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Norman Conquest, the Glossary

The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.^[1]

191 relations: Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen, Abbot of Evesham, Aelred of Rievaulx, Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland, Anglo-Norman language, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Anglo-Saxons, Archbishop of Canterbury, Archbishop of York, Avranches, Æthelred the Unready, Æthelwig, Battle of Hastings, Battle of Northam, Battle of Stamford Bridge, Battle, East Sussex, Bayeux Tapestry, BBC, Berkhamsted, Bessin, Bishop of Worcester, Black Sea, Bretons, Brian of Brittany, Brittany, Burning of Southwark, Byzantine Empire, Canon law, Canute IV of Denmark, Carolingian dynasty, Catholic Church, Charles the Simple, Charter, Cheshire, Chiltern Hills, Christianity, Cnut, Common-law marriage, Companions of William the Conqueror, Copsi, Cornwall, Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda, Cotentin Peninsula, Danegeld, Domesday Book, Dorset, Duchy of Normandy, Duke of Normandy, Eadric the Wild, Ealdred (archbishop of York), ... Expand index (141 more) »
1060s conflicts
1066 in England
11th century in England
Duchy of Normandy
England in the High Middle Ages
Military history of England
Succession to the British crown
William the Conqueror

Abbey of Saint-Étienne, Caen

The Abbey of Saint-Étienne, also known as Abbaye aux Hommes ("Men's Abbey") by contrast with the Abbaye aux Dames ("Ladies' Abbey"), is a former Benedictine monastery in the French city of Caen, Normandy, dedicated to Saint Stephen.

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Abbot of Evesham

The Abbot of Evesham was the head of Evesham Abbey, a Benedictine monastery in Worcestershire founded in the Anglo-Saxon era of English history.

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Aelred of Rievaulx

Aelred of Rievaulx, O Cist.

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Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland

The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland took place during the late 12th century, when Anglo-Normans gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land from the Irish, over which the kings of England then claimed sovereignty, all allegedly sanctioned by the papal bull Laudabiliter.

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Anglo-Norman language

Anglo-Norman (Anglo-Normaund), also known as Anglo-Norman French, was a dialect of Old Norman that was used in England and, to a lesser extent, other places in Great Britain and Ireland during the Anglo-Norman period. Norman Conquest and Anglo-Norman language are England in the High Middle Ages.

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Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English, chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons.

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Anglo-Saxons

The Anglo-Saxons, the English or Saxons of Britain, were a cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.

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Archbishop of Canterbury

The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury.

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Archbishop of York

The archbishop of York is a senior bishop in the Church of England, second only to the archbishop of Canterbury.

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Avranches

Avranches (Avraunches) is a commune in the Manche department, and the region of Normandy, northwestern France.

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Æthelred the Unready

Æthelred II (Æþelræd,Different spellings of this king's name most commonly found in modern texts are "Ethelred" and "Æthelred" (or "Aethelred"), the latter being closer to the original Old English form Æþelræd. Compare the modern dialect word.; Aðalráðr; 966 – 23 April 1016), known as Æthelred the Unready, was King of the English from 978 to 1013 and again from 1014 until his death in 1016.

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Æthelwig

Æthelwig (–16 February in either 1077 or 1078) was an Abbot of Evesham before and during the Norman Conquest of England.

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Battle of Hastings

The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of William, Duke of Normandy, and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman Conquest of England. Norman Conquest and Battle of Hastings are 1066 in England, Norman conquest of England and William the Conqueror.

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Battle of Northam

The Battle of Northam, sometimes known as the Two Battles of Northam, were fought around Northam Parish, Devon in 1069 between a Norman force led by Brian of Brittany and an Anglo–Saxon army commanded by Godwin and Edmund, two sons of the late English king Harold Godwinson. Norman Conquest and Battle of Northam are Norman conquest of England.

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Battle of Stamford Bridge

The Battle of Stamford Bridge (Gefeoht æt Stanfordbrycge) took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England, on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson. Norman Conquest and Battle of Stamford Bridge are 1066 in England.

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Battle, East Sussex

Battle is a town and civil parish in the district of Rother in East Sussex, England. Norman Conquest and Battle, East Sussex are Norman conquest of England.

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Bayeux Tapestry

The Bayeux Tapestry (Tapisserie de Bayeux or La telle du conquest; Tapete Baiocense) is an embroidered cloth nearly long and tall that depicts the events leading up to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, led by William, Duke of Normandy challenging Harold II, King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings. Norman Conquest and Bayeux Tapestry are Norman conquest of England.

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BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

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Berkhamsted

Berkhamsted is a historic market town in Hertfordshire, England, in the Bulbourne valley, north-west of London.

