lucas Cranach the Elder

Lucas Cranach the Elder (Lucas Cranach der Ältere; – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving.

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Luke the Evangelist

Luke the Evangelist is one of the Four Evangelists—the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical gospels.

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Madonna of Foligno

The Madonna of Foligno is a painting by the Italian High Renaissance painter Raphael, executed.

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Maestà (Cimabue)

The Maestà is a painting by the Italian artist Cimabue, executed around 1280 and now in the Musée du Louvre in Paris.

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Mainz

Mainz (see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.

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Majolica

In different periods of time and in different countries, the term majolica has been used for two distinct types of pottery.

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Mantua

Mantua (Mantova; Lombard and Mantua) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Lombardy, and capital of the province of the same name.

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Maria Cosway

Maria Luisa Caterina Cecilia Cosway (ma-RYE-ah; née Hadfield; 11 June 1760 – 5 January 1838) was an Italian-English painter, musician, and educator.

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Marshal of the Empire

Marshal of the Empire (Maréchal d'Empire) was a civil dignity during the First French Empire.

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Massa, Tuscany

Massa is a town and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, the administrative centre of the province of Massa and Carrara.

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Mathurin-Léonard Duphot

Léonard Mathurin Duphot (21 September 1769 – 28 December 1797) was a French general and poet, whose Ode aux mânes des héros morts pour la liberté was highly fashionable at the time.

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Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry

Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry (13 January 1750 – 28 January 1819), son of Bertrand-Médéric and Marie-Rose Moreau de Saint-Méry, was born in Fort-Royale, Martinique.

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Mémoires sur l'Égypte

Mémoires sur l'Égypte (Memoirs Relative to Egypt), long title Mémoires sur l'Égypte, publiés pendant les campagnes du Général Bonaparte dans les années 1798 and 1799 (Memoirs Relative to Egypt Published during the Campaign of General Bonaparte in the Years 1798 and 1799) was a 4-volume series published by Institut d'Egypte in 1798–1801 (Years VI-IX of the French Republican calendar).

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Michelangelo

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.

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Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

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Ministry of Culture (Italy)

The Ministry of Culture (Ministero della Cultura - MiC) is the ministry of the Government of Italy in charge of national museums and the monuments historiques.

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Modena

Modena (Mòdna; Mutna; Mutina) is a city and comune (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.

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Monte Bolca

Monte Bolca is a lagerstätte near Verona, Italy that was one of the first fossil sites with high quality preservation known to Europeans, and is still an important source of fossils from the Eocene.

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Monza

Monza (Monça, locally Monscia; Modoetia) is a city and comune (municipality) on the River Lambro, a tributary of the River Po, in the Lombardy region of Italy, about north-northeast of Milan.

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Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille

The Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille is one of the main museums in the city of Marseille, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

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Musée national des Monuments Français

The Musée national des Monuments Français (National Museum of French Monuments) is today a museum of plaster casts of French monuments located in the Palais de Chaillot, 1, place du Trocadéro et du 11 Novembre, Paris, France.

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Museo del Prado

The Museo del Prado, officially known as Museo Nacional del Prado, is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid.

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Museo di Capodimonte

Museo di Capodimonte is an art museum located in the Palace of Capodimonte, a grand Bourbon palazzo in Naples, Italy designed by Giovanni Antonio Medrano.

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Museology

Museology (also called museum studies or museum science) is the study of museums.

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Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon

The Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon) is a municipal museum of fine arts in the French city of Lyon.

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Nantes

Nantes (Gallo: Naunnt or Nantt) is a city in Loire-Atlantique of France on the Loire, from the Atlantic coast.

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Napoléon, comte Daru

Napoléon, comte Daru (11 June 1807 – 20 February 1890), was a French soldier and politician.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Napoleonic era

The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.

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National Gallery

The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, in Central London, England.

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National Museum of Natural History, France

The French National Museum of Natural History, known in French as the (abbreviation MNHN), is the national natural history museum of France and a grand établissement of higher education part of Sorbonne Universities.

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Nazi plunder

Nazi plunder (Raubkunst) was organized stealing of art and other items which occurred as a result of the organized looting of European countries during the time of the Nazi Party in Germany. Napoleonic looting of art and Nazi plunder are looting.

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Nîmes

Nîmes (Nimes; Latin: Nemausus) is the prefecture of the Gard department in the Occitanie region of Southern France.

