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Nord-Pas-de-Calais, the Glossary

287 relations: A1 autoroute, A16 autoroute, A2 autoroute, A21 autoroute, A22 autoroute, A23 autoroute, A25 autoroute, A26 autoroute, A27 autoroute, Airport, Alemanni, Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, Algae, Algerian War, Allies of World War I, Alsace–Lorraine, Ancient Rome, Arianism, Arleux, Arques, Pas-de-Calais, Arras, Arras FA, Artois, Association Familiale Mulliez, Association football, Atrebates, Auchan, Austrian Netherlands, Automobiles ERAD, Automotive industry, Avesnes, Émile Zola, Battle of Arras (1917), Battle of Cambrai (1918), Battle of Loos, Battle of Vimy Ridge, Béthune, Belgae, Belgium, Bergues, Bonduelle, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Bouvignies, Brunehaut, Brussels, Bunker, Calais, Cambrai, Canadian National Vimy Memorial, Catholic Church, ... Expand index (237 more) »
Coal mining regions in France
Former regions of France
Hauts-de-France
States and territories disestablished in 2016
States and territories established in 1972

A1 autoroute

The A1 Autoroute, also known as l'autoroute du Nord (the Northern Motorway), is the busiest of France's autoroutes.

A16 autoroute

The A16 autoroute – also known as L'Européenne and forming between Abbeville and Dunkirk a part of the larger Autoroute des estuaires – is a motorway in northern France.

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A2 autoroute

The A2 Autoroute is a French autoroute that travels 76 km from the A1 near the commune of Combles in Picardy to the border with Belgium, where it continues on as the Belgian motorway A7.

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A21 autoroute

The A21 autoroute is a toll free highway in north western France it is also known as the Rocade Minière.

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A22 autoroute

The A22 autoroute is a toll free highway in north western France.

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A23 autoroute

The A23 autoroute is a highway in northern France.

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A25 autoroute

The A25 is a long motorway in northern France.

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A26 autoroute

The A26 is a long French motorway connecting Calais and Troyes.

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A27 autoroute

The A27 autoroute is a toll free autoroute in northern France, approximately long.

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Airport

An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport.

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Alemanni

The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.

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Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma

Alexander Farnese (Alessandro Farnese, Alejandro Farnesio; 27 August 1545 – 3 December 1592) was an Italian noble and condottiero, who was Duke of Parma, Piacenza and Castro from 1586 to 1592, as well as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1578 to 1592.

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Algae

Algae (alga) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms.

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Algerian War

The Algerian War (also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence)الثورة الجزائرية al-Thawra al-Jaza'iriyah; Guerre d'Algérie (and sometimes in Algeria as the War of 1 November) was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France.

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Allies of World War I

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

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Alsace–Lorraine

Alsace–Lorraine (German: Elsaß–Lothringen), officially the Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß–Lothringen), was a former territory of the German Empire, located in modern day France.

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Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

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Arianism

Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.

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Arleux

Arleux is a commune in the Nord département in northern France.

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Arques, Pas-de-Calais

Arques is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France, bordering Saint-Omer.

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Arras

Arras (Aros; historical Atrecht) is the prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department, which forms part of the region of Hauts-de-France; before the reorganization of 2014 it was in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.

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Arras FA

Arras Football Association is a French association football team founded in 1901.

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Artois

Artois (Artesië; Picard: Artoé; English adjective: Artesian) is a region of northern France.

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Association Familiale Mulliez

The Association Familiale Mulliez (AFM) is the holding company of the Mulliez family.

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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.

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Atrebates

The Atrebates (Gaulish: *Atrebatis, 'dwellers, land-owners, possessors of the soil') were a Belgic tribe of the Iron Age and the Roman period, originally dwelling in the Artois region.

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Auchan

Auchan is a French multinational retail group headquartered in Croix, France.

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Austrian Netherlands

The Austrian Netherlands Oostenrijkse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas Autrichiens; Österreichische Niederlande; Belgium Austriacum.

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Automobiles ERAD

Automobiles ERAD (Études et Réalisations du Douaisis, "Concepts and Executions of Douai") was a French manufacturer of microcars.

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Automotive industry

The automotive industry comprises a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, selling, repairing, and modification of motor vehicles.

