Nervous system, the Glossary
In biology, the nervous system is the highly complex part of an animal that coordinates its actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of its body.[1]
Table of Contents
243 relations: Abdomen, Acetylcholine, Action potential, African elephant, Alan Hodgkin, ALS, Amacrine cell, Andrew Huxley, Animal, Antenna (biology), Arthropod, Arthropod mouthparts, Attractor, Autonomic nervous system, Axon, Axon guidance, Axon terminal, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Basal ganglia, Behavior, Behaviorism, Bilateria, Biology, Blood–brain barrier, Bone morphogenetic protein, Bone morphogenetic protein 4, Brain, Brainstem, Caenorhabditis elegans, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Cell migration, Cell signaling, Cellular differentiation, Central nervous system, Central pattern generator, Cerebellum, Cerebral cortex, Chaos theory, Charles Scott Sherrington, Chemical synapse, Chordin, Circadian rhythm, Circulatory system, Circumesophageal nerve ring, Cnidaria, Command neuron, Common coding theory, Complex system, Composition of the protocerebrum, Compound eye, ... Expand index (193 more) »
Abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates.
See Nervous system and Abdomen
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic compound that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter.
See Nervous system and Acetylcholine
Action potential
An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls.
See Nervous system and Action potential
African elephant
African elephants are members of the genus Loxodonta comprising two living elephant species, the African bush elephant (L. africana) and the smaller African forest elephant (L. cyclotis).
See Nervous system and African elephant
Alan Hodgkin
Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (5 February 1914 – 20 December 1998) was an English physiologist and biophysicist who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Huxley and John Eccles.
See Nervous system and Alan Hodgkin
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease in the United States, is a rare, terminal neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that normally control voluntary muscle contraction.
Amacrine cell
In the anatomy of the eye, amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina.
See Nervous system and Amacrine cell
Andrew Huxley
Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley (22 November 191730 May 2012) was an English physiologist and biophysicist.
See Nervous system and Andrew Huxley
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia.
Antenna (biology)
Antennae (antenna), sometimes referred to as "feelers", are paired appendages used for sensing in arthropods.
See Nervous system and Antenna (biology)
Arthropod
Arthropods are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda.
See Nervous system and Arthropod
Arthropod mouthparts
The mouthparts of arthropods have evolved into a number of forms, each adapted to a different style or mode of feeding.
See Nervous system and Arthropod mouthparts
Attractor
In the mathematical field of dynamical systems, an attractor is a set of states toward which a system tends to evolve, for a wide variety of starting conditions of the system.
See Nervous system and Attractor
Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), sometimes called the visceral nervous system and formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the nervous system that operates internal organs, smooth muscle and glands.
See Nervous system and Autonomic nervous system
Axon
An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis) or nerve fiber (or nerve fibre: see spelling differences) is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, in vertebrates, that typically conducts electrical impulses known as action potentials away from the nerve cell body.
Axon guidance
Axon guidance (also called axon pathfinding) is a subfield of neural development concerning the process by which neurons send out axons to reach their correct targets.
See Nervous system and Axon guidance
Axon terminal
Axon terminals (also called synaptic boutons, or presynaptic terminals) are distal terminations of the branches of an axon.
See Nervous system and Axon terminal
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (15 April 177219 June 1844) was a French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition".
See Nervous system and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates.
See Nervous system and Basal ganglia
Behavior
Behavior (American English) or behaviour (British English) is the range of actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in some environment.
See Nervous system and Behavior
Behaviorism
Behaviorism (also spelled behaviourism) is a systematic approach to understand the behavior of humans and other animals.
See Nervous system and Behaviorism
Bilateria
Bilateria is a large clade or infrakingdom of animals called bilaterians, characterized by bilateral symmetry (i.e. having a left and a right side that are mirror images of each other) during embryonic development.
See Nervous system and Bilateria
Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life.
See Nervous system and Biology
Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.
See Nervous system and Blood–brain barrier
Bone morphogenetic protein
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens.
