Nuclear winter, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 317 relations: ABC News (United States), ABM-1 Galosh, Absorption (chemistry), Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, Acid rain, Acre, Advection, Aerosol, Air burst, Alan Robock, Albert Wohlstetter, Ambio, American Geophysical Union, American Institute of Physics, Analog Science Fiction and Fact, Animal, Anti-ballistic missile, Anti-greenhouse effect, Armillaria, Asia, Atmospheric chemistry, Atmospheric entry, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Attenuation, B28 nuclear bomb, B61 nuclear bomb, Ballistic missile, Bark bread, BBC, Black carbon, Blast wave, Boeing B-29 Superfortress, Bombing of Dresden, Bombing of Hamburg in World War II, Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945), Brian Martin (social scientist), Brown carbon, Brownian motion, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Carbon, Carbon black, Carl Sagan, Cellulosic ethanol, Che Guevara, Chemistry, Chicxulub crater, Circular error probable, Civil defense, Climate, ... Expand index (267 more) »

2. Carl Sagan
3. Climate forcing
4. Environmental impact of nuclear power
5. Environmental impact of war
6. Nuclear doomsday

ABC News (United States)

ABC News is the news division of the American television network ABC.

See Nuclear winter and ABC News (United States)

ABM-1 Galosh

The A-350 GRAU 5V61 (NATO reporting name ABM-1 Galosh, formerly SH-01) was a Soviet, nuclear armed surface-to-air anti-ballistic missile.

See Nuclear winter and ABM-1 Galosh

Absorption (chemistry)

Absorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon or a process in which atoms, molecules or ions enter the liquid or solid bulk phase of a material.

See Nuclear winter and Absorption (chemistry)

Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union

The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991.

See Nuclear winter and Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union

Acid rain

Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).

See Nuclear winter and Acid rain

Acre

The acre is a unit of land area used in the British imperial and the United States customary systems.

See Nuclear winter and Acre

Advection

In the field of physics, engineering, and earth sciences, advection is the transport of a substance or quantity by bulk motion of a fluid.

See Nuclear winter and Advection

Aerosol

An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.

See Nuclear winter and Aerosol

Air burst

An air burst or airburst is the detonation of an explosive device such as an anti-personnel artillery shell or a nuclear weapon in the air instead of on contact with the ground or target.

See Nuclear winter and Air burst

Alan Robock

Alan Robock (born 1949) is an American climatologist.

See Nuclear winter and Alan Robock

Albert Wohlstetter

Albert James Wohlstetter (December 19, 1913 – January 10, 1997) was an American political scientist noted for his influence on U.S. nuclear strategy during the Cold War.

See Nuclear winter and Albert Wohlstetter

Ambio

Ambio: A Journal of Environment and Society is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

See Nuclear winter and Ambio

American Geophysical Union

The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of Earth, atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, space, and planetary scientists and enthusiasts that according to their website includes 130,000 people (not members).

See Nuclear winter and American Geophysical Union

American Institute of Physics

The American Institute of Physics (AIP) promotes science and the profession of physics, publishes physics journals, and produces publications for scientific and engineering societies.

See Nuclear winter and American Institute of Physics

Analog Science Fiction and Fact

Analog Science Fiction and Fact is an American science fiction magazine published under various titles since 1930.

See Nuclear winter and Analog Science Fiction and Fact

Animal

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia.

See Nuclear winter and Animal

Anti-ballistic missile

An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a surface-to-air missile designed to counter ballistic missiles (missile defense).

See Nuclear winter and Anti-ballistic missile

Anti-greenhouse effect

The anti-greenhouse effect is a process that occurs when energy from a celestial object's sun is absorbed or scattered by the object's upper atmosphere, preventing that energy from reaching the surface, which results in surface cooling – the opposite of the greenhouse effect.

See Nuclear winter and Anti-greenhouse effect

Armillaria

Armillaria is a genus of fungi that includes the A. mellea species known as honey fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs.