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Avesnes

Avesnes is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.

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Émile Zola

Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (also,; 2 April 184029 September 1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism.

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Battle of Arras (1917)

The Battle of Arras (also known as the Second Battle of Arras) was a British offensive on the Western Front during the First World War.

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Battle of Cambrai (1918)

The Battle of Cambrai, 1918 (also known as the Second Battle of Cambrai) was fought between troops of the British First, Third and Fourth Armies and German Empire forces during the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War.

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Battle of Loos

The Battle of Loos took place from 1915 in France on the Western Front, during the First World War.

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Battle of Vimy Ridge

The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Pas-de-Calais department of France, during the First World War.

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Béthune

Béthune (archaic and Bethwyn historically in English) is a town in northern France, sub-prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department.

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Belgae

The Belgae were a large confederation of tribes living in northern Gaul, between the English Channel, the west bank of the Rhine, and the northern bank of the river Seine, from at least the third century BC.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

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Bergues

Bergues (Sint-Winoksbergen; Bergn) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Bonduelle

Bonduelle is a French company producing processed vegetables.

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Boulogne-sur-Mer

Boulogne-sur-Mer (Boulonne-su-Mér; Bonen; Gesoriacum or Bononia), often called just Boulogne, is a coastal city in Northern France.

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Bouvignies

Bouvignies is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Brunehaut

Brunehaut (Brunéo; Bruniô) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium. Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Brussels are NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union.

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Bunker

A bunker is a defensive military fortification designed to protect people and valued materials from falling bombs, artillery, or other attacks.

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Calais

Calais (traditionally) is a port city in the Pas-de-Calais department, of which it is a subprefecture.

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Cambrai

Cambrai (Kimbré; Kamerijk), formerly Cambray and historically in English Camerick or Camericke, is a city in the Nord department and in the Hauts-de-France region of France on the Scheldt river, which is known locally as the Escaut river.

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Canadian National Vimy Memorial

The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is a war memorial site in France dedicated to the memory of Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed during the First World War.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Central European Summer Time

Central European Summer Time (CEST, UTC+02:00), sometimes referred to as Central European Daylight Time (CEDT), is the standard clock time observed during the period of summer daylight-saving in those European countries which observe Central European Time (CET; UTC+01:00) during the other part of the year.

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Central European Time

Central European Time (CET) is a standard time of Central, and parts of Western Europe, which is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

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Central Powers

The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).

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Chain store

A chain store or retail chain is a retail outlet in which several locations share a brand, central management and standardized business practices.

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Championnat National

The Championnat National (French National Championship), commonly referred to as simply National or Division 3, is the third division of the French football league system behind Ligue 1 and Ligue 2.

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Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel (Tunnel sous la Manche), sometimes referred to informally as the Chunnel, is a undersea railway tunnel, opened in 1994, that connects Folkestone (Kent, England) with Coquelles (Pas-de-Calais, France) beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover.

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Charles de Gaulle

Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French military officer and statesman who led the Free French Forces against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 to restore democracy in France.

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Charles the Bold

Charles Martin (10 November 1433 – 5 January 1477), called The Bold, was the last Duke of Burgundy from the Burgundian cadet branch of the House of Valois from 1467 to 1477.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

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Charles VIII of France

Charles VIII, called the Affable (l'Affable; 30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), was King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498.

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Citroën Jumpy

The Citroën Jumpy (badged Citroën Dispatch in some countries) is a light commercial van jointly developed by FCA Italy and PSA Group (currently Stellantis), and mainly manufactured by Sevel, a joint venture between the two companies since 1994.

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.

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Conservatism

Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values.

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Constitution of France

The current Constitution of France was adopted on 4 October 1958.

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Continental Europe

Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.

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Coquelles

Coquelles (lang) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department near Calais in northern France.

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Council of Orléans

The Council of Orléans may refer to any of several synods held in Orléans.

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Count of Flanders

The count of Flanders was the ruler or sub-ruler of the county of Flanders, beginning in the 9th century.

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County of Artois

The County of Artois (Picard: Comté d'Artoé) was a historic province of the Kingdom of France, held by the Dukes of Burgundy from 1384 until 1477/82, and a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1493 until 1659.