See Nervous system and Bone morphogenetic protein
Bone morphogenetic protein 4
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by BMP4 gene.
See Nervous system and Bone morphogenetic protein 4
Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
Brainstem
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the stalk-like part of the brain that connects the forebrain (the cerebrum and diencephalon) with the spinal cord.
See Nervous system and Brainstem
Caenorhabditis elegans
Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments.
See Nervous system and Caenorhabditis elegans
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a nerve compression syndrome associated with the collected signs and symptoms of compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel in the wrist.
See Nervous system and Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cell migration
Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
See Nervous system and Cell migration
Cell signaling
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment.
See Nervous system and Cell signaling
Cellular differentiation
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one.
See Nervous system and Cellular differentiation
Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.
See Nervous system and Central nervous system
Central pattern generator
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are self-organizing biological neural circuits that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input.
See Nervous system and Central pattern generator
Cerebellum
The cerebellum (cerebella or cerebellums; Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.
See Nervous system and Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals.
See Nervous system and Cerebral cortex
Chaos theory
Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics.
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Charles Scott Sherrington
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (27 November 1857 – 4 March 1952) was a British neurophysiologist.
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Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.
See Nervous system and Chemical synapse
Chordin
Chordin (from Greek χορδή, string, catgut) is a protein with a prominent role in dorsal–ventral patterning during early embryonic development.
See Nervous system and Chordin
Circadian rhythm
A circadian rhythm, or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours.
See Nervous system and Circadian rhythm
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.
See Nervous system and Circulatory system
Circumesophageal nerve ring
A circumesophageal or circumpharyngeal nerve ring is an arrangement of nerve ganglia around the esophagus/ pharynx of an animal.
See Nervous system and Circumesophageal nerve ring
Cnidaria
Cnidaria is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in fresh water and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish, hydroids, sea anemones, corals and some of the smallest marine parasites.
See Nervous system and Cnidaria
Command neuron
A command neuron is an interneuron whose excitation is both necessary and sufficient to evoke a behavior.
See Nervous system and Command neuron
Common coding theory
Common coding theory is a cognitive psychology theory describing how perceptual representations (e.g. of things we can see and hear) and motor representations (e.g. of hand actions) are linked.
See Nervous system and Common coding theory
Complex system
A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other.
See Nervous system and Complex system
Composition of the protocerebrum
The protocerebrum is the first segment of the panarthropod brain.
See Nervous system and Composition of the protocerebrum
Compound eye
A compound eye is a visual organ found in arthropods such as insects and crustaceans.
See Nervous system and Compound eye
Connectome
A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its "wiring diagram".
See Nervous system and Connectome
Coordinate system
In geometry, a coordinate system is a system that uses one or more numbers, or coordinates, to uniquely determine the position of the points or other geometric elements on a manifold such as Euclidean space.
See Nervous system and Coordinate system
Coral
Corals are colonial marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria.
Cranial cavity
The cranial cavity, also known as intracranial space, is the space within the skull that accommodates the brain.
See Nervous system and Cranial cavity
Cranial nerves
Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs.
See Nervous system and Cranial nerves
Crustacean
Crustaceans are a group of arthropods that are a part of the subphylum Crustacea, a large, diverse group of mainly aquatic arthropods including decapods (shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobsters and crayfish), seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, opossum shrimps, amphipods and mantis shrimp.
See Nervous system and Crustacean
Ctenophora
Ctenophora (ctenophore) comprise a phylum of marine invertebrates, commonly known as comb jellies, that inhabit sea waters worldwide.
See Nervous system and Ctenophora
Dale's principle
In neuroscience, Dale's principle (or Dale's law) is a rule attributed to the English neuroscientist Henry Hallett Dale.
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David H. Hubel
David Hunter Hubel (February 27, 1926 – September 22, 2013) was an American Canadian neurophysiologist noted for his studies of the structure and function of the visual cortex.
See Nervous system and David H. Hubel
Decision-making
In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options.
See Nervous system and Decision-making
Depolarization
In biology, depolarization or hypopolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside.