See Nuclear winter and Armillaria

Asia

Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.

See Nuclear winter and Asia

Atmospheric chemistry

Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied.

See Nuclear winter and Atmospheric chemistry

Atmospheric entry

Atmospheric entry (sometimes listed as Vimpact or Ventry) is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.

See Nuclear winter and Atmospheric entry

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Nuclear winter and atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are nuclear warfare.

See Nuclear winter and Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Attenuation

In physics, attenuation (in some contexts, extinction) is the gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium.

See Nuclear winter and Attenuation

B28 nuclear bomb

The B28, originally Mark 28, was a thermonuclear bomb carried by U.S. tactical fighter bombers, attack aircraft and bomber aircraft.

See Nuclear winter and B28 nuclear bomb

B61 nuclear bomb

The B61 nuclear bomb is the primary thermonuclear gravity bomb in the United States Enduring Stockpile following the end of the Cold War.

See Nuclear winter and B61 nuclear bomb

Ballistic missile

A ballistic missile (BM) is a type of missile that uses projectile motion to deliver warheads on a target.

See Nuclear winter and Ballistic missile

Bark bread

Bark bread is a traditional food made with cambium (phloem) flour.

See Nuclear winter and Bark bread

BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

See Nuclear winter and BBC

Black carbon

Chemically, black carbon (BC) is a component of fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter). Nuclear winter and black carbon are climate forcing.

See Nuclear winter and Black carbon

Blast wave

In fluid dynamics, a blast wave is the increased pressure and flow resulting from the deposition of a large amount of energy in a small, very localised volume.

See Nuclear winter and Blast wave

Boeing B-29 Superfortress

The Boeing B-29 Superfortress is an American four-engined propeller-driven heavy bomber, designed by Boeing and flown primarily by the United States during World War II and the Korean War.

See Nuclear winter and Boeing B-29 Superfortress

Bombing of Dresden

The bombing of Dresden was a joint British and American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II.

See Nuclear winter and Bombing of Dresden

Bombing of Hamburg in World War II

The Allied bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous attacks on civilians and civic infrastructure.

See Nuclear winter and Bombing of Hamburg in World War II

Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)

On the night of 9/10 March 1945, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) conducted a devastating firebombing raid on Tokyo, the Japanese capital city.

See Nuclear winter and Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)

Brian Martin (born 1947) is a social scientist in the School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, at the University of Wollongong (UOW) in NSW, Australia.

See Nuclear winter and Brian Martin (social scientist)

Brown carbon

In chemistry, brown carbon (Cbrown/BrC) is brown smoke released by the combustion of organic matter.

See Nuclear winter and Brown carbon

Brownian motion

Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas).

See Nuclear winter and Brownian motion

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is a nonprofit organization concerning science and global security issues resulting from accelerating technological advances that have negative consequences for humanity.

See Nuclear winter and Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is an organisation that advocates unilateral nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom, international nuclear disarmament and tighter international arms regulation through agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

See Nuclear winter and Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.

See Nuclear winter and Carbon

Carbon black

Carbon black (with subtypes acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of coal tar, vegetable matter, or petroleum products, including fuel oil, fluid catalytic cracking tar, and ethylene cracking in a limited supply of air.

See Nuclear winter and Carbon black

Carl Sagan

Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, and science communicator.

See Nuclear winter and Carl Sagan

Cellulosic ethanol

Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit.

See Nuclear winter and Cellulosic ethanol

Che Guevara

Ernesto "Che" Guevara (14 June 1928The date of birth recorded on was 14 June 1928, although one tertiary source, (Julia Constenla, quoted by Jon Lee Anderson), asserts that he was actually born on 14 May of that year. Constenla alleges that she was told by Che's mother, Celia de la Serna, that she was already pregnant when she and Ernesto Guevara Lynch were married and that the date on the birth certificate of their son was forged to make it appear that he was born a month later than the actual date to avoid scandal.