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County of Boulogne

The County of Boulogne was a county within the Kingdom of France during the 9th to 15th centuries, centred on the city of Boulogne-sur-Mer.

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County of Flanders

The County of Flanders was one of the most powerful political entities in the medieval Low Countries, located on the North Sea coast of what is now Belgium.

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County of Hainaut

The County of Hainaut (Comté de Hainaut.; Graafschap Henegouwen.; comitatus hanoniensis.), sometimes spelled Hainault, was a territorial lordship within the medieval Holy Roman Empire that straddled the present-day border of Belgium and France.

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Cuisine and specialties of Nord-Pas-de-Calais

The Nord-Pas-de-Calais cuisine is a French regional cuisine, whose specialties are largely inherited from the county of Flanders.

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Culture of Nord-Pas-de-Calais

The culture of Nord-Pas-de-Calais is a component of French culture where multiple influences intertwine. Nord-Pas-de-Calais and culture of Nord-Pas-de-Calais are Hauts-de-France.

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Daniel Percheron

Daniel Percheron (born 31 August 1942 in Beauvais, Oise) is a French politician who has served in the Senate of France, representing the Pas-de-Calais department, since 1983.

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Decathlon (retailer)

Decathlon is a French sporting goods retailer.

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Departments of France

In the administrative divisions of France, the department (département) is one of the three levels of government under the national level ("territorial collectivities"), between the administrative regions and the communes.

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Douai

Douai (Doï; Dowaai; formerly spelled Douay or Doway in English) is a city in the Nord département in northern France.

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Dover

Dover is a town and major ferry port in Kent, South East England.

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Duchy of Brabant

The Duchy of Brabant, a state of the Holy Roman Empire, was established in 1183.

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Duke of Burgundy

Duke of Burgundy (duc de Bourgogne) was a title used by the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy, from its establishment in 843 to its annexation by the French crown in 1477, and later by members of the House of Habsburg, including Holy Roman Emperors and kings of Spain, who claimed Burgundy proper and ruled the Burgundian Netherlands.

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Dunkirk

Dunkirk (Dunkerque, Duunkerke, Duinkerke or Duinkerken) is a commune in the department of Nord in northern France.

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Dutch Republic

The United Provinces of the Netherlands, officially the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden) and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795.

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Eighty Years' War

The Eighty Years' War or Dutch Revolt (Nederlandse Opstand) (c. 1566/1568–1648) was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government.

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English Channel

The English Channel, also known as the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France.

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European Court of Justice

The European Court of Justice (ECJ), formally just the Court of Justice (Cour de Justice), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law.

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Eurostar

Eurostar is an international high-speed rail service in Western Europe, connecting Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

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Eurovans

The Eurovans are a family of passenger automobiles from the Citroën, Peugeot, Fiat and Lancia marques that were produced at the jointly owned Sevel Nord factory in France.

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Faurecia

Faurecia SE (now FORVIA) is a French global automotive supplier headquartered in Nanterre, in the western suburbs of Paris.

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First Battle of the Marne

The First Battle of the Marne or known in France as the Miracle on the Marne (French: miracle de la Marne) was a battle of the First World War fought from 5 to 12 September 1914.

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Fishing industry

The fishing industry includes any industry or activity that takes, cultures, processes, preserves, stores, transports, markets or sells fish or fish products.

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Flanders

Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium.

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Flemish people

Flemish people or Flemings (Vlamingen) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Flanders, Belgium, who speak Flemish Dutch.

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Flemish Region

The Flemish Region (Vlaams Gewest), usually simply referred to as Flanders (Vlaanderen), is one of the three regions of Belgium—alongside the Walloon Region and the Brussels-Capital Region. Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Flemish Region are NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union.

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Flunch

Flunch is a French cafeteria-style fast casual restaurant chain owned by the Agapes Restauration group which belongs to Association Familiale Mulliez group.

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Folkestone

Folkestone is a port town on the English Channel, in Kent, south-east England.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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France men's national basketball team

The France men's national basketball team (Équipe de France de basketball) represents France in international basketball and is administered by the French Federation of Basketball.

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France men's national handball team

The France national handball team is supervised by the French Handball Federation, and represents France in international matches.

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Franco-Dutch War

The Franco-Dutch War was a European conflict that lasted from 1672 to 1678.