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Bessin

Bessin is an area in Normandy, France, corresponding to the territory of the Bajocasses, a Gallic tribe from whom Bayeux, its main town, takes its name.

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Bishop of Worcester

The Bishop of Worcester is the head of the Church of England Diocese of Worcester in the Province of Canterbury, England.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Bretons

The Bretons (Bretoned or) are an ethnic group native to Brittany, north-western France.

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Brian of Brittany

Brian of Brittany (1042 – 14 February, perhaps bef. 1086) was a Breton nobleman who fought in the service of William I of England.

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Brittany

Brittany (Bretagne,; Breizh,; Gallo: Bertaèyn or Bertègn) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.

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Burning of Southwark

The Burning of Southwark was a battle fought in Southwark during the Norman Conquest of England in October 1066. Norman Conquest and Burning of Southwark are 1066 in England, Norman conquest of England and William the Conqueror.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Canon law

Canon law (from κανών, kanon, a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members.

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Canute IV of Denmark

Canute IV (– 10 July 1086), later known as Canute the Holy (Knud IV den Hellige) or Saint Canute (Sankt Knud), was King of Denmark from 1080 until 1086.

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Carolingian dynasty

The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Charles the Simple

Charles III (17 September 879 – 7 October 929), called the Simple or the Straightforward (from the Latin Carolus Simplex), was the king of West Francia from 898 until 922 and the king of Lotharingia from 911 until 919–923.

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Charter

A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified.

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Cheshire

Cheshire is a ceremonial county in North West England.

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Chiltern Hills

The Chiltern Hills or the Chilterns are a chalk escarpment in southern England, northwest of London, covering across Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire, stretching from Goring-on-Thames in the southwest to Hitchin in the northeast.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Cnut

Cnut (Knútr; c. 990 – 12 November 1035), also known as Canute and with the epithet the Great, was King of England from 1016, King of Denmark from 1018, and King of Norway from 1028 until his death in 1035. Norman Conquest and Cnut are 11th century in England.

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Common-law marriage

Common-law marriage, also known as non-ceremonial marriage, marriage, informal marriage, de facto marriage, or marriage by habit and repute, is a marriage that results from the parties' agreement to consider themselves married and subsequent cohabitation, rather than through a statutorily defined process.

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Companions of William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror had men of diverse standing and origins under his command at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Norman Conquest and Companions of William the Conqueror are Norman conquest of England and William the Conqueror.

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Copsi

Copsi (or Copsig; Cōpsige; died 1067) was a Northumbrian magnate in late Anglo-Saxon England.

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Cornwall

Cornwall (Kernow;; or) is a ceremonial county in South West England.

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Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda

The coronation of William the Conqueror as King of England took place at Westminster Abbey, London, on 25 December 1066, following the Norman Conquest of England. Norman Conquest and coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda are 1066 in England, Norman conquest of England and William the Conqueror.

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Cotentin Peninsula

The Cotentin Peninsula (Cotentîn), also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a peninsula in Normandy that forms part of the northwest coast of France.

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Danegeld

Danegeld ("Danish tax", literally "Dane yield" or tribute) was a tax raised to pay tribute or protection money to the Viking raiders to save a land from being ravaged.

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Domesday Book

Domesday Book (the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book") is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 at the behest of King William the Conqueror. Norman Conquest and Domesday Book are 11th century in England, Norman conquest of England and William the Conqueror.

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Dorset

Dorset (archaically: Dorsetshire) is a ceremonial county in South West England.

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Duchy of Normandy

The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo.

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Duke of Normandy

In the Middle Ages, the duke of Normandy was the ruler of the Duchy of Normandy in north-western France. Norman Conquest and duke of Normandy are duchy of Normandy.

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Eadric the Wild

Eadric the Wild (or Eadric Silvaticus), also known as Wild Edric, Eadric Cild (or Child) and Edric the Forester, was an Anglo-Saxon magnate of Shropshire and Herefordshire who led English resistance to the Norman Conquest, active in 1068–70.

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Ealdred (archbishop of York)

Ealdred (or Aldred; died 11 September 1069) was Abbot of Tavistock, Bishop of Worcester, and Archbishop of York in early medieval England.

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Earl of Hereford

Earl of Hereford is a title in the ancient feudal nobility of England, encompassing the region of Herefordshire, England.

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Earl of Norfolk

Earl of Norfolk is a title which has been created several times in the Peerage of England.

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Earl of Northumbria

Earl of Northumbria or Ealdorman of Northumbria was a title in the late Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Scandinavian and early Anglo-Norman period in England.

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Earl of Wessex

Earl of Wessex is a title that has been created twice in British history – once in the pre-Conquest Anglo-Saxon nobility of England, and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

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East Anglia

East Anglia is an area in the East of England.