See Nuclear winter and Che Guevara

Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.

See Nuclear winter and Chemistry

Chicxulub crater

The Chicxulub crater is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico.

See Nuclear winter and Chicxulub crater

Circular error probable

Circular error probable (CEP),Circular Error Probable (CEP), Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center Technical Paper 6, Ver 2, July 1987, p. 1 also circular error probability or circle of equal probability, is a measure of a weapon system's precision in the military science of ballistics.

See Nuclear winter and Circular error probable

Civil defense

Civil defense or civil protection is an effort to protect the citizens of a state (generally non-combatants) from human-made and natural disasters.

See Nuclear winter and Civil defense

Climate

Climate is the long-term weather pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. Nuclear winter and Climate are climatology.

See Nuclear winter and Climate

Climate change

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.

See Nuclear winter and Climate change

Climate engineering

Climate engineering (or geoengineering) is an umbrella term for both carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation modification, when applied at a planetary scale.

See Nuclear winter and Climate engineering

Climate sensitivity

Climate sensitivity is a key measure in climate science and describes how much Earth's surface will warm for a doubling in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration.

See Nuclear winter and Climate sensitivity

Cloud physics

Cloud physics is the study of the physical processes that lead to the formation, growth and precipitation of atmospheric clouds.

See Nuclear winter and Cloud physics

Cloud seeding

Cloud seeding is a type of weather modification that aims to change the amount or type of precipitation, mitigate hail or disperse fog.

See Nuclear winter and Cloud seeding

Cluster munition

A cluster munition is a form of air-dropped or ground-launched explosive weapon that releases or ejects smaller submunitions.

See Nuclear winter and Cluster munition

Collateral damage

"Collateral damage" is a term for any incidental and undesired death, injury or other damage inflicted, especially on civilians, as the result of an activity.

See Nuclear winter and Collateral damage

Conflagration

A conflagration is a large fire.

See Nuclear winter and Conflagration

Controlled burn

A controlled or prescribed (Rx) burn is the practice of intentionally setting a fire to change the assemblage of vegetation and decaying material in a landscape.

See Nuclear winter and Controlled burn

Convection

Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy).

See Nuclear winter and Convection

Conventional weapon

The terms conventional weapons or conventional arms generally refer to weapons whose ability to damage comes from kinetic, incendiary, or explosive energy and exclude weapons of mass destruction (e.g. nuclear, biological, radiological and chemical weapons).

See Nuclear winter and Conventional weapon

Counterforce

In nuclear strategy, a counterforce target is one that has a military value, such as a launch silo for intercontinental ballistic missiles, an airbase at which nuclear-armed bombers are stationed, a homeport for ballistic missile submarines, or a command and control installation. Nuclear winter and counterforce are nuclear warfare.

See Nuclear winter and Counterforce

Cresson Kearny

Cresson Henry Kearny (–) wrote several survival-related books based primarily on research performed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

See Nuclear winter and Cresson Kearny

Cretaceous

The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).

See Nuclear winter and Cretaceous

Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary, formerly known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary, is a geological signature, usually a thin band of rock containing much more iridium than other bands.

See Nuclear winter and Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary

Crusher

A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, sand or rock dust.

See Nuclear winter and Crusher

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, or the Caribbean Crisis, was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in Cuba.

See Nuclear winter and Cuban Missile Crisis

Dalton Minimum

The Dalton Minimum was a period of low sunspot count, representing low solar activity, named after the English meteorologist John Dalton, lasting from about 1790 to 1830 or 1796 to 1820, corresponding to the period solar cycle 4 to solar cycle 7.

See Nuclear winter and Dalton Minimum

Decapitation (military strategy)

Decapitation is a military strategy aimed at removing the leadership or command and control of a hostile government or group.

See Nuclear winter and Decapitation (military strategy)

Defense Threat Reduction Agency

The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is both a defense agency and a combat support agency within the United States Department of Defense (DoD) for countering weapons of mass destruction (WMD; chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high explosives) and supporting the nuclear enterprise.

