Neuroprosthetics, the Glossary
Neuroprosthetics (also called neural prosthetics) is a discipline related to neuroscience and biomedical engineering concerned with developing neural prostheses.[1]
Table of Contents
105 relations: ALS, Anatomical terms of location, Aqueous humour, Argus retinal prosthesis, Artificial cardiac pacemaker, Auditory brainstem implant, Autonomic nervous system, Biocompatibility, Biomedical engineering, Biophysics, Blood–brain barrier, Brain-reading, Brain–computer interface, BrainGate, Brainstem, Chemical synapse, Cochlea, Cochlear implant, Cochlear Limited, Cochlear nerve, Cognitive neuroscience, Computer security, Cornea, Cyborg, Deep brain stimulation, Dendrite, Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway, Drexel University, Duke University, Eardrum, Electric acoustic stimulation, Electrode, Electrophysiology, Electroreception and electrogenesis, Electrotherapy, Emory University, Experience machine, Foot drop, Functional electrical stimulation, Georgia Tech, Giles Brindley, Hemiparesis, Hippocampal prosthesis, Human brain, Human eye, Image-guided surgery, Inductive charging, Inferior colliculus, Information technology, Integral transform, ... Expand index (55 more) »
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease in the United States, is a rare, terminal neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that normally control voluntary muscle contraction.
Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans.
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Aqueous humour
The aqueous humour is a transparent water-like fluid similar to blood plasma, but containing low protein concentrations.
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Argus retinal prosthesis
Argus retinal prosthesis, also known as a bionic eye, is an electronic retinal implant manufactured by the American company Second Sight Medical Products. Neuroprosthetics and Argus retinal prosthesis are implants (medicine).
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Artificial cardiac pacemaker
An artificial cardiac pacemaker, commonly referred to as simply a pacemaker, is an implanted medical device that generates electrical pulses delivered by electrodes to one or more of the chambers of the heart. Neuroprosthetics and artificial cardiac pacemaker are implants (medicine).
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Auditory brainstem implant
An auditory brainstem implant (ABI) is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf, due to retrocochlear hearing impairment (due to illness or injury damaging the cochlea or auditory nerve, and so precluding the use of a cochlear implant). Neuroprosthetics and auditory brainstem implant are implants (medicine).
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Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), sometimes called the visceral nervous system and formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the nervous system that operates internal organs, smooth muscle and glands.
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Biocompatibility
Biocompatibility is related to the behavior of biomaterials in various contexts.
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Biomedical engineering
Biomedical engineering (BME) or medical engineering is the application of engineering principles and design concepts to medicine and biology for healthcare applications (e.g., diagnostic or therapeutic purposes).
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Biophysics
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena.
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Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.
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Brain-reading
Brain-reading or thought identification uses the responses of multiple voxels in the brain evoked by stimulus then detected by fMRI in order to decode the original stimulus.
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Brain–computer interface
A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface (BMI), is a direct communication link between the brain's electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb. Neuroprosthetics and brain–computer interface are implants (medicine).
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BrainGate
BrainGate is a brain implant system, currently under development and in clinical trials, designed to help those who have lost control of their limbs, or other bodily functions, such as patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or spinal cord injury.
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Brainstem
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the stalk-like part of the brain that connects the forebrain (the cerebrum and diencephalon) with the spinal cord.
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Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.
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Cochlea
The cochlea is the part of the inner ear involved in hearing.
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Cochlear implant
A cochlear implant (CI) is a surgically implanted neuroprosthesis that provides a person who has moderate-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss with sound perception. Neuroprosthetics and cochlear implant are implants (medicine).
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Cochlear Limited
Cochlear is a medical device company that designs, manufactures, and supplies the Nucleus cochlear implant, the Hybrid electro-acoustic implant and the Baha bone conduction implant.