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Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)

The Franco-Spanish War was fought from 1635 to 1659 between France and Spain, each supported by various allies at different points.

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Franks

Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.

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Frédégonde

Frédégonde is an 1895 French opera (drame lyrique) in five acts with music by Ernest Guiraud, Camille Saint-Saëns, and Paul Dukas and a libretto by Louis Gallet based on Augustin Thierry's Récits des temps mérovingiens (1840).

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French Flanders

French Flanders (La Flandre française) is a part of the historical County of Flanders, where Flemish—a Low Franconian dialect cluster of Dutch—was (and to some extent, still is) traditionally spoken.

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French Hainaut

French Hainaut (Hainaut français) is one of two areas in France that form the département du Nord, making up its eastern part.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598.

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Gallia Belgica

Gallia Belgica ("Belgic Gaul") was a province of the Roman Empire located in the north-eastern part of Roman Gaul, in what is today primarily northern France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, along with parts of the Netherlands and Germany.

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Gallo-Roman culture

Gallo-Roman culture was a consequence of the Romanization of Gauls under the rule of the Roman Empire.

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German military administration in occupied France during World War II

The Military Administration in France (Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; Administration militaire en France) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France.

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Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.

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Ghent

Ghent (Gent; Gand; historically known as Gaunt in English) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

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Gravelines

Gravelines is a commune in the Nord department in Northern France.

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Great Britain

Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.

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Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.

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Gymnastics

Gymnastics is a type of sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance, strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, artistry and endurance.

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Hainaut Province

Hainaut (also,,; Henegouwen; Hinnot; Hénau), historically also known as Heynault in English, is a province of Wallonia and Belgium.

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Hauts-de-France

Hauts-de-France (Upper France, Picard: Heuts d'Franche) is the northernmost region of France, created by the territorial reform of French regions in 2014, from a merger of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy.

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Hazebrouck

Hazebrouck (Hazebroek,, Oazebroeke) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France.

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Highway

A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land.

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History of the Jews in France

The history of the Jews in France deals with Jews and Jewish communities in France since at least the Early Middle Ages.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

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Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) was a conflict between the kingdoms of England and France and a civil war in France during the Late Middle Ages.

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Ice age

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution.

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Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques

The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques), abbreviated INSEE or Insee, is the national statistics bureau of France.

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Invitation to tender

An invitation to tender (ITT, also known as a call for bids or a request for tenders) is a formal, structured procedure for generating competing offers from different potential suppliers or contractors looking to obtain an award of business activity in works, supply, or service contracts, often from companies who have been previously assessed for suitability by means of a supplier questionnaire (SQ) or pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ).

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Italian Wars

The Italian Wars were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the Italian Peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and Mediterranean Sea.

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Jean-Clément Martin

Jean-Clement Martin, born on 31 January 1948, is a French historian, a specialist in the French Revolution, Counter-revolution and the War in the Vendée.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Language policy in France

France has one official language, the French language.

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Le Quesnoy

Le Quesnoy (L' Kénoé) is a commune and small town in the east of the Nord department of northern France.

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Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole or certain social hierarchies.

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Lens, Pas-de-Calais

Lens (Linse) is a city in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.

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Leroy Merlin

Leroy Merlin is a French-headquartered home improvement and gardening retailer serving several countries in Europe, Asia, South America, and Africa.

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LeShuttle

LeShuttle (formerly Eurotunnel Le Shuttle and also known as The Shuttle) is a railway shuttle service between Calais in France and Folkestone in United Kingdom.

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Lesquin

Lesquin is a commune in the department of Nord, northern France.

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Liévin

Liévin (Lévin) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.

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Lieu-Saint-Amand

Lieu-Saint-Amand is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Ligue 1

Ligue 1, officially known as Ligue 1 McDonald's for sponsorship reasons, is a French professional league for men's association football clubs.

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Ligue 2

Ligue 2 (League 2), also known as Ligue 2 BKT due to sponsorship by Balkrishna Industries, is a French professional football league.

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Lille

Lille (Rijsel; Lile; Rysel) is a city in the northern part of France, within French Flanders.

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Lille Airport

Lille Airport (Aéroport de Lille) is an airport located in Lesquin, south-southeast of Lille, a city in northern France.