See Nervous system and Depolarization
Deuterostome
Deuterostomes (from Greek) are bilaterian animals of the superphylum Deuterostomia, typically characterized by their anus forming before the mouth during embryonic development.
See Nervous system and Deuterostome
Development of the nervous system
The development of the nervous system, or neural development (neurodevelopment), refers to the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system of animals, from the earliest stages of embryonic development to adulthood.
See Nervous system and Development of the nervous system
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels.
See Nervous system and Diabetes
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy is various types of nerve damage associated with diabetes mellitus.
See Nervous system and Diabetic neuropathy
Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells.
See Nervous system and Dopamine
Dorsal root ganglion
A dorsal root ganglion (or spinal ganglion; also known as a posterior root ganglion) is a cluster of neurons (a ganglion) in a dorsal root of a spinal nerve.
See Nervous system and Dorsal root ganglion
Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.
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Dura mater
In neuroanatomy, dura mater is a thick membrane made of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.
See Nervous system and Dura mater
Earthworm
An earthworm is a soil-dwelling terrestrial invertebrate that belongs to the phylum Annelida.
See Nervous system and Earthworm
Echinoderm
An echinoderm is any deuterostomal animal of the phylum Echinodermata, which includes starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars and sea cucumbers, as well as the sessile sea lilies or "stone lilies".
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Ectoderm
The ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers formed in early embryonic development.
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Ediacaran
The Ediacaran is a geological period of the Neoproterozoic Era that spans 96 million years from the end of the Cryogenian Period at 635 Mya to the beginning of the Cambrian Period at 538.8 Mya.
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Ediacaran biota
The Ediacaran (formerly Vendian) biota is a taxonomic period classification that consists of all life forms that were present on Earth during the Ediacaran Period.
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Electrical synapse
An electrical synapse is a mechanical and electrically conductive synapse, a functional junction between two neighboring neurons.
See Nervous system and Electrical synapse
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτ, ēlektron, "amber"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.
See Nervous system and Electrophysiology
Endocrine system
The endocrine system is a messenger system in an organism comprising feedback loops of hormones that are released by internal glands directly into the circulatory system and that target and regulate distant organs.
See Nervous system and Endocrine system
Endoderm
Endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo.
See Nervous system and Endoderm
Enteric nervous system
The enteric nervous system (ENS) or intrinsic nervous system is one of the three main divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the other being the sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS), and consists of a mesh-like system of neurons that governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.
See Nervous system and Enteric nervous system
Eric Kandel
Eric Richard Kandel (born Erich Richard Kandel, November 7, 1929) is an Austrian-born American medical doctor who specialized in psychiatry, a neuroscientist and a professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University.
See Nervous system and Eric Kandel
Fate mapping
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures.
See Nervous system and Fate mapping
Feature detection (nervous system)
Feature detection is a process by which the nervous system sorts or filters complex natural stimuli in order to extract behaviorally relevant cues that have a high probability of being associated with important objects or organisms in their environment, as opposed to irrelevant background or noise.
See Nervous system and Feature detection (nervous system)
Fibroblast growth factor
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are a family of cell signalling proteins produced by macrophages; they are involved in a wide variety of processes, most notably as crucial elements for normal development in animal cells.
See Nervous system and Fibroblast growth factor
Fly
Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- di- "two", and πτερόν pteron "wing".
GABA
GABA (gamma Aminobutyric acid, γ-Aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system.
Ganglion
A ganglion (ganglia) is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.
See Nervous system and Ganglion
Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
See Nervous system and Gastrointestinal tract
Gastrulation
Gastrulation is the stage in the early embryonic development of most animals, during which the blastula (a single-layered hollow sphere of cells), or in mammals the blastocyst, is reorganized into a two-layered or three-layered embryo known as the gastrula.
See Nervous system and Gastrulation
Glia
Glia, also called glial cells (gliocytes) or neuroglia, are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses.