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Edgar Ætheling

Edgar Ætheling or Edgar II (- 1125 or after) was the last male member of the royal house of Cerdic of Wessex.

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Edith of Mercia

Ealdgyth (fl. c. 1057–1066), also Aldgyth or Edith in modern English, was a daughter of Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia, the wife of Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (d. 1063), ruler of all Wales, and later the wife and queen consort of Harold Godwinson, king of England in 1066.

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Edith the Fair

Edith the Fair (Ealdgȳð Swann hnesce, "Edyth the Gentle Swan"; born c. 1025, died c. 1086), also known as Edith Swanneck,Her first name is also spelled Ealdgyth, Aldgyth, Edeva or Eddeva, and sometimes appears as Ēadgȳð and Ēadgifu.

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Edmund Ironside

Edmund Ironside (30 November 1016;,,; sometimes also known as Edmund II) was King of the English from 23 April to 30 November 1016.

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Edward the Confessor

Edward the Confessor (1003 – 5 January 1066) was an Anglo-Saxon English king and saint. Usually considered the last king of the House of Wessex, he ruled from 1042 until his death in 1066. Edward was the son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy. He succeeded Cnut the Great's son – and his own half-brother – Harthacnut. Norman Conquest and Edward the Confessor are Norman conquest of England.

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Edwin, Earl of Mercia

Edwin (Old English: Ēadwine) (died 1071) was the elder brother of Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, son of Ælfgār, Earl of Mercia and grandson of Leofric, Earl of Mercia. Norman Conquest and Edwin, Earl of Mercia are Norman conquest of England.

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Ely, Cambridgeshire

Ely is a cathedral city and civil parish in the East Cambridgeshire district of Cambridgeshire, England, about north-northeast of Cambridge, south east of Peterborough and from London.

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Emma of Normandy

Emma of Normandy (referred to as Ælfgifu in royal documents; c. 984 – 6 March 1052) was a Norman-born noblewoman who became the English, Danish, and Norwegian queen through her marriages to the Anglo-Saxon king Æthelred the Unready and the Danish king Cnut the Great.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Epithet

An epithet, also a byname, is a descriptive term (word or phrase) commonly accompanying or occurring in place of the name of a real or fictitious person, place, or thing.

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Ermenfrid Penitential

The Ermenfrid Penitential is an ordinance composed by the Bishops of Normandy following the Battle of Hastings (1066) calling for atonement to be completed by the perpetrators of violence in William the Conqueror's invading army during the Norman Conquest of England. Norman Conquest and Ermenfrid Penitential are Norman conquest of England.

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Eustace II, Count of Boulogne

Eustace II,, also known as Eustace aux Grenons ("Eustace with long moustaches"),Heather J. Tanner, 'Eustace (II), count of Boulogne (d. c.1087)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.

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Exning

Exning is a village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk in eastern England.

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Feigned retreat

A feigned retreat is a military tactic, a type of feint, whereby a military force pretends to withdraw or to have been routed, in order to lure an enemy into a position of vulnerability.

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Feoffment

In the Middle Ages, especially under the European feudal system, feoffment or enfeoffment was the deed by which a person was given land in exchange for a pledge of service.

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Feudal land tenure in England

Under the English feudal system several different forms of land tenure existed, each effectively a contract with differing rights and duties attached thereto.

See Norman Conquest and Feudal land tenure in England

Feudalism

Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.

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Flanders

Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium.

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Flemish people

Flemish people or Flemings (Vlamingen) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Flanders, Belgium, who speak Flemish Dutch.

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French people

The French people (lit) are a nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France.

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Fyrd

A fyrd was a type of early Anglo-Saxon army that was mobilised from freemen or paid men to defend their Shire's lords estate, or from selected representatives to join a royal expedition.

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Geoffrey de Montbray

Geoffrey de Montbray (Montbrai, Mowbray) (died 1093), bishop of Coutances (Constantiensis), also known as Geoffrey of Coutances, was a Norman nobleman, trusted adviser of William the Conqueror and a great secular prelate, warrior and administrator.

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Germanic name

Germanic given names are traditionally dithematic; that is, they are formed from two elements, by joining a prefix and a suffix.

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Godwin, Earl of Wessex

Godwin of Wessex (Godwine; – 15 April 1053) was an English nobleman who became one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish king Cnut the Great (King of England from 1016 to 1035) and his successors. Norman Conquest and Godwin, Earl of Wessex are Norman conquest of England.

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Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria

Gospatric or Cospatric (from the Cumbric "Servant of Patrick"), (died after 1073), was Earl of Northumbria, or of Bernicia, and later lord of sizable estates around Dunbar.