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Nectanebo II

Nectanebo II (Egyptian: Nḫt-Ḥr-Ḥbt; Νεκτανεβώς) was the last native ruler of ancient Egypt, as well as the third and last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty, reigning from 358 to 340 BC.

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Nuremberg

Nuremberg (Nürnberg; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch) is the largest city in Franconia, the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria, and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany.

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Orientalism

In art history, literature and cultural studies, orientalism is the imitation or depiction of aspects of the Eastern world (or "Orient") by writers, designers, and artists from the Western world.

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Ottoman Egypt

Ottoman Egypt was an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Mamluk Egypt by the Ottomans in 1517.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Ottoman Syria

Ottoman Syria (سوريا العثمانية) was a group of divisions of the Ottoman Empire within the region of Syria, usually defined as being east of the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Euphrates River, north of the Arabian Desert and south of the Taurus Mountains.

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Palace of Capodimonte

The Royal Palace of Capodimonte (Reggia di Capodimonte) is a large palazzo in Naples, Italy.

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Palace of Versailles

The Palace of Versailles (château de Versailles) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, about west of Paris, France.

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Palazzo Braschi

Palazzo Braschi is a large Neoclassical palace in Rome, Italy and is located between the Piazza Navona, the Campo de' Fiori, the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II and the Piazza di Pasquino.

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Palazzo Farnese

Palazzo Farnese or Farnese Palace is one of the most important High Renaissance palaces in Rome.

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Palazzo Pitti

The Palazzo Pitti, in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace, is a vast, mainly Renaissance, palace in Florence, Italy.

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Palermo

Palermo (Palermu, locally also Paliemmu or Palèimmu) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province.

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Paolo Veronese

Paolo Caliari (152819 April 1588), known as Paolo Veronese (also), was an Italian Renaissance painter based in Venice, known for extremely large history paintings of religion and mythology, such as The Wedding at Cana (1563) and The Feast in the House of Levi (1573).

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Papal States

The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

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Parma

Parma (Pärma) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna known for its architecture, music, art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside.

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Parma Cathedral

Parma Cathedral (Duomo di Parma; Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Parma, Emilia-Romagna (Italy), dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

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Parthenopean Republic

The Parthenopean Republic (Repubblica Partenopea, République Parthénopéenne) or Neapolitan Republic (Repubblica Napoletana) was a short-lived, semi-autonomous republic located within the Kingdom of Naples and supported by the French First Republic.

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Pavia

Pavia (Ticinum; Papia) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, in Northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino near its confluence with the Po.

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Peace of Leoben

The Peace of Leoben was a general armistice and preliminary peace agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and the First French Republic that ended the War of the First Coalition.

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Peace of Pressburg (1805)

The Peace of Pressburg was signed in Pressburg (today Bratislava) on 26 December 1805 between French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II, as a consequence of the French victory over the Russians and Austrians at the Battle of Austerlitz (2 December).

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Peninsular War

The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Perugia

Perugia (Perusia) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber.

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Pesaro

Pesaro (Pés're) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Marche, capital of the province of Pesaro and Urbino, on the Adriatic Sea.

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Peter Paul Rubens

Sir Peter Paul Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat.

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Pierre Claude François Daunou

Pierre Claude François Daunou (18 August 176120 June 1840) was a French statesman of the French Revolution and Empire.

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Pierre-Anselme Garrau

Pierre-Anselme Garrau (19 February 1762 – 15 October 1829) was a French lawyer and politician.

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Pietà with Saint Francis and Saint Mary Magdalene

Pietà with Saint Francis and Saint Mary Magdalene is a 1602-1607 oil on canvas painting by Annibale Carraci.

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Pietra dura

Pietra dura or pietre dure (see below), called parchin kari or parchinkari (پرچین کاری) in the Indian Subcontinent, is a term for the inlay technique of using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images.

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Pietro Perugino

Pietro Perugino (born Pietro Vannucci or Pietro Vanucci; – 1523), an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbrian school, developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance.

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Pinacoteca di Brera

The Pinacoteca di Brera ("Brera Art Gallery") is the main public gallery for paintings in Milan, Italy.

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Pisa

Pisa is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, straddling the Arno just before it empties into the Ligurian Sea.

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Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Pope Pius VI

Pope Pius VI (Pio VI; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.

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Potsdam

Potsdam is the capital and largest city of the German state of Brandenburg.

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Private collection

A private collection is a privately owned collection of works (usually artworks) or valuable items.