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Lille OSC

Lille Olympique Sporting Club, commonly referred to as LOSC, LOSC Lille or simply Lille, is a French professional football club based in Lille, Hauts-de-France that competes in Ligue 1, the top division of French football.

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List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes

This is a list of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes.

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List of châteaux in Nord-Pas-de-Calais

This article is a list of châteaux in Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France.

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LNG carrier

An LNG carrier is a tank ship designed for transporting liquefied natural gas (LNG).

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London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games

The London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) was the organisation responsible for overseeing the planning and development of the 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games.

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Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louvre

The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world.

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Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe. Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Luxembourg are NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union and NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union.

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Marchiennes

Marchiennes is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Marcq-en-Barœul

Marcq-en-Barœul (Marke-in-Bareul; older Marke) is a commune in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region, northern France.

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Marie-Christine Blandin

Marie-Christine Blandin (born 22 September 1952, Roubaix) is a member of the Senate of France, representing the Nord department.

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Maroilles, Nord

Maroilles (Marolles,; Marolle) is a commune in the Nord department, northern France.

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Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe.

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Mary of Burgundy

Mary of Burgundy (Marie de Bourgogne; Maria van Bourgondië; 13 February 1457 – 27 March 1482), nicknamed the Rich, was a member of the House of Valois-Burgundy who ruled a collection of states that included the duchies of Limburg, Brabant, Luxembourg, the counties of Namur, Holland, Hainaut and other territories, from 1477 until her death in 1482.

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Matignon Agreements (1936)

The Matignon Agreements (French: Accords de Matignon) were signed on 7 June 1936, between the ''Confédération générale de la production française'' (CGPF) employers' organization, the CGT trade union and the French state.

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Maubeuge

Maubeuge (historical Mabuse or Malbode; Maubeuche) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

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McCain Foods

McCain Foods Limited is a Canadian multinational frozen food company established in 1957 in Florenceville, New Brunswick, Canada.

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Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until 751.

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Michel Delebarre

Michel Delebarre (27 April 1946 – 9 April 2022) was a French politician who was a member of the Senate of France.

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Michelsberg culture

The Michelsberg culture (Michelsberger Kultur (MK)) is an important Neolithic culture in Central Europe.

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Microcar

Microcar is a term often used for the smallest size of cars, with three or four wheels and often an engine smaller than.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Middle Francia

Middle Francia (Francia media) was a short-lived Frankish kingdom which was created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun after an intermittent civil war between the grandsons of Charlemagne resulted in division of the united empire.

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Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France

The Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France (Militärverwaltung in Belgien und Nordfrankreich) was an interim occupation authority established during the Second World War by Nazi Germany that included present-day Belgium and the French departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais.

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Minority language

A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory.

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Mobivia Groupe

Mobivia is a French based company group which focuses on car repairs, car accessories and car parts.

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Morbecque

Morbecque (Moerbeke) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Neolithic

The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.

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Nervii

The Nervii were one of the most powerful Belgic tribes of northern Gaul at the time of its conquest by Rome.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

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New Zealand

New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.

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Nine Years' War

The Nine Years' War was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance.

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Nord (French department)

Nord (officially département du Nord; départémint dech Nord; Noorderdepartement) is a département in Hauts-de-France region, France bordering Belgium.

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Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin

The Nord-Pas-de-Calais Mining Basin is a mining basin in Northern France that stretches across the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin are coal mining regions in France.

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Nord-Pas-de-Calais

Nord-Pas-de-Calais; Nord-Pas-Calés); is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it has been part of the new region Hauts-de-France. It consisted of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the English Channel (west), the North Sea (northwest), Belgium (north and east) and Picardy (south). Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Nord-Pas-de-Calais are coal mining regions in France, former regions of France, Hauts-de-France, NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union, NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union, states and territories disestablished in 2016 and states and territories established in 1972.

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North Sea

The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France.

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Notre Dame de Lorette

Notre Dame de Lorette, also known as Ablain St.-Nazaire French Military Cemetery, is the world's largest French military cemetery.

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Operation Crossbow

Crossbow was the code name in World War II for Anglo-American operations against the German long range reprisal weapons (V-weapons) programme.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Pas-de-Calais

The Pas-de-Calais ("strait of Calais"; Pas-Calés; also Nauw van Kales) is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders.