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Nervous system and Glutamic acid
Gray's Anatomy
Gray's Anatomy is a reference book of human anatomy written by Henry Gray, illustrated by Henry Vandyke Carter and first published in London in 1858.
See Nervous system and Gray's Anatomy
Grey matter
Grey matter, or brain matter in American English, is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries.
See Nervous system and Grey matter
Growth cone
A growth cone is a large actin-supported extension of a developing or regenerating neurite seeking its synaptic target.
See Nervous system and Growth cone
Guillain–Barré syndrome
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system.
See Nervous system and Guillain–Barré syndrome
Hemichordate
Hemichordata is a phylum which consists of triploblastic, enterocoelomate, and bilaterally symmetrical marine deuterostome animals, generally considered the sister group of the echinoderms.
See Nervous system and Hemichordate
Henry Hallett Dale
Sir Henry Hallett Dale (9 June 1875 – 23 July 1968) was an English pharmacologist and physiologist.
See Nervous system and Henry Hallett Dale
Hermaphrodite
A hermaphrodite is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes.
See Nervous system and Hermaphrodite
Homeostasis
In biology, homeostasis (British also homoeostasis) is the state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.
See Nervous system and Homeostasis
Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa.
See Nervous system and Homology (biology)
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
See Nervous system and Hormone
Human brain
The brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
See Nervous system and Human brain
Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
See Nervous system and Human digestive system
Hydra (genus)
Hydra is a genus of small freshwater hydrozoans of the phylum Cnidaria.
See Nervous system and Hydra (genus)
Hyperpolarization (biology)
Hyperpolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative.
See Nervous system and Hyperpolarization (biology)
Idiopathic disease
An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparent spontaneous origin.
See Nervous system and Idiopathic disease
Insect
Insects (from Latin insectum) are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta.
Interneuron
Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons, relay neurons, association neurons, connector neurons, intermediate neurons or local circuit neurons) are neurons that connect to brain regions, i.e. not direct motor neurons or sensory neurons.
See Nervous system and Interneuron
Jellyfish
Jellyfish, also known as sea jellies, are the medusa-phase of certain gelatinous members of the subphylum Medusozoa, which is a major part of the phylum Cnidaria.
See Nervous system and Jellyfish
John Eccles (neurophysiologist)
Sir John Carew Eccles (27 January 1903 – 2 May 1997) was an Australian neurophysiologist and philosopher who won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the synapse.
See Nervous system and John Eccles (neurophysiologist)
Language
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.
See Nervous system and Language
Large-scale brain network
Large-scale brain networks (also known as intrinsic brain networks) are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other recording methods such as EEG, PET and MEG.
See Nervous system and Large-scale brain network
Leprosy
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
See Nervous system and Leprosy
Lidocaine
Lidocaine, also known as lignocaine and sold under the brand name Xylocaine among others, is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type.
See Nervous system and Lidocaine
Ligand-gated ion channel
Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.
See Nervous system and Ligand-gated ion channel
Local anesthetic
A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes unconsciousness.
See Nervous system and Local anesthetic
Long-term potentiation
In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity.
See Nervous system and Long-term potentiation
Lupus erythematosus
Lupus erythematosus is a collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks healthy tissues.
See Nervous system and Lupus erythematosus
Mauthner cell
The Mauthner cells are a pair of big and easily identifiable neurons (one for each half of the body) located in the rhombomere 4 of the hindbrain in fish and amphibians that are responsible for a very fast escape reflex (in the majority of animals – a so-called C-start response).
See Nervous system and Mauthner cell
Memory
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
Meninges
In anatomy, the meninges (meninx) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord.
See Nervous system and Meninges
Mesoderm
The mesoderm is the middle layer of the three germ layers that develops during gastrulation in the very early development of the embryo of most animals.
See Nervous system and Mesoderm
Mesozoa
The Mesozoa are minuscule, worm-like parasites of marine invertebrates.
See Nervous system and Mesozoa
Mirror neuron
A mirror neuron is a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another.
See Nervous system and Mirror neuron
Mollusca
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals, after Arthropoda; members are known as molluscs or mollusks.