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Proserpina sarcophagus

The Proserpina sarcophagus is a Roman marble sarcophagus from the first quarter of the third century AD, in which Charlemagne was probably interred on 28 January 814 in Aachen cathedral.

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Provence

Provence is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west to the Italian border to the east; it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

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Quatremère de Quincy

Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy (21 October 1755 – 28 December 1849) was a French armchair archaeologist and architectural theorist, a Freemason, and an effective arts administrator and influential writer on art.

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Raphael

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino (March 28 or April 6, 1483April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance.

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Raphael Rooms

The four Raphael Rooms (Stanze di Raffaello.) form a suite of reception rooms in the Apostolic Palace, now part of the Vatican Museums, in Vatican City.

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Ravenna

Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.

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Reims

Reims (also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French department of Marne, and the 12th most populous city in France.

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Rembrandt

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (15 July 1606 – 4 October 1669), usually simply known as Rembrandt, was a Dutch Golden Age painter, printmaker, and draughtsman.

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Repatriation (cultural property)

Repatriation is the return of the cultural property, often referring to ancient or looted art, to their country of origin or former owners (or their heirs).

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Republic of Letters

The Republic of Letters (Res Publica Litterarum or Res Publica Literaria) was the long-distance intellectual community in the late 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and the Americas.

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Republic of Venice

The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice.

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Right of conquest

The right of conquest was historically a right of ownership to land after immediate possession via force of arms.

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Rijksmuseum

The Rijksmuseum is the national museum of the Netherlands dedicated to Dutch arts and history and is located in Amsterdam.

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Rimini

Rimini (Rémin or; Ariminum) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.

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Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

Robert Stewart, 2nd Marquess of Londonderry, (18 June 1769 – 12 August 1822), usually known as Lord Castlereagh, derived from the courtesy title Viscount Castlereagh by which he was styled from 1796 to 1821, was a British statesman and politician.

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Roman Republic (1798–1799)

The Roman Republic was a sister republic of the First French Republic.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Romoaldo Braschi-Onesti

Romoaldo Braschi-Onesti (Cesena, 19 July 1753 – Rome, 30 April 1817) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Rosetta Stone

The Rosetta Stone is a stele of granodiorite inscribed with three versions of a decree issued in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt, on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.

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Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Giotto)

Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata is a panel painting in tempera by the Italian artist Giotto, painted around 1295–1300 for the Church of Saint Francis in Pisa and it is now in the Musée du Louvre in Paris.

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Saint-Domingue

Saint-Domingue was a French colony in the western portion of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, in the area of modern-day Haiti, from 1697 to 1804.

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San Giorgio Maggiore

San Giorgio Maggiore (San Zorzi Mazor) is one of the islands of Venice, northern Italy, lying east of the Giudecca and south of the main island group.

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San Zeno Altarpiece (Mantegna)

The San Zeno Altarpiece is a polyptych altarpiece by the Italian Renaissance painter Andrea Mantegna created around 1456–1459.

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Sanssouci

Sanssouci is a historical building in Potsdam, near Berlin.

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Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi

Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi is a Renaissance-style Roman Catholic church and a former convent located in Borgo Pinti in central Florence, Italy.

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Santo Spirito, Florence

The Basilica di Santo Spirito ("Basilica of the Holy Spirit") is a church in Florence, Italy.

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Sardinia

Sardinia (Sardegna; Sardigna) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the twenty regions of Italy.

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Schloss Charlottenburg

Schloss Charlottenburg (Charlottenburg Palace) is a Baroque palace in Berlin, located in Charlottenburg, a district of the Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf borough, among the largest palaces in the world.

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Second French Empire

The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was an Imperial Bonapartist regime, ruled by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third French Republics.

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Simone Martini

Simone Martini (– July 1344) was an Italian painter born in Siena.

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Sister republic

A sister republic (république sœur) was a republic established by the French First Republic or by local revolutionaries during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Spain under Joseph Bonaparte

Napoleonic Spain was the part of Spain loyal to Joseph I during the Peninsular War (1808–1813), forming a Bonapartist client state officially known as the Kingdom of Spain after the country was partially occupied by forces of the First French Empire.

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Spanish gallery

The Spanish gallery, also called Spanish museum was a gallery of Spanish painting created by French King Louis Philippe I in 1838, shown in the Louvre, then dismantled in 1853.

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St Mark's Basilica

The Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark (Basilica Cattedrale Patriarcale di San Marco), commonly known as St Mark's Basilica (Basilica di San Marco; Baxéłega de San Marco), is the cathedral church of the Patriarchate of Venice; it became the episcopal seat of the Patriarch of Venice in 1807, replacing the earlier cathedral of San Pietro di Castello.