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Pasquier

Pasquier is a French surname derived from Latin pascuarium (verb pascere) meaning "pasture".

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Paul (bakery)

Paul is a French chain of bakery-café restaurants found in 47 countries with the head office at Marcq-en-Barœul, Greater Lille, France.

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Peace of Ryswick

The Peace of Ryswick, or Rijswijk, was a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Rijswijk between 20 September and 30 October 1697.

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Pecquencourt

Pecquencourt is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Philip II of France

Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), byname Philip Augustus (Philippe Auguste), was King of France from 1180 to 1223.

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Philip II of Spain

Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598.

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Philip the Handsome

Philip the Handsome (22 June/July 1478 – 25 September 1506), also called the Fair, was ruler of the Burgundian Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy from 1482 to 1506, as well as the first Habsburg King of Castile (as Philip I) for a brief time in 1506.

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Picard language

Picard (also) is a langue d'oïl of the Romance language family spoken in the northernmost of France and parts of Hainaut province in Belgium.

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Picardy

Picardy (Picard and Picardie) is a historical territory and a former administrative region of France. Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy are former regions of France, Hauts-de-France, NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union and states and territories disestablished in 2016.

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Pierre Mauroy

Pierre Mauroy (5 July 1928 – 7 June 2013) was a French Socialist politician who was Prime Minister of France from 1981 to 1984 under President François Mitterrand.

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Pleistocene

The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.

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Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

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Popular Front (France)

The Popular Front (Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements in France, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the socialist SFIO and the Radical-Socialist Republican Party, during the interwar period.

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Port

A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers.

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Prefectures in France

In France, a prefecture (préfecture) may be.

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Première Ligue

The Première Ligue (sponsor name Arkema Première Ligue) is a professional women's association football league at the highest level of the French football league system, and is run by the Ligue féminine de football professionnel (LFFP).

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President of the Regional Council (France)

The following is a list of current presidents of the regional councils of France and the Corsican Assembly.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Provinces of France

Under the Ancien Régime, the Kingdom of France was subdivided in multiple different ways (judicial, military, ecclesiastical, etc.) into several administrative units, until the National Constituent Assembly adopted a more uniform division into departments (départements) and districts in late 1789.

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PSA Group

The PSA Group, legally known as Peugeot S.A. (Peugeot Société Anonyme, trading as Groupe PSA; formerly known as PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1991 to 2016) was a French multinational automotive manufacturing company which produced automobiles and motorcycles under the Peugeot, Citroën, DS, Opel and Vauxhall brands.

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Quiévy

Quiévy is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Rail transport

Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport using wheeled vehicles running in tracks, which usually consist of two parallel steel rails.

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RC Lens

Racing Club de Lens, commonly referred to as RC Lens, is a French professional football club based in the northern city of Lens in the department of Pas-de-Calais.

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Regional council (France)

A regional council (conseil régional) is the elected assembly of a region of France.

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Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais

The Regional Council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais was the deliberative assembly of the former French region Nord-Pas-de-Calais, a decentralized territorial community acting on the regional territory.

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Regions of France

France is divided into eighteen administrative regions (régions, singular région), of which thirteen are located in metropolitan France (in Europe), while the other five are overseas regions (not to be confused with the overseas collectivities, which have a semi-autonomous status). Nord-Pas-de-Calais and regions of France are NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union.

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Renault

Groupe Renault (also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899.

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Renault Scénic

The Renault Scénic, also spelled without the acute accent as Scenic, especially in languages other than French, is a car which was produced by French car manufacturer Renault, the first to be labelled as a small multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) in Europe.

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Roger Salengro

Roger Henri Charles Salengro (30 May 1890, in Lille – 18 November 1936, in Lille) was a French politician.

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Romance languages

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.

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Roquette Frères

Roquette is a French-based family owned company which produces more than 650 by-products from the starch extracted from corn, wheat, potatoes and peas.

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Roubaix

Roubaix (or; Robaais; Roboais; Picard: Roubés) is a city in northern France, located in the Lille metropolitan area on the Belgian border.