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Cochlear nerve
The cochlear nerve (also auditory nerve or acoustic nerve) is one of two parts of the vestibulocochlear nerve, a cranial nerve present in amniotes, the other part being the vestibular nerve.
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Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes.
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Computer security
Computer security (also cybersecurity, digital security, or information technology (IT) security) is the protection of computer systems and networks from threats that may result in unauthorized information disclosure, theft of (or damage to) hardware, software, or data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
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Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber.
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Cyborg
A cyborg (also known as cybernetic organism, cyber-organism, cyber-organic being, cybernetically enhanced organism, cybernetically augmented organism, technorganic being, techno-organic being, or techno-organism)—a portmanteau of '''''cyb'''ernetic'' and '''''org'''anism''—is a being with both organic and biomechatronic body parts. Neuroprosthetics and cyborg are implants (medicine).
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Deep brain stimulation
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that implants a neurostimulator and electrodes which sends electrical impulses to specified targets in the brain responsible for movement control.
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Dendrite
A dendrite (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree") or dendron is a branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that propagates the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.
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The dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway (DCML) (also known as the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway, PCML) is a sensory pathway of the central nervous system that conveys sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception (body position) from the skin and joints.
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Drexel University
Drexel University is a private research university with its main campus in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Duke University
Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States.
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Eardrum
In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear.
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Electric acoustic stimulation
Electric acoustic stimulation (EAS) is the use of a hearing aid and a cochlear implant technology together in the same ear.
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Electrode
An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air).
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Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτ, ēlektron, "amber"; φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues.
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Electroreception and electrogenesis
Electroreception and electrogenesis are the closely related biological abilities to perceive electrical stimuli and to generate electric fields.
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Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy as a medical treatment.
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Emory University
Emory University is a private research university in Atlanta, Georgia.
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Experience machine
The experience machine or pleasure machine is a thought experiment put forward by philosopher Robert Nozick in his 1974 book Anarchy, State, and Utopia.
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Foot drop is a gait abnormality in which the dropping of the forefoot happens due to weakness, irritation or damage to the deep fibular nerve (deep peroneal), including the sciatic nerve, or paralysis of the muscles in the anterior portion of the lower leg.
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Functional electrical stimulation
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique that uses low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate body movements in individuals who have been paralyzed due to injury to the central nervous system.
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Georgia Tech
The Georgia Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Georgia Tech and GT or, in the state of Georgia, as Tech or the Institute) is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia.
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Giles Brindley
Giles Skey Brindley, FRS (born 30 April 1926) is a British physiologist, musicologist and composer, known for his contributions to the physiology of the retina and colour vision, and treatment of erectile dysfunction.
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Hemiparesis
Hemiparesis, also called unilateral paresis, is the weakness of one entire side of the body (hemi- means "half").
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Hippocampal prosthesis
A hippocampus prosthesis is a type of cognitive prosthesis (a prosthesis implanted into the nervous system in order to improve or replace the function of damaged brain tissue). Neuroprosthetics and Hippocampal prosthesis are implants (medicine).
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Human brain
The brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
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Human eye
The human eye is an organ of the sensory nervous system that reacts to visible light and allows the use of visual information for various purposes including seeing things, keeping balance, and maintaining circadian rhythm.
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Image-guided surgery
Image-guided surgery (IGS) is any surgical procedure where the surgeon uses tracked surgical instruments in conjunction with preoperative or intraoperative images in order to directly or indirectly guide the procedure.
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Inductive charging
Inductive charging (also known as wireless charging or cordless charging) is a type of wireless power transfer.
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Inferior colliculus
The inferior colliculus (IC) (Latin for lower hill) is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex.
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Information technology
Information technology (IT) is a set of related fields that encompass computer systems, software, programming languages, and data and information processing, and storage.
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Integral transform
In mathematics, an integral transform is a type of transform that maps a function from its original function space into another function space via integration, where some of the properties of the original function might be more easily characterized and manipulated than in the original function space.