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Gwynedd

Gwynedd is a county in the north-west of Wales.

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Gyrth Godwinson

Gyrth Godwinson (Old English: Gyrð Godƿinson; 1032 – 14 October 1066) was the fourth son of Earl Godwin, and thus a younger brother of Harold Godwinson. Norman Conquest and Gyrth Godwinson are Norman conquest of England.

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Gytha Thorkelsdóttir

Gytha Thorkelsdóttir (997 – c. 1069), also called Githa, was a Danish noblewoman.

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Harald Hardrada

Harald Sigurdsson (– 25 September 1066), also known as Harald III of Norway and given the epithet Hardrada in the sagas, was King of Norway from 1046 to 1066.

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Harold Godwinson

Harold Godwinson (– 14 October 1066), also called Harold II, was the last crowned Anglo-Saxon English king. Norman Conquest and Harold Godwinson are Norman conquest of England.

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Harrying of the North

The Harrying of the North was a series of military campaigns waged by William the Conqueror in the winter of 1069–1070 to subjugate Northern England, where the presence of the last Wessex claimant, Edgar Ætheling, had encouraged Anglo-Saxon Northumbrian, Anglo-Scandinavian and Danish rebellions. Norman Conquest and Harrying of the North are Norman conquest of England and William the Conqueror.

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Harthacnut

Harthacnut (Hardeknud; "Tough-knot"; – 8 June 1042), traditionally Hardicanute, sometimes referred to as Canute III, was King of Denmark from 1035 to 1042 and King of the English from 1040 to 1042.

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Hastings

Hastings is a seaside town and borough in East Sussex on the south coast of England, east of Lewes and south east of London.

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Hereford

Hereford is a cathedral city, civil parish and the county town of Herefordshire, England.

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Hereward the Wake

Hereward the Wake (Traditional pronunciation /ˈhɛ.rɛ.ward/, modern pronunciation /ˈhɛ.rɪ.wəd/) (also known as Hereward the Outlaw or Hereward the Exile) was an Anglo-Saxon nobleman and a leader of local resistance to the Norman Conquest of England. Norman Conquest and Hereward the Wake are Norman conquest of England.

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History of Anglo-Saxon England

Anglo-Saxon England or Early Medieval England, existing from the 5th to the 11th centuries from soon after the end of Roman Britain until the Norman Conquest in 1066, consisted of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms until 927, when it was united as the Kingdom of England by King Æthelstan (r. 927–939).

See Norman Conquest and History of Anglo-Saxon England

Housecarl

A housecarl (húskarl; huscarl) was a non-servile manservant or household bodyguard in medieval Northern Europe.

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Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France

The Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France were wars in Normandy from 1202 to 1204. Norman Conquest and Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France are military history of Normandy.

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Isle of Ely

The Isle of Ely is a historic region around the city of Ely in Cambridgeshire, England.

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Kent

Kent is a county in the South East England region, the closest county to continental Europe.

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Lanfranc

Lanfranc, OSB (1005 1010 – 24 May 1089) was a celebrated Italian jurist who renounced his career to become a Benedictine monk at Bec in Normandy. Norman Conquest and Lanfranc are Norman conquest of England and William the Conqueror.

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Leges Henrici Primi

The Leges Henrici Primi or Laws of Henry I is a legal treatise, written in about 1115, that records the legal customs of medieval England in the reign of King Henry I of England.

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Leofwine Godwinson

Leofwine Godwinson (c. 1035 – 14 October 1066) was a younger brother of King Harold Godwinson, the fifth son of Earl Godwin. Norman Conquest and Leofwine Godwinson are Norman conquest of England.

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Lincoln, England

Lincoln is a cathedral city and district in Lincolnshire, England, of which it is the county town.

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Lincolnshire

Lincolnshire, abbreviated Lincs, is a ceremonial county in the East Midlands and Yorkshire and the Humber regions of England.

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London Bridge

The name "London Bridge" refers to several historic crossings that have spanned the River Thames between the City of London and Southwark, in central London since Roman times. Norman Conquest and London Bridge are William the Conqueror.

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Magnus the Good

Magnus Olafsson (Magnús Óláfsson; Norwegian and Danish: Magnus Olavsson; – 25 October 1047), better known as Magnus the Good (Magnús góði; Norwegian and Danish: Magnus den gode), was King of Norway from 1035 and King of Denmark from 1042 until his death in 1047.

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Malcolm III of Scotland

Malcolm III (label; Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh; c. 1031–13 November 1093) was King of Alba from 1058 to 1093.

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Matilda of Flanders

Matilda of Flanders (Mathilde; Machteld; German: Mechtild) (1031 – 2 November 1083) was Queen of England and Duchess of Normandy by marriage to William the Conqueror, and regent of Normandy during his absences from the duchy. Norman Conquest and Matilda of Flanders are William the Conqueror.