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Rouvroy, Pas-de-Calais

Rouvroy is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

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Rowing (sport)

Rowing, often called crew in the United States, is the sport of racing boats using oars.

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Saint-Omer

Saint-Omer (Sint-Omaars; Picard: Saint-Onmé) is a commune and sub-prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department in France.

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Salian Franks

The Salian Franks, also called the Salians (Latin: Salii; Greek: Σάλιοι, Salioi), were a northwestern subgroup of the early Franks who appear in the historical record in the fourth and fifth centuries.

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Scheldt

The Scheldt (Escaut; Schelde) is a river that flows through northern France, western Belgium, and the southwestern part of the Netherlands, with its mouth at the North Sea.

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Seafood

Seafood is the culinary name for food that comes from any form of sea life, prominently including fish and shellfish.

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Seine

The Seine is a river in northern France.

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Seine–Nord Europe Canal

The Seine–Nord Europe Canal is a planned high-capacity (grand gabarit) canal in France that would link the Oise River at Compiègne with the Dunkirk-Scheldt Canal, east of Arleux.

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Seventeen Provinces

The Seventeen Provinces were the Imperial states of the Habsburg Netherlands in the 16th century.

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SNCF

The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (abbreviated as SNCF; "National Company of the French Railways") is France's national state-owned railway company.

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The Socialist Party (Parti socialiste, PS) is a centre-left to left-wing political party in France.

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Southern Netherlands

The Southern Netherlands, also called the Catholic Netherlands, were the parts of the Low Countries belonging to the Holy Roman Empire which were at first largely controlled by Habsburg Spain (Spanish Netherlands, 1556–1714) and later by the Austrian Habsburgs (Austrian Netherlands, 1714–1794) until occupied and annexed by Revolutionary France (1794–1815).

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Spanish Netherlands

The Spanish Netherlands (Países Bajos Españoles; Spaanse Nederlanden; Pays-Bas espagnols; Spanische Niederlande) (historically in Spanish: Flandes, the name "Flanders" was used as a pars pro toto) was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714.

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Strait of Dover

The Strait of Dover or Dover Strait (Pas de Calais - Strait of Calais) is the strait at the narrowest part of the English Channel, marking the boundary between the Channel and the North Sea, and separating Great Britain from continental Europe.

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Tertiary sector of the economy

The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle).

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The Greens (France)

The Greens (Les Verts,; VEC or LV) was a centre-left to left-wing green-ecologist political party in France.

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Third Battle of Artois

The Third Battle of Artois (25 September – 4 November 1915, also the Loos–Artois Offensive) was fought by the French Tenth Army against the German 6th Army on the Western Front of the First World War.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.

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TotalEnergies

TotalEnergies SE is a French multinational integrated energy and petroleum company founded in 1924 and is one of the seven supermajor oil companies.

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Tourcoing

Tourcoing (Toerkonje; Terkoeje; Tourco) is a city in northern France on the Belgian border.

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Tournai

Tournai or Tournay (Doornik; Tornai; Tornè; Tornacum) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the Province of Hainaut, Belgium.

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Toyota

is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, Japan.

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Toyota Yaris

The is a supermini/subcompact car sold by Toyota since 1999, replacing the Starlet and Tercel.

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Transport express régional

Transport express régional (usually shortened to TER) is the brand name used by the SNCF, the French national railway company, to denote rail service run by the regional councils of France, specifically their organised transport authorities.

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Treaties of Nijmegen

The Treaties of Peace of Nijmegen (Traités de Paix de Nimègue; Friede von Nimwegen; Vrede van Nijmegen) were a series of treaties signed in the Dutch city of Nijmegen between August 1678 and October 1679.

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Treaty of Verdun

The Treaty of Verdun, agreed in, divided the Frankish Empire into three kingdoms between Lothair I, Louis II and Charles II, the surviving sons of the emperor Louis I, the son and successor of Charlemagne.

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Troyes

Troyes is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in the Grand Est region of north-central France.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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University of Lille

The University of Lille (Université de Lille, abbreviated as ULille, UDL or univ-lille) is a French public research university based in Lille, Hauts-de-France.

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University of Lille Nord de France

The Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France (formerly Université Lille Nord de France) was a French Groups of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) spread over multiple campuses and centered in Lille (North - Hauts-de-France).