See Nervous system and Mollusca
Motor nerve
A motor nerve, or efferent nerve, is a nerve that contains exclusively efferent nerve fibers and transmits motor signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to the muscles of the body.
See Nervous system and Motor nerve
Motor planning
In psychology and neuroscience, motor planning is a set of processes related to the preparation of a movement that occurs during the reaction time (the time between the presentation of a stimulus to a person and that person's initiation of a motor response).
See Nervous system and Motor planning
Multicellular organism
A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, unlike unicellular organisms.
See Nervous system and Multicellular organism
Multiple sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.
See Nervous system and Multiple sclerosis
Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue.
Muscle cell
A muscle cell, also known as a myocyte, is a mature contractile cell in the muscle of an animal.
See Nervous system and Muscle cell
Muscular system
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
See Nervous system and Muscular system
Myelin
Myelin is a lipid-rich material that surrounds nerve cell axons (the nervous system's electrical wires) to insulate them and increase the rate at which electrical impulses (called action potentials) pass along the axon.
Nematode
The nematodes (or; Νηματώδη; Nematoda), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda.
See Nervous system and Nematode
Nerve
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons) in the peripheral nervous system.
Nerve fascicle
A nerve fascicle is a bundle of nerve fibers belonging to a nerve in the peripheral nervous system.
See Nervous system and Nerve fascicle
Nerve net
A nerve net consists of interconnected neurons lacking a brain or any form of cephalization.
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Nervous tissue
Nervous tissue, also called neural tissue, is the main tissue component of the nervous system.
See Nervous system and Nervous tissue
Neural circuit
A neural circuit is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated.
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Neural crest
Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells that arise from the embryonic ectoderm germ layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage—including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.
See Nervous system and Neural crest
Neural groove
The neural groove is a shallow median groove of the neural plate between the neural folds of an embryo.
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Neural network (biology)
A neural network, also called a neuronal network, is an interconnected population of neurons (typically containing multiple neural circuits).
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Neural network (machine learning)
In machine learning, a neural network (also artificial neural network or neural net, abbreviated ANN or NN) is a model inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks in animal brains.
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Neural pathway
In neuroanatomy, a neural pathway is the connection formed by axons that project from neurons to make synapses onto neurons in another location, to enable neurotransmission (the sending of a signal from one region of the nervous system to another).
See Nervous system and Neural pathway
Neural plate
In embryology, the neural plate is a key developmental structure that serves as the basis for the nervous system.
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Neural tube
In the developing chordate (including vertebrates), the neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
See Nervous system and Neural tube
Neuroblast
In vertebrates, a neuroblast or primitive nerve cell is a postmitotic cell that does not divide further, and which will develop into a neuron after a migration phase.
See Nervous system and Neuroblast
Neurogenesis
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). This occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans. Types of NSCs include neuroepithelial cells (NECs), radial glial cells (RGCs), basal progenitors (BPs), intermediate neuronal precursors (INPs), subventricular zone astrocytes, and subgranular zone radial astrocytes, among others.
See Nervous system and Neurogenesis
Neurology
Neurology (from νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.
See Nervous system and Neurology
Neuromodulation
Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons.
See Nervous system and Neuromodulation
Neuron
A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.
Neuropil
Neuropil (or "neuropile") is any area in the nervous system composed of mostly unmyelinated axons, dendrites and glial cell processes that forms a synaptically dense region containing a relatively low number of cell bodies.
See Nervous system and Neuropil
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity, is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization.
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Neuroregeneration
Neuroregeneration involves the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products.
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Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders.
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Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
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Neurotransmitter receptor
A neurotransmitter receptor (also known as a neuroreceptor) is a membrane receptor protein that is activated by a neurotransmitter.
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Neurotrophin
Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.
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Neurovascular unit
The neurovascular unit (NVU) comprises the components of the brain that collectively regulate cerebral blood flow in order to deliver the requisite nutrients to activated neurons.