See Nuclear winter and Defense Threat Reduction Agency

Deposition (aerosol physics)

In the physics of aerosols, deposition is the process by which aerosol particles collect or deposit themselves on solid surfaces, decreasing the concentration of the particles in the air.

See Nuclear winter and Deposition (aerosol physics)

Diffuse sky radiation

Diffuse sky radiation is solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface after having been scattered from the direct solar beam by molecules or particulates in the atmosphere.

See Nuclear winter and Diffuse sky radiation

Docudrama

Docudrama (or documentary drama) is a genre of television and film, which features dramatized re-enactments of actual events.

See Nuclear winter and Docudrama

Doomsday device

A doomsday device is a hypothetical construction — usually a weapon or weapons system — which could destroy all life on a planet, particularly Earth, or destroy the planet itself, bringing "doomsday", a term used for the end of planet Earth. Nuclear winter and doomsday device are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Doomsday device

Dr. Strangelove

Dr.

See Nuclear winter and Dr. Strangelove

Earth's energy budget

Earth's energy budget (or Earth's energy balance) accounts for the balance between the energy that Earth receives from the Sun and the energy the Earth loses back into outer space. Nuclear winter and Earth's energy budget are climate forcing and climatology.

See Nuclear winter and Earth's energy budget

Effects of nuclear explosions

The effects of a nuclear explosion on its immediate vicinity are typically much more destructive and multifaceted than those caused by conventional explosives. Nuclear winter and effects of nuclear explosions are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Effects of nuclear explosions

Ejecta

Ejecta (singular ejectum) are particles ejected from an area.

See Nuclear winter and Ejecta

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean.

See Nuclear winter and El Niño–Southern Oscillation

Elugelab

Elugelab, or Elugelap (Āllokļap), was an island, part of the Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Nuclear winter and Elugelab are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Elugelab

Eos (magazine)

Eos (formerly Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union) is the news magazine published by the American Geophysical Union (AGU).

See Nuclear winter and Eos (magazine)

Explosive

An explosive (or explosive material) is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of light, heat, sound, and pressure.

See Nuclear winter and Explosive

Extinction event

An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.

See Nuclear winter and Extinction event

Famine food

A famine food or poverty food is any inexpensive or readily available food used to nourish people in times of hunger and starvation, whether caused by extreme poverty, such as during economic depression or war, or by natural disasters such as drought.

See Nuclear winter and Famine food

Feeding Everyone No Matter What

Feeding Everyone No Matter What: Managing Food Security After Global Catastrophe is a 2014 book by David Denkenberger and Joshua M. Pearce and published by Elsevier under their Academic Press.

See Nuclear winter and Feeding Everyone No Matter What

Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008.

See Nuclear winter and Fidel Castro

Fimbulwinter

Fimbulwinter (from Fimbulvetr) is the immediate prelude to the events of Ragnarök in Norse mythology.

See Nuclear winter and Fimbulwinter

Firebreak

A firebreak or double track (also called a fire line, fuel break, fireroad and firetrail in Australia) is a gap in vegetation or other combustible material that acts as a barrier to slow or stop the progress of a bushfire or wildfire.

See Nuclear winter and Firebreak

Firestorm

A firestorm is a conflagration which attains such intensity that it creates and sustains its own wind system.

See Nuclear winter and Firestorm

First strike (nuclear strategy)

In nuclear strategy, a first strike or preemptive strike is a preemptive surprise attack employing overwhelming force.

See Nuclear winter and First strike (nuclear strategy)

Fish farming

Fish farming or pisciculture involves commercial breeding of fish, most often for food, in fish tanks or artificial enclosures such as fish ponds.

See Nuclear winter and Fish farming

Flammagenitus cloud

A flammagenitus cloud, also known as a flammagenitus, pyrocumulus cloud, or fire cloud, is a dense cumuliform cloud associated with fire or volcanic eruptions.