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Mercia

Mercia (Miercna rīċe, "kingdom of the border people"; Merciorum regnum) was one of the three main Anglic kingdoms founded after Sub-Roman Britain was settled by Anglo-Saxons in an era called the Heptarchy.

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Monarchy of Norway

The Norwegian monarch is the head of state of Norway, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system.

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Montacute Castle

Montacute Castle was a castle built on a hill overlooking the village of Montacute, Somerset, England.

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Morcar

Morcar (or Morcere) (Mōrcǣr, Mǫrukári) (died after 1087) was the son of Ælfgār (earl of Mercia) and brother of Ēadwine. Norman Conquest and Morcar are Norman conquest of England.

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Motte-and-bailey castle

A motte-and-bailey castle is a European fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade.

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Norman conquest of southern Italy

The Norman conquest of southern Italy lasted from 999 to 1194, involving many battles and independent conquerors.

See Norman Conquest and Norman conquest of southern Italy

Norman invasion of Wales

The Norman invasion of Wales began shortly after the Norman conquest of England under William the Conqueror, who believed England to be his birthright. Norman Conquest and Norman invasion of Wales are 11th century in England.

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Norman yoke

The Norman yoke is a term denoting the oppressive aspects of feudalism in England, attributed to the impositions of William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, his retainers and their descendants. Norman Conquest and Norman yoke are Norman conquest of England.

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Normans

The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia. Norman Conquest and Normans are duchy of Normandy.

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Northumbrian Revolt of 1065

The Northumbrian Revolt of 1065 was a rebellion in the last months of the reign of Edward the Confessor against the earl of Northumbria, Tostig Godwinson, brother of Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex. Norman Conquest and Northumbrian Revolt of 1065 are 1060s conflicts and Norman conquest of England.

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Norwich Castle

Norwich Castle is a medieval royal fortification in the city of Norwich, in the English county of Norfolk.

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Odo of Bayeux

Odo of Bayeux (died 1097) was Bishop of Bayeux in Normandy, and was also made Earl of Kent in England following the Norman Conquest.

See Norman Conquest and Odo of Bayeux

Odo, Count of Penthièvre

Odo of Rennes (Medieval Breton: Eudon Pentevr, Modern Breton: Eozen Penteur, Latin: Eudo, French: Eudes/Éon de Penthièvre) (c. 999–1079), Count of Penthièvre, was the youngest of the three sons of Duke Geoffrey I of Brittany and Hawise of Normandy, daughter of Richard I of Normandy.

See Norman Conquest and Odo, Count of Penthièvre

Old English

Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

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Old French

Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.

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Old Norse

Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages.

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Orkney

Orkney (Orkney; Orkneyjar; Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands (archaically "The Orkneys"), is an archipelago off the north coast of Scotland.

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Osprey Publishing

Osprey Publishing is a British publishing company specializing in military history based in Oxford.

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Oswulf II of Bamburgh

Osulf or Oswulf (died 1067) was the son of Eadwulf IV, Earl of Bamburgh (killed 1041), and grandson of Uhtred the Bold, ruler of Bamburgh and ealdorman of Northumbria (killed 1016).

See Norman Conquest and Oswulf II of Bamburgh

Paganism

Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.

See Norman Conquest and Paganism

Papal legate

A woodcut showing Henry II of England greeting the Pope's legate. A papal legate or apostolic legate (from the ancient Roman title legatus) is a personal representative of the Pope to foreign nations, to some other part of the Catholic Church, or representatives of the state or monarchy.

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Penance

Penance is any act or a set of actions done out of repentance for sins committed, as well as an alternate name for the Catholic, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox sacrament of Reconciliation or Confession.

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Pevensey

Pevensey is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England.

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Pontefract

Pontefract is a historic market town in the City of Wakefield, a metropolitan district in West Yorkshire, England.

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Pope Alexander II

Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio, was the head of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1061 to his death in 1073.

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Powys

Powys is a county and preserved county in Wales.

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R. W. Southern

Sir Richard William Southern (8 February 1912 – 6 February 2001), who published under the name R. W.

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Ralph de Gael

Ralph de Gaël (otherwise Ralph de Guader, Ralph Wader or Radulf Waders or Ralf Waiet or Rodulfo de Waiet; before 1042 – 1100) was the Earl of East Anglia (Norfolk and Suffolk) and Lord of Gaël and Montfort (Seigneur de Gaël et Montfort).

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Reeve (England)

In Anglo-Saxon England, a reeve (Old English) was an administrative official serving the king or a lesser lord in a variety of roles.