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Neurulation
Neurulation refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
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NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and predominantly Ca2+ ion channel found in neurons.
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Noggin (protein)
Noggin, also known as NOG, is a protein that is involved in the development of many body tissues, including nerve tissue, muscles, and bones.
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Nucleus (neuroanatomy)
In neuroanatomy, a nucleus (nuclei) is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem.
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Nutrition
Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life.
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Oculomotor nucleus
The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle.
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Oligodendrocyte
Oligodendrocytes, also known as oligodendroglia, are a type of neuroglia whose main functions are to provide support and insulation to axons within the central nervous system (CNS) of jawed vertebrates.
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Otto Loewi
Otto Loewi (3 June 1873 – 25 December 1961) was a German-born pharmacologist and psychobiologist who discovered the role of acetylcholine as an endogenous neurotransmitter.
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Paralysis
Paralysis (paralyses; also known as plegia) is a loss of motor function in one or more muscles.
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Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the sympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
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Parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.
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Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease.
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Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
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Perception
Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.
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Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS).
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Peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy, often shortened to neuropathy, refers to damage or disease affecting the nerves.
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Pheromone
A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species.
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Phylum
In biology, a phylum (phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.
Placozoa
Placozoa ("flat animals") is a phylum of marine and free-living (non-parasitic) animals.
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Polarity in embryogenesis
In developmental biology, an embryo is divided into two hemispheres: the animal pole and the vegetal pole within a blastula.
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Postsynaptic density
The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a protein dense specialization attached to the postsynaptic membrane.
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Premotor cortex
The premotor cortex is an area of the motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain just anterior to the primary motor cortex.
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Primary somatosensory cortex
In neuroanatomy, the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the brain's parietal lobe, and is part of the somatosensory system.
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Primate
Primates is an order of mammals, which is further divided into the strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and lorisids; and the haplorhines, which include tarsiers; and the simians, which include monkeys and apes.
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Protostome
Protostomia is the clade of animals once thought to be characterized by the formation of the organism's mouth before its anus during embryonic development.
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Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
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Radiata
Radiata or Radiates is a historical taxonomic rank that was used to classify animals with radially symmetric body plans.
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Recall (memory)
Recall in memory refers to the mental process of retrieval of information from the past.
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Reflex
In biology, a reflex, or reflex action, is an involuntary, unplanned sequence or action and nearly instantaneous response to a stimulus.
Reflex arc
A reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex.
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Retina
The retina (or retinas) is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
Reward system
The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).
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Salivary gland
The salivary glands in many vertebrates including mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva through a system of ducts.
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Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1 May 1852 – 17 October 1934) was a Spanish neuroscientist, pathologist, and histologist specializing in neuroanatomy and the central nervous system.
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Scholarpedia
Scholarpedia is an English-language wiki-based online encyclopedia with features commonly associated with open-access online academic journals, which aims to have quality content in science and medicine.
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Schwann cell
Schwann cells or neurolemmocytes (named after German physiologist Theodor Schwann) are the principal glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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Sea anemone
Sea anemones are a group of predatory marine invertebrates constituting the order Actiniaria.
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Second messenger system
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers.
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Senescence
Senescence or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in living organisms.
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Sense
A sense is a biological system used by an organism for sensation, the process of gathering information about the surroundings through the detection of stimuli.
Sense of smell
The sense of smell, or olfaction, is the special sense through which smells (or odors) are perceived.
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Sensory nerve
A sensory nerve, or afferent nerve, is an anatomic term for a nerve that contains exclusively afferent nerve fibers.
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Sensory nervous system
The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.
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Sensory neuron
Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are neurons in the nervous system, that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded receptor potentials.
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Sentience
Sentience is the ability to experience feelings and sensations.
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Series and parallel circuits
Two-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel.
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Sexual dimorphism
Sexual dimorphism is the condition where sexes of the same species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction.
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Shingles
Shingles, also known as herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters in a localized area.
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Simple eye in invertebrates
A simple eye or ocellus (sometimes called a pigment pit) is a form of eye or an optical arrangement which has a single lens without the sort of elaborate retina that occurs in most vertebrates.