See Nuclear winter and Flammagenitus cloud

Fred Singer

Siegfried Fred Singer (September 27, 1924 – April 6, 2020) was an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia, trained as an atmospheric physicist.

See Nuclear winter and Fred Singer

Freeman Dyson

Freeman John Dyson (15 December 1923 – 28 February 2020) was a British-American theoretical physicist and mathematician known for his works in quantum field theory, astrophysics, random matrices, mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and engineering.

See Nuclear winter and Freeman Dyson

Frost

Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor that deposits onto a freezing surface.

See Nuclear winter and Frost

Fungiculture

Fungiculture is the cultivation of fungi such as mushrooms.

See Nuclear winter and Fungiculture

General circulation model

A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. Nuclear winter and general circulation model are climate forcing.

See Nuclear winter and General circulation model

Georgy Golitsyn

Georgy Sergeyevich Golitsyn (Георгий Сергеевич Голицын) (born January 23, 1935, in Moscow) is a prominent Russian scientist in the field of Atmospheric Physics, full member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (later of Russia) since 1987, Editor-in-Chief of,, member of the Academia Europaea since 2000.

See Nuclear winter and Georgy Golitsyn

Global dimming

Global dimming is a decline in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface.

See Nuclear winter and Global dimming

Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.

See Nuclear winter and Global Positioning System

Global temperature record

The global temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time.

See Nuclear winter and Global temperature record

Goddard Institute for Space Studies

The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) is a laboratory in the Earth Sciences Division of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center affiliated with the Columbia University Earth Institute.

See Nuclear winter and Goddard Institute for Space Studies

Greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature. Nuclear winter and greenhouse effect are climate forcing.

See Nuclear winter and Greenhouse effect

Gulf War

The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States.

See Nuclear winter and Gulf War

Hadley cell

The Hadley cell, also known as the Hadley circulation, is a global-scale tropical atmospheric circulation that features air rising near the equator, flowing poleward near the tropopause at a height of above the Earth's surface, cooling and descending in the subtropics at around 25 degrees latitude, and then returning equatorward near the surface.

See Nuclear winter and Hadley cell

Harvest

Harvesting is the process of collecting plants, animals, or fish (as well as fungi) as food, especially the process of gathering mature crops, and "the harvest" also refers to the collected crops.

See Nuclear winter and Harvest

Heat flux

In physics and engineering, heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density, heat-flow density or heat-flow rate intensity, is a flow of energy per unit area per unit time.

See Nuclear winter and Heat flux

Hemispheres of Earth

In geography and cartography, hemispheres of Earth are any division of the globe into two equal halves (hemispheres), typically divided into northern and southern halves by the Equator or into western and eastern halves by the Prime meridian.

See Nuclear winter and Hemispheres of Earth

Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Established in 1931, the Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk) is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica and Springer Science+Business Media.

See Nuclear winter and Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Hiroshima

is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture in Japan.

See Nuclear winter and Hiroshima

Ice age

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

See Nuclear winter and Ice age

Impact event

An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects causing measurable effects. Nuclear winter and impact event are climate forcing.

See Nuclear winter and Impact event

Impact winter

An impact winter is a hypothesized period of prolonged cold weather due to the impact of a large asteroid or comet on the Earth's surface. Nuclear winter and impact winter are climate forcing.

See Nuclear winter and Impact winter

Incandescence

Incandescence is the emission of electromagnetic radiation (including visible light) from a hot body as a result of its high temperature.

See Nuclear winter and Incandescence

Incendiary device

Incendiary weapons, incendiary devices, incendiary munitions, or incendiary bombs are weapons designed to start fires.

See Nuclear winter and Incendiary device

India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

See Nuclear winter and India

Indonesia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

See Nuclear winter and Indonesia

Inertial navigation system

An inertial navigation system (INS; also inertial guidance system, inertial instrument) is a navigation device that uses motion sensors (accelerometers), rotation sensors (gyroscopes) and a computer to continuously calculate by dead reckoning the position, the orientation, and the velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references.