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Stendhal

Marie-Henri Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Taro (department)

Taro was a department of the First French Empire in present-day Italy.

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The Baptism of Christ (Rubens)

The Baptism of Christ is an oil on canvas painting by Peter Paul Rubens, executed in 1604–1605.

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The Crowning with Thorns (Titian, Paris)

The Crowning with Thorns is a painting by the Italian Renaissance master Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) done during 1542 and 1543.

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The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity

The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity (also, The Trinity Adored by the Gonzaga Family or The Gonzaga Trinity) is a painting by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, housed in the Ducal Palace in Mantua, Italy.

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The Hague

The Hague is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands.

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The School of Athens

The School of Athens (Scuola di Atene) is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael.

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The Wedding at Cana

The Wedding Feast at Cana (Nozze di Cana, 1562–1563), by Paolo Veronese, is a representational painting that depicts the biblical story of the Wedding at Cana, at which Jesus miraculously converts water into red wine (John 2:1–11).

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Thomas Lawrence

Sir Thomas Lawrence (13 April 1769 – 7 January 1830) was an English portrait painter and the fourth president of the Royal Academy.

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Titian

Tiziano Vecelli or Vecellio (27 August 1576), Latinized as Titianus, hence known in English as Titian, was an Italian Renaissance painter, the most important artist of Renaissance Venetian painting.

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Tomb of Pope Julius II

The Tomb of Pope Julius II is a sculptural and architectural ensemble by Michelangelo and his assistants, originally commissioned in 1505 but not completed until 1545 on a much reduced scale.

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Tours

Tours (meaning Towers) is the largest city in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France.

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Trajan's Column

Trajan's Column (Colonna Traiana, Columna Traiani) is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.

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Transfer of panel paintings

The practice of conserving an unstable painting on panel by transferring it from its original decayed, worm-eaten, cracked, or distorted wood support to canvas or a new panel has been practised since the 18th century.

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Transfiguration (Rubens)

Transfiguration is an oil-on-canvas painting of the Gospel episode the Transfiguration of Jesus, painted in 1604–1605 by Peter Paul Rubens and now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nancy.

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Treaty of Campo Formio

The Treaty of Campo Formio (today Campoformido) was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI) by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Philipp von Cobenzl as representatives of the French Republic and the Austrian monarchy, respectively.

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Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)

The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement concluded in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon and representatives of Austria, Russia and Prussia.

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Treaty of Lunéville

The Treaty of Lunéville (or Peace of Lunéville) was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville on 9 February 1801.

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Treaty of Paris (1815)

The Treaty of Paris of 1815, also known as the Second Treaty of Paris, was signed on 20 November 1815, after the defeat and the second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Treaty of Tolentino

The Treaty of Tolentino was a peace treaty between Revolutionary France and the Papal States, signed on 19 February 1797 and imposing terms of surrender on the Papal side.

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Trinità dei Monti

The Church of Santissima Trinità dei Monti, often called simply Trinità dei Monti (French: La Trinité-des-Monts), is a Roman Catholic late Renaissance titular church, part of a monastery complex in Rome.

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Turin

Turin (Torino) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy.

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Uffizi

The Uffizi Gallery (italic) is a prominent art museum located adjacent to the Piazza della Signoria in the Historic Centre of Florence in the region of Tuscany, Italy.

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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was a sovereign state in Northwestern Europe that was established by the union in 1801 of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland.

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United Kingdom of the Netherlands

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; Royaume uni des Pays-Bas) is the unofficial name given to the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Koninkrijk der Nederlanden; Royaume des Belgiques) as it existed between 1815 and 1830.

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Vatican City

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.

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Vatican Library

The Vatican Apostolic Library (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana), more commonly known as the Vatican Library or informally as the Vat, is the library of the Holy See, located in Vatican City, and is the city-state's national library.

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Venetian Arsenal

The Venetian Arsenal (Arsenale di Venezia) is a complex of former shipyards and armories clustered together in the city of Venice in northern Italy.

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Veneto

Veneto or the Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the north-east of the country.

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Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

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Venus Callipyge

The Venus Callipyge, also known as the Aphrodite Kallipygos (Ἀφροδίτη Καλλίπυγος) or the Callipygian Venus, all literally meaning "Venus (or Aphrodite) of the beautiful buttocks", is an Ancient Roman marble statue, thought to be a copy of an older Greek original.