See Norman Conquest and Reeve (England)

Revolt of the Earls

The Revolt of the Earls in 1075 was a rebellion of three earls against William I of England (William the Conqueror). Norman Conquest and Revolt of the Earls are Norman conquest of England and William the Conqueror.

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Richard

Richard is a male given name.

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Richard fitz Gilbert

Richard fitz Gilbert (before 1035–), 1st feudal baron of Clare in Suffolk, was a Norman lord who participated in the Norman conquest of England in 1066, and was styled "de Bienfaite", "de Clare", and of "Tonbridge" from his holdings.

See Norman Conquest and Richard fitz Gilbert

Richard II, Duke of Normandy

Richard II (died 28 August 1026), called the Good (French: Le Bon), was the duke of Normandy from 996 until 1026.

See Norman Conquest and Richard II, Duke of Normandy

River Aire

The River Aire is a major river in Yorkshire, England, in length.

See Norman Conquest and River Aire

River Tees

The River Tees, in England, rises on the eastern slope of Cross Fell in the North Pennines and flows eastwards for to reach the North Sea in the North East of England.

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River Thames

The River Thames, known alternatively in parts as the River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London.

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Robert

The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (Hrōþiberhtaz).

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Robert de Comines

Robert de Comines (died 28 January 1069) (also Robert de Comines, Robert de Comyn) was briefly Earl of Northumbria.

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Robert, Count of Mortain

Robert, Count of Mortain, first Earl of Cornwall of 2nd creation (–) was a Norman nobleman and the half-brother (on their mother's side) of King William the Conqueror.

See Norman Conquest and Robert, Count of Mortain

Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford

Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford (1056 – after 1087), succeeded in 1071 to the earldom of Hereford and the English estate of his father, William Fitz-Osbern.

See Norman Conquest and Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford

Rollo

Rollo (Rou, Rolloun; Hrólfr; Rollon; died in 933) was a Viking who, as Count of Rouen, became the first ruler of Normandy, a region in today's northern France.

See Norman Conquest and Rollo

Royal court

A royal court, often called simply a court when the royal context is clear, is an extended royal household in a monarchy, including all those who regularly attend on a monarch, or another central figure.

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Royal forest

A royal forest, occasionally known as a kingswood, is an area of land with different definitions in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.

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Saint Margaret of Scotland

Saint Margaret of Scotland (Naomh Maighréad; Saunt Marget), also known as Margaret of Wessex, was an English princess and a Scottish queen.

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Saint-Valery-sur-Somme

Saint-Valery-sur-Somme (literally Saint-Valery on Somme; Saint-Wary), commune in the Somme department, is a seaport and resort on the south bank of the River Somme estuary.

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Salisbury

Salisbury is a cathedral city and civil parish in Wiltshire, England with a population of 41,820, at the confluence of the rivers Avon, Nadder and Bourne.

See Norman Conquest and Salisbury

Serfdom

Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems.

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Sheriff

A sheriff is a government official, with varying duties, existing in some countries with historical ties to England where the office originated.

See Norman Conquest and Sheriff

Shield wall

A shield wall (scieldweall or bordweall in Old English, skjaldborg in Old Norse) is a military formation that was common in ancient and medieval warfare.

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Shire

Shire (also) is a traditional term for an administrative division of land in Great Britain and some other English-speaking countries such as Australia.

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Shrewsbury

("May Shrewsbury Flourish") --> Shrewsbury is a market town, civil parish and the county town of Shropshire, England.

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Shropshire

Shropshire (historically SalopAlso used officially as the name of the county from 1974–1980. The demonym for inhabitants of the county "Salopian" derives from this name. and abbreviated Shrops) is a ceremonial county in the West Midlands of England, on the border with Wales.

See Norman Conquest and Shropshire

Siege of Exeter (1068)

The siege of Exeter occurred early in 1068 when King William I of England marched a combined army of Normans and loyal Englishmen westwards to force the submission of the city of Exeter in Devon, a stronghold of Anglo-Saxon resistance against Norman rule following the Norman conquest of England. Norman Conquest and siege of Exeter (1068) are Norman conquest of England.

See Norman Conquest and Siege of Exeter (1068)

Siward Barn

Siward Barn (Sigeweard Bearn) was an 11th-century English thegn and landowner-warrior.

See Norman Conquest and Siward Barn

Slavery in Britain

Slavery in Britain existed before the Roman occupation (which occurred from approximately AD 43 to AD 410) and endured until the 11th century, when the Norman conquest of England resulted in the gradual merger of the pre-conquest institution of slavery into serfdom.

See Norman Conquest and Slavery in Britain

Somerset

Somerset (archaically Somersetshire) is a ceremonial county in South West England.