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Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip, computer chip, or simply chip, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
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John Niparko
John K. Niparko (1955 – April 25, 2016) was an American surgeon, scientist and otolaryngologist who specialized in cochlear implants.
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Kevin Warwick
Kevin Warwick (born 9 February 1954) is an English engineer and Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) at Coventry University.
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Lens (vertebrate anatomy)
The lens, or crystalline lens, is a transparent biconvex structure in most land vertebrate eyes.
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Local field potential
Local field potentials (LFP) are transient electrical signals generated in nerves and other tissues by the summed and synchronous electrical activity of the individual cells (e.g. neurons) in that tissue.
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Lumbar anterior root stimulator
A lumbar anterior root stimulator is a type of neuroprosthesis used in patients with a spinal cord injury or to treat some forms of chronic spinal pain. Neuroprosthetics and lumbar anterior root stimulator are implants (medicine).
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Lumbricals of the hand
The lumbricals are intrinsic muscles of the hand that flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, and extend the interphalangeal joints.
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Macular degeneration
Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field.
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MED-EL
MED-EL is a global medical technology company specializing in hearing implants and devices.
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The median nerve is a nerve in humans and other animals in the upper limb.
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Medical privacy
Medical privacy, or health privacy, is the practice of maintaining the security and confidentiality of patient records.
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Microelectrode
A microelectrode is an electrode used in electrophysiology either for recording neural signals or for the electrical stimulation of nervous tissue (they were first developed by Ida Hyde in 1921).
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Microelectrode array
Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) (also referred to as multielectrode arrays) are devices that contain multiple (tens to thousands) microelectrodes through which neural signals are obtained or delivered, essentially serving as neural interfaces that connect neurons to electronic circuitry.
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Midbrain
The midbrain or mesencephalon is the rostral-most portion of the brainstem connecting the diencephalon and cerebrum with the pons. It consists of the cerebral peduncles, tegmentum, and tectum.
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Neural engineering
Neural engineering (also known as neuroengineering) is a discipline within biomedical engineering that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, or enhance neural systems.
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Neuron
A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.
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Neuropathic pain
Neuropathic pain is pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system.
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Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity, is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization.
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Neuroscience
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system (the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system), its functions and disorders.
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Neurosecurity
Neurosecurity has been defined as "a version of computer science security principles and methods applied to neural engineering", or more fully, as "the protection of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of neural devices from malicious parties with the goal of preserving the safety of a person’s neural mechanisms, neural computation, and free will".
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Neurotrophic electrode
The neurotrophic electrode is an intracortical device designed to read the electrical signals that the brain uses to process information. Neuroprosthetics and neurotrophic electrode are implants (medicine).
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Optic nerve
In neuroanatomy, the optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, cranial nerve II, or simply CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.
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Paraplegia
Paraplegia, or paraparesis, is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities.
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Paresthesia
Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation of the skin (tingling, pricking, chilling, burning, numbness) with no apparent physical cause.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.
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Pattern recognition
Pattern recognition is the task of assigning a class to an observation based on patterns extracted from data.
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Peter Kyberd
Peter Kyberd is a biomedical engineer specialising in rehabilitation.
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Phosphene
A phosphene is the phenomenon of seeing light without light entering the eye.
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Photodiode
A photodiode is a semiconductor diode sensitive to photon radiation, such as visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.
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Photon
A photon is an elementary particle that is a quantum of the electromagnetic field, including electromagnetic radiation such as light and radio waves, and the force carrier for the electromagnetic force.
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Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction.
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Prosthesis
In medicine, a prosthesis (prostheses; from addition, application, attachment), or a prosthetic implant, is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through physical trauma, disease, or a condition present at birth (congenital disorder).
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Pulse generator
A pulse generator is either an electronic circuit or a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate rectangular pulses.
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Radio-frequency identification
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects.