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Venus de' Medici

The Venus de' Medici or Medici Venus is a tall Hellenistic marble sculpture depicting the Greek goddess of love Aphrodite.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.

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Villa Albani

The Villa Albani (later Villa Albani-Torlonia) is a villa in Rome, built on the Via Salaria for Cardinal Alessandro Albani.

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Vincenzo Peruggia

Vincenzo Peruggia (8 October 1881 8 October 1925) was an Italian museum worker, artist and thief, most famous for stealing the Mona Lisa from the Louvre Museum in Paris on 21 August 1911.

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Visitation (Ghirlandaio)

The Visitation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Domenico Ghirlandaio, dating from 1491.

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Vivant Denon

Dominique Vivant, Baron Denon (4 January 1747 – 27 April 1825) was a French artist, writer, diplomat, author, and archaeologist.

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Volterra

Volterra (Latin: Volaterrae) is a walled mountaintop town in the Tuscany region of Italy.

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War of the First Coalition

The War of the First Coalition (Guerre de la Première Coalition) was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797, initially against the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it.

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War of the Fourth Coalition

The War of the Fourth Coalition (Guerre de la Quatrième Coalition) was a war spanning 1806–1807 that saw a multinational coalition fight against Napoleon's French Empire, subsequently being defeated.

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War of the Sixth Coalition

In the War of the Sixth Coalition (Guerre de la Sixième Coalition) (March 1813 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation (Befreiungskriege), a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, Great Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Sardinia, and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba.

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War of the Third Coalition

The War of the Third Coalition (Guerre de la Troisième Coalition) was a European conflict lasting from 1805 to 1806 and was the first conflict of the Napoleonic Wars.

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Westphalia

Westphalia (Westfalen; Westfalen) is a region of northwestern Germany and one of the three historic parts of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Wilhelm von Humboldt

Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt (also,;; 22 June 1767 – 8 April 1835) was a German philosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat, and founder of the Humboldt University of Berlin.

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William V, Prince of Orange

William V (Willem Batavus; 8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806) was Prince of Orange and the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic.

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WV22

Tomb WV22, also known as KV22, was the burial place of Amenhotep III, a pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, in the western arm of the Valley of the Kings.

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Zahi Hawass

Zahi Abass Hawass (زاهي حواس; born May 28, 1947) is an Egyptian archaeologist, Egyptologist, and former Minister of State for Antiquities Affairs, serving twice.

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Zecca of Venice

The Zecca (English: Mint) is a sixteenth-century building in Venice, Italy which once housed the mint of the Republic of Venice.

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See also

Looting

• ATM looting
• Archaeological looting
• Blood antiquities
• Flash rob
• George Murray Black
• Grave robbery
• Looted art
• Looting
• Metal theft
• Napoleonic looting of art
• Nazi plunder
• War trophies
• War trophy
• Wrecking (shipwreck)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art

Also known as Napoleonic looting.