See Norman Conquest and Somerset

Stafford

Stafford is a market town and the county town of Staffordshire, England.

See Norman Conquest and Stafford

Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire

Stamford Bridge is a village and civil parish on the River Derwent in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, approximately east of York and west of Driffield.

See Norman Conquest and Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire

Stigand

Stigand (died 1072) was an Anglo-Saxon churchman in pre-Norman Conquest England who became Archbishop of Canterbury.

See Norman Conquest and Stigand

Sussex

Sussex (/ˈsʌsɪks/; from the Old English Sūþsēaxe; lit. 'South Saxons') is an area within South East England which was historically a kingdom and, later, a county.

See Norman Conquest and Sussex

Sweyn Forkbeard

Sweyn Forkbeard (Sveinn Haraldsson tjúguskegg; Svend Tveskæg; 17 April 963 – 3 February 1014) was King of Denmark from 986 until his death, King of England for five weeks from December 1013 until his death, and King of Norway from 999/1000 until 1013/14.

See Norman Conquest and Sweyn Forkbeard

Sweyn II of Denmark

Sweyn Estridsson Ulfsson (Sveinn Ástríðarson, Svend Estridsen; – 28 April 1076) was King of Denmark (being Sweyn II) from 1047 until his death in 1076.

See Norman Conquest and Sweyn II of Denmark

Tenant-in-chief

In medieval and early modern Europe, a tenant-in-chief (or vassal-in-chief) was a person who held his lands under various forms of feudal land tenure directly from the king or territorial prince to whom he did homage, as opposed to holding them from another nobleman or senior member of the clergy.

See Norman Conquest and Tenant-in-chief

The English Historical Review

The English Historical Review is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal that was established in 1886 and published by Oxford University Press (formerly by Longman).

See Norman Conquest and The English Historical Review

The Fens

The Fens or Fenlands in eastern England are a naturally marshy region supporting a rich ecology and numerous species.

See Norman Conquest and The Fens

Thomas of Bayeux

Thomas of Bayeux (died 1100) was Archbishop of York from 1070 until 1100.

See Norman Conquest and Thomas of Bayeux

Throne of England

The Throne of England is the throne of the Monarch of England.

See Norman Conquest and Throne of England

Toponymy

Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of toponyms (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types.

See Norman Conquest and Toponymy

Tostig Godwinson

Tostig Godwinson (102925 September 1066) was an Anglo-Saxon Earl of Northumbria and brother of King Harold Godwinson. Norman Conquest and Tostig Godwinson are Norman conquest of England.

See Norman Conquest and Tostig Godwinson

Treaty of Abernethy

The Treaty of Abernethy was signed at the Scottish village of Abernethy in 1072 by King Malcolm III of Scotland and by William of Normandy. Norman Conquest and Treaty of Abernethy are William the Conqueror.

See Norman Conquest and Treaty of Abernethy

Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

The treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte (911) is the foundational document of the Duchy of Normandy, establishing Rollo, a Norse warlord and Viking leader, as the first Duke of Normandy in exchange for his loyalty to Charles III, the king of West Francia, following the Siege of Chartres. Norman Conquest and treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte are duchy of Normandy.

See Norman Conquest and Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte

Varangian Guard

The Varangian Guard (translit-std) was an elite unit of the Byzantine army from the tenth to the fourteenth century who served as personal bodyguards to the Byzantine emperors.

See Norman Conquest and Varangian Guard

Viking activity in the British Isles

Viking activity in the British Isles occurred during the Early Middle Ages, the 8th to the 11th centuries CE, when Scandinavians travelled to the British Isles to raid, conquer, settle and trade.

See Norman Conquest and Viking activity in the British Isles

Vikings

Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.

See Norman Conquest and Vikings

Wallingford, Oxfordshire

Wallingford is a historic market town and civil parish on the River Thames in South Oxfordshire, England, north of Reading, south of Oxford and north west of Henley-on-Thames.

See Norman Conquest and Wallingford, Oxfordshire

Waltham Abbey Church

The Abbey Church of Waltham Holy Cross and St Lawrence, also known as Waltham Abbey or Waltham Abbey Church, is the parish church of the town of Waltham Abbey, Essex, England.

See Norman Conquest and Waltham Abbey Church

Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria

Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria (Wallef, Valþjóf) (died 31 May 1076) was the last of the Anglo-Saxon earls and the only English aristocrat to be executed during the reign of William I.

See Norman Conquest and Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria

Westminster Abbey

Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is an Anglican church in the City of Westminster, London, England.

See Norman Conquest and Westminster Abbey

William

William is a masculine given name of French origin.

See Norman Conquest and William

William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey

William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, Lord of Lewes, Seigneur de Varennes (died 1088), was a Norman nobleman created Earl of Surrey under William II Rufus.