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Retina
The retina (or retinas) is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
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Robotic arm
A robotic arm is a type of mechanical arm, usually programmable, with similar functions to a human arm; the arm may be the sum total of the mechanism or may be part of a more complex robot.
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Sacral anterior root stimulator
A sacral anterior root stimulator is an implantable medical device enabling patients with a spinal cord lesion to empty their bladders. Neuroprosthetics and sacral anterior root stimulator are implants (medicine).
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Sensory nerve
A sensory nerve, or afferent nerve, is an anatomic term for a nerve that contains exclusively afferent nerve fibers.
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Signal processing
Signal processing is an electrical engineering subfield that focuses on analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals, such as sound, images, potential fields, seismic signals, altimetry processing, and scientific measurements.
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Simulated reality
A simulated reality is an approximation of reality created in a simulation, usually in a set of circumstances in which something is engineered to appear real when it is not.
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Speech synthesis
Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech.
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone) of vertebrate animals.
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Stapes
The stapes or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other animals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear.
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State University of New York
The State University of New York (SUNY) is a system of public colleges and universities in the State of New York.
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Targeted reinnervation
Targeted reinnervation enables amputees to control motorized prosthetic devices and to regain sensory feedback.
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Tetraplegia
Tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia, is defined as the dysfunction or loss of motor and/or sensory function in the cervical area of the spinal cord.
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University of Michigan
The University of Michigan (U-M, UMich, or simply Michigan) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Visual cortex
The visual cortex of the brain is the area of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information.
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Visual impairment
Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception.
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Visual system
The visual system is the physiological basis of visual perception (the ability to detect and process light).
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Vitreous body
The vitreous body (vitreous meaning "glass-like") is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball (the vitreous chamber) in humans and other vertebrates.
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Wirehead (science fiction)
Wireheading is a term associated with fictional or futuristic applications of brain stimulation reward, the act of directly triggering the brain's reward center by electrical stimulation of an inserted wire, for the purpose of 'short-circuiting' the brain's normal reward process and artificially inducing pleasure.
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Wireless
Wireless communication (or just wireless, when the context allows) is the transfer of information (telecommunication) between two or more points without the use of an electrical conductor, optical fiber or other continuous guided medium for the transfer.
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Wireless power transfer
Wireless power transfer (WPT), wireless power transmission, wireless energy transmission (WET), or electromagnetic power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy without wires as a physical link.
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2014 FIFA World Cup
The 2014 FIFA World Cup was the 20th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's national football teams organised by FIFA.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroprosthetics
Also known as Auditory brain stem implant, Auditory brain stem implantation, Auditory brain stem implants, Neural prostheses, Neural prosthesis, Neural prosthetic, Neural prosthetics, Neurobionics, Neuroprostheses, Neuroprosthesis, Neuroprosthetic, Neuroprothesis, Sensory neuroprostheses, Smart prostheses.
, Integrated circuit, John Niparko, Kevin Warwick, Lens (vertebrate anatomy), Local field potential, Lumbar anterior root stimulator, Lumbricals of the hand, Macular degeneration, MED-EL, Median nerve, Medical privacy, Microelectrode, Microelectrode array, Midbrain, Neural engineering, Neuron, Neuropathic pain, Neuroplasticity, Neuroscience, Neurosecurity, Neurotrophic electrode, Optic nerve, Paraplegia, Paresthesia, Parkinson's disease, Pattern recognition, Peter Kyberd, Phosphene, Photodiode, Photon, Photoreceptor cell, Prosthesis, Pulse generator, Radio-frequency identification, Retina, Robotic arm, Sacral anterior root stimulator, Sensory nerve, Signal processing, Simulated reality, Speech synthesis, Spinal cord, Stapes, State University of New York, Targeted reinnervation, Tetraplegia, University of Michigan, Visual cortex, Visual impairment, Visual system, Vitreous body, Wirehead (science fiction), Wireless, Wireless power transfer, 2014 FIFA World Cup.