, Central Europe, Charles Borromeo, Charles de Wailly, Charles Lock Eastlake, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Nicolas Lacretelle, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Charles-François Lebrun, Château de Malmaison, Christina, Queen of Sweden, Cimabue, Cisalpine Republic, Claude Louis Berthollet, Codex Atlanticus, Commission des Sciences et des Arts, Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, Congress of Vienna, Conservation and restoration of cultural property, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Constantinople, Daniele da Volterra, Decemviri Altarpiece, Dendera Temple complex, Dendera zodiac, Denmark–Norway, Description de l'Égypte, Detachment of wall paintings, Diego Velázquez, Discobolus, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Ducal Palace of Modena, Duke of Ferrara and of Modena, Duomo, Egypt, El Escorial, Electorate of Bavaria, Elgin Marbles, Emilia-Romagna, Emperor of Russia, Encyclopedism, Enlightened absolutism, Ennio Quirino Visconti, Ercole III d'Este, Europe, Farnese Hercules, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma, Ferdinand VII, Filippo Lippi, First French Empire, First Restoration, Florence, Fra Angelico, Francisco de Zurbarán, Franco-Prussian War, Frederick William III of Prussia, French Consulate, French Directory, French First Republic, French invasion of Egypt and Syria, French Revolution, French Revolutionary Wars, Fridericianum, Galleria Sabauda, Gaspard Monge, Genoa, Ghent Altarpiece, Giorgio Vasari, Giotto, Giovanni Battista Sommariva, Giovanni Lanfranco, Giulio Romano, Giuseppe Albani, Giuseppe Maria Soli, Gonzaga Cameo, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Hans Holbein the Younger, Henri Grégoire, Henry Fuseli, Hermitage Museum, History of Spain (1808–1874), Holy Roman Empire, Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta, Horses of Saint Mark, House of Bourbon, House of Habsburg, House of Orange-Nassau, House of Savoy, Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars, Italian Peninsula, J. M. W. Turner, Jacques-Luc Barbier-Walbonne, Jan van Eyck, Jean Barthélemy Darmagnac, Jean Duplessis-Bertaux, Jean-Étienne Championnet, Jean-Baptiste Wicar, Jean-de-Dieu Soult, Jean-Simon Berthélemy, Jewel of Vicenza, Johann Joachim Winckelmann, Joséphine de Beauharnais, Joseph Bonaparte, Joseph Fourier, Kingdom of Etruria, Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Prussia, Laocoön and His Sons, Lazio, Leonardo da Vinci, Les Invalides, Lion of Venice, List of artworks with contested provenance, Lombardy, London, Looted art, Louis Joseph Watteau, Louis XVIII, Louvre, Low Countries, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Luke the Evangelist, Madonna of Foligno, Maestà (Cimabue), Mainz, Majolica, Mantua, Maria Cosway, Marshal of the Empire, Massa, Tuscany, Mathurin-Léonard Duphot, Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry, Mémoires sur l'Égypte, Michelangelo, Milan, Ministry of Culture (Italy), Modena, Monte Bolca, Monza, Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille, Musée national des Monuments Français, Museo del Prado, Museo di Capodimonte, Museology, Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon, Nantes, Napoléon, comte Daru, Napoleon, Napoleonic era, Napoleonic Wars, National Gallery, National Museum of Natural History, France, Nazi plunder, Nîmes, Nectanebo II, Nuremberg, Orientalism, Ottoman Egypt, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Syria, Palace of Capodimonte, Palace of Versailles, Palazzo Braschi, Palazzo Farnese, Palazzo Pitti, Palermo, Paolo Veronese, Papal States, Parma, Parma Cathedral, Parthenopean Republic, Pavia, Peace of Leoben, Peace of Pressburg (1805), Peninsular War, Perugia, Pesaro, Peter Paul Rubens, Pierre Claude François Daunou, Pierre-Anselme Garrau, Pietà with Saint Francis and Saint Mary Magdalene, Pietra dura, Pietro Perugino, Pinacoteca di Brera, Pisa, Pope, Pope Pius VI, Portugal, Potsdam, Private collection, Proserpina sarcophagus, Provence, Quatremère de Quincy, Raphael, Raphael Rooms, Ravenna, Reims, Rembrandt, Repatriation (cultural property), Republic of Letters, Republic of Venice, Right of conquest, Rijksmuseum, Rimini, Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, Roman Republic (1798–1799), Rome, Romoaldo Braschi-Onesti, Rosetta Stone, Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Giotto), Saint-Domingue, San Giorgio Maggiore, San Zeno Altarpiece (Mantegna), Sanssouci, Santa Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi, Santo Spirito, Florence, Sardinia, Schloss Charlottenburg, Second French Empire, Simone Martini, Sister republic, Spain, Spain under Joseph Bonaparte, Spanish gallery, St Mark's Basilica, Stendhal, Syria, Taro (department), The Baptism of Christ (Rubens), The Crowning with Thorns (Titian, Paris), The Gonzaga Family in Adoration of the Holy Trinity, The Hague, The School of Athens, The Wedding at Cana, Thomas Lawrence, Titian, Tomb of Pope Julius II, Tours, Trajan's Column, Transfer of panel paintings, Transfiguration (Rubens), Treaty of Campo Formio, Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), Treaty of Lunéville, Treaty of Paris (1815), Treaty of Tolentino, Trinità dei Monti, Turin, Uffizi, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom of the Netherlands, Vatican City, Vatican Library, Venetian Arsenal, Veneto, Venice, Venus Callipyge, Venus de' Medici, Vienna, Villa Albani, Vincenzo Peruggia, Visitation (Ghirlandaio), Vivant Denon, Volterra, War of the First Coalition, War of the Fourth Coalition, War of the Sixth Coalition, War of the Third Coalition, Westphalia, Wilhelm von Humboldt, William V, Prince of Orange, WV22, Zahi Hawass, Zecca of Venice.