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Skull
The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain.
Somatic nervous system
The somatic nervous system (SNS) is made up of nerves that link the brain and spinal cord to voluntary or skeletal muscles that are under conscious control as well as to skin sensory receptors.
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Spinal canal
In human anatomy, the spinal canal, vertebral canal or spinal cavity is an elongated body cavity enclosed within the dorsal bony arches of the vertebral column, which contains the spinal cord, spinal roots and dorsal root ganglia.
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals.
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Spinal nerve
A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.
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Sponge
Sponges (also known as sea sponges), the members of the phylum Porifera (meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts.
Squid giant axon
The squid giant axon is the very large (up to 1.5 mm in diameter; typically around 0.5 mm) axon that controls part of the water jet propulsion system in squid.
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Squid giant synapse
The squid giant synapse is a chemical synapse found in squid.
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Stem cell
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
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Suboesophageal ganglion
The suboesophageal ganglion (acronym: SOG; synonym: subesophageal ganglion) of arthropods and in particular insects is part of the arthropod central nervous system (CNS).
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Superior colliculus
In neuroanatomy, the superior colliculus is a structure lying on the roof of the mammalian midbrain.
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Supplementary motor area
The supplementary motor area (SMA) is a part of the motor cortex of primates that contributes to the control of movement.
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus or nuclei (SCN) is a small region of the brain in the hypothalamus, situated directly above the optic chiasm.
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Supraesophageal ganglion
The supraesophageal ganglion (also "supraoesophageal ganglion", "arthropod brain" or "microbrain") is the first part of the arthropod, especially insect, central nervous system.
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Symmetry in biology
Symmetry in biology refers to the symmetry observed in organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
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Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the others being the parasympathetic nervous system and the enteric nervous system.
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Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell.
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Synaptic plasticity
In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.
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Synaptic vesicle
In a neuron, synaptic vesicles (or neurotransmitter vesicles) store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse.
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Thalamus
The thalamus (thalami; from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter on the lateral walls of the third ventricle forming the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain).
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Theory of mind
In psychology, theory of mind refers to the capacity to understand other people by ascribing mental states to them.
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Torsten Wiesel
Torsten Nils Wiesel (born 3 June 1924) is a Swedish neurophysiologist.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
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Transverse plane
The transverse plane (also known as the horizontal plane, axial plane and transaxial plane) is an anatomical plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
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Turing machine
A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation describing an abstract machine that manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules.
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Ulnar nerve
The ulnar nerve is a nerve that runs near the ulna, one of the two long bones in the forearm.
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Ventral nerve cord
The ventral nerve cord is a major structure of the invertebrate central nervous system.
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Vertebra
Each vertebra (vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates.
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Vertebral column
The vertebral column, also known as the spinal column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrate animals.
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Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
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Visual system
The visual system is the physiological basis of visual perception (the ability to detect and process light).
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Walter Pitts
Walter Harry Pitts, Jr. (23 April 1923 – 14 May 1969) was an American logician who worked in the field of computational neuroscience.
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Warren Sturgis McCulloch
Warren Sturgis McCulloch (November 16, 1898 – September 24, 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician, known for his work on the foundation for certain brain theories and his contribution to the cybernetics movement.
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White matter
White matter refers to areas of the central nervous system (CNS) that are mainly made up of myelinated axons, also called tracts.
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Worm
Worms are many different distantly related bilateral animals that typically have a long cylindrical tube-like body, no limbs, and usually no eyes.
Xenoturbella
Xenoturbella is a genus of very simple bilaterians up to a few centimeters long.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system
Also known as Comparative anatomy of the nervous system, Evolutionary origin of nervous systems, Human Nervous System, NS structure, Nerve system, Nervous system (vertebrate), Nervous systems, Nervousystem, Neural, Neural system, Neurally mediated, Neuric, Neurogenic, Neurosystem, Systema nervorum, Systema nervosum.
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