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US Boulogne

Union Sportive de Boulogne-sur-Mer Côte d'Opale (commonly referred to as US Boulogne, USBCO or frequently, simply Boulogne) is a French association football club based in the commune of Boulogne-sur-Mer.

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V-1 flying bomb facilities

To carry out the planned V-1 "flying bomb" attacks on the United Kingdom, Germany built a number of military installations including launching sites and depots.

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V-2 rocket

The V2 (lit), with the technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile.

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V-weapons

V-weapons, known in original German as Vergeltungswaffen (German: "retaliatory weapons", "reprisal weapons"), were a particular set of long-range artillery weapons designed for strategic bombing during World War II, particularly strategic bombing and/or aerial bombing of cities.

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Valenciennes

Valenciennes (also,,; Valencijn; Valincyinnes or Valinciennes; Valentianae) is a commune in the Nord department, Hauts-de-France, France.

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Valenciennes FC

Valenciennes Football Club (commonly known as Valenciennes or USVA) is a French association football club based in Valenciennes.

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Vendée

Vendée (Vande) is a department in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France, on the Atlantic coast.

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Villeneuve-d'Ascq

Villeneuve-d'Ascq (Neuvile-Ask) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

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Wallonia

Wallonia (Wallonie), officially the Walloon Region (Région wallonne), is one of the three regions of Belgium—along with Flanders and Brussels. Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Wallonia are NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union.

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War of Devolution

The War of Devolution took place from May 1667 to May 1668.

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Wattrelos

Wattrelos (archaic) is a commune in the Nord department in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

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Wehrmacht

The Wehrmacht were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945.

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Welcome to the Sticks

Welcome to the Sticks (Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis) is a 2008 French comedy film directed and co-written by Dany Boon and starring Kad Merad and Boon himself.

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West Flemish

West Flemish (West-Vlams or West-Vloams or Vlaemsch (in French Flanders), West-Vlaams, flamand occidental) is a collection of Low Franconian varieties spoken in western Belgium and the neighbouring areas of France and the Netherlands.

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West Francia

In medieval historiography, West Francia (Medieval Latin: Francia occidentalis) or the Kingdom of the West Franks constitutes the initial stage of the Kingdom of France and extends from the year 843, from the Treaty of Verdun, to 987, the beginning of the Capetian dynasty.

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Wimereux

Wimereux (Wimeruwe) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

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World Heritage Site

World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.

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World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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Xavier Bertrand

Xavier Bertrand (born 21 March 1965) is a French politician who has been serving as president of the regional council of Hauts-de-France since the 2015 regional elections. Earlier in his career, Bertrand was Minister of Health from 2005 to 2007 in Dominique de Villepin's government under President Jacques Chirac, then served as Minister of Labour, Social Affairs and Solidarity from 2007 to 2009 and as Minister of Labour, Employment and Health from 2010 to 2012.

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11th century

The 11th century is the period from 1001 (represented by the Roman numerals MI) through 1100 (MC) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium.

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13th century

The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar.

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14th century

The 14th century lasted from 1 January 1301 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCCI) to 31 December 1400 (MCD).

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19th century

The 19th century began on 1 January 1801 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 (MCM).

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1st century

The 1st century was the century spanning AD 1 (represented by the Roman numeral I) through AD 100 (C) according to the Julian calendar.

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1st century BC

The 1st century BC, also known as the last century BC and the last century BCE, started on the first day of 100 BC and ended on the last day of 1 BC.

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2012 Summer Olympics

The 2012 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012, were an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom.

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20th century

The 20th century began on January 1, 1901 (MCMI), and ended on December 31, 2000 (MM).

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27 BC

Year 27 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar.

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3 Suisses

3 Suisses is a French mail order and e-commerce company, with headquarters in Villeneuve-d'Ascq.

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3rd century BC

The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC.

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50 BC

Year 50 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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57 BC

Year 57 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

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5th century

The 5th century is the time period from AD 401 (represented by the Roman numerals CDI) through AD 500 (D) in accordance with the Julian calendar.

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5th century BC

The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC.

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6th century

The 6th century is the period from 501 through 600 in line with the Julian calendar.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais

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Nord-Pas-de-Calais, the Glossary

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