See Norman Conquest and William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey

William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford

William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford, Lord of Breteuil (1011 – 22 February 1071), was a relative and close counsellor of William the Conqueror and one of the great magnates of early Norman England.

See Norman Conquest and William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford

William of Poitiers

William of Poitiers (Guillelmus Pictaviensis, Guillaume de Poitiers; 10201090) was a Norman priest who served as the chaplain of Duke William II of Normandy (William the Conqueror), for whom he chronicled the Norman conquest of England in his Gesta Willelmi ducis Normannorum et regis Anglorum ("The Deeds of William, Duke of the Normans and King of the English"). Norman Conquest and William of Poitiers are Norman conquest of England.

See Norman Conquest and William of Poitiers

William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror (Bates William the Conqueror p. 33– 9 September 1087), sometimes called William the Bastard, was the first Norman king of England (as William I), reigning from 1066 until his death. Norman Conquest and William the Conqueror are Norman conquest of England.

See Norman Conquest and William the Conqueror

Winchester

Winchester is a cathedral city in Hampshire, England.

See Norman Conquest and Winchester

Witan

The witan was the king's council in the Anglo-Saxon government of England from before the 7th century until the 11th century. Norman Conquest and witan are Succession to the British crown.

See Norman Conquest and Witan

Writ

In common law, a writ (Anglo-Saxon gewrit, Latin breve) is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction; in modern usage, this body is generally a court.

See Norman Conquest and Writ

Wulfstan (died 1095)

Wulfstan (– 20 January 1095) was an English Benedictine monk who served as Bishop of Worcester from 1062 to 1095.

See Norman Conquest and Wulfstan (died 1095)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest

Also known as 1066 Norman conquest of England, Conquest of England, Norman Conquest of 1066, Norman Conquest of England, Norman Invasion, Norman Invasion of England, Norman invasion of 1066, Norman invasion of Britain, Norman period, Norman times, Normanization, Normans conquered England, The Norman Conquest.

, Earl of Hereford, Earl of Norfolk, Earl of Northumbria, Earl of Wessex, East Anglia, Edgar Ætheling, Edith of Mercia, Edith the Fair, Edmund Ironside, Edward the Confessor, Edwin, Earl of Mercia, Ely, Cambridgeshire, Emma of Normandy, England, Epithet, Ermenfrid Penitential, Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, Exning, Feigned retreat, Feoffment, Feudal land tenure in England, Feudalism, Flanders, Flemish people, French people, Fyrd, Geoffrey de Montbray, Germanic name, Godwin, Earl of Wessex, Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria, Gwynedd, Gyrth Godwinson, Gytha Thorkelsdóttir, Harald Hardrada, Harold Godwinson, Harrying of the North, Harthacnut, Hastings, Hereford, Hereward the Wake, History of Anglo-Saxon England, Housecarl, Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France, Isle of Ely, Kent, Lanfranc, Leges Henrici Primi, Leofwine Godwinson, Lincoln, England, Lincolnshire, London Bridge, Magnus the Good, Malcolm III of Scotland, Matilda of Flanders, Mercia, Monarchy of Norway, Montacute Castle, Morcar, Motte-and-bailey castle, Norman conquest of southern Italy, Norman invasion of Wales, Norman yoke, Normans, Northumbrian Revolt of 1065, Norwich Castle, Odo of Bayeux, Odo, Count of Penthièvre, Old English, Old French, Old Norse, Orkney, Osprey Publishing, Oswulf II of Bamburgh, Paganism, Papal legate, Penance, Pevensey, Pontefract, Pope Alexander II, Powys, R. W. Southern, Ralph de Gael, Reeve (England), Revolt of the Earls, Richard, Richard fitz Gilbert, Richard II, Duke of Normandy, River Aire, River Tees, River Thames, Robert, Robert de Comines, Robert, Count of Mortain, Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Rollo, Royal court, Royal forest, Saint Margaret of Scotland, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, Salisbury, Serfdom, Sheriff, Shield wall, Shire, Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Siege of Exeter (1068), Siward Barn, Slavery in Britain, Somerset, Stafford, Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, Stigand, Sussex, Sweyn Forkbeard, Sweyn II of Denmark, Tenant-in-chief, The English Historical Review, The Fens, Thomas of Bayeux, Throne of England, Toponymy, Tostig Godwinson, Treaty of Abernethy, Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, Varangian Guard, Viking activity in the British Isles, Vikings, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, Waltham Abbey Church, Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria, Westminster Abbey, William, William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford, William of Poitiers, William the Conqueror, Winchester, Witan, Writ, Wulfstan (died 1095).

Norman Conquest, the Glossary

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