See Nuclear winter and Inertial navigation system

Intercontinental ballistic missile

An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a range greater than, primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads).

See Nuclear winter and Intercontinental ballistic missile

Inversion (meteorology)

In meteorology, an inversion (or temperature inversion) is a phenomenon in which a layer of warmer air overlies cooler air.

See Nuclear winter and Inversion (meteorology)

Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait began on 2 August 1990 and marked the beginning of the Gulf War.

See Nuclear winter and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

Ivy Mike

Ivy Mike was the codename given to the first full-scale test of a thermonuclear device, in which part of the explosive yield comes from nuclear fusion.

See Nuclear winter and Ivy Mike

James B. Pollack

James Barney Pollack (July 9, 1938 – June 13, 1994) was an American astrophysicist who worked for NASA's Ames Research Center.

See Nuclear winter and James B. Pollack

John Holdren

John Paul Holdren (born March 1, 1944) is an American scientist who served as the senior advisor to President Barack Obama on science and technology issues through his roles as assistant to the president for science and technology, director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and co-chair of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST).

See Nuclear winter and John Holdren

John Maddox

Sir John Royden Maddox, FRS (27 November 1925 – 12 April 2009) was a Welsh theoretical chemist, physicist, and science writer.

See Nuclear winter and John Maddox

John W. Birks

John W. Birks (born 10 December 1946, in Vinita, Oklahoma, USA) is an American atmospheric chemist and entrepreneur who is best known for co-discovery with Paul Crutzen of the potential atmospheric effects of nuclear war known as nuclear winter.

See Nuclear winter and John W. Birks

Jonathan Schell

Jonathan Edward Schell (August 21, 1943 – March 25, 2014) was an American author and visiting fellow at Yale University, whose work primarily dealt with campaigning against nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Jonathan Schell

Journal of Geophysical Research

The Journal of Geophysical Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

See Nuclear winter and Journal of Geophysical Research

Joyce E. Penner

Joyce Penner is an atmospheric scientist known for her research on climate change, especially on the impact of aerosols and clouds.

See Nuclear winter and Joyce E. Penner

Kelvin

The kelvin, symbol K, is the base unit of measurement for temperature in the International System of Units (SI).

See Nuclear winter and Kelvin

Kerry Emanuel

Kerry Andrew Emanuel (born April 21, 1955) is an American professor of meteorology currently working at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.

See Nuclear winter and Kerry Emanuel

KGB

The Committee for State Security (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti (KGB)) was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 13 March 1954 until 3 December 1991.

See Nuclear winter and KGB

Kuwaiti oil fires

The Kuwaiti oil fires were caused by the Iraqi military setting fire to a reported 605 to 732 oil wells along with an unspecified number of oil filled low-lying areas, such as oil lakes and fire trenches, as part of a scorched earth policy while retreating from Kuwait in 1991 due to the advances of US-led coalition forces in the Gulf War. Nuclear winter and Kuwaiti oil fires are environmental impact of war.

See Nuclear winter and Kuwaiti oil fires

Lake Toba

Lake Toba (Danau Toba, Toba Batak: ᯖᯀᯬ ᯖᯬᯅ; romanized: Tao Toba) is a large natural lake in North Sumatra, Indonesia, occupying the caldera of the Toba supervolcano.The lake is located in the middle of the northern part of the island of Sumatra, with a surface elevation of about, the lake stretches from to.

See Nuclear winter and Lake Toba

Laki

Laki or Lakagígar (Craters of Laki) is a volcanic fissure in the western part of Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland, not far from the volcanic fissure of Eldgjá and the small village of Kirkjubæjarklaustur.

See Nuclear winter and Laki

Large eddy simulation

Large eddy simulation (LES) is a mathematical model for turbulence used in computational fluid dynamics.

See Nuclear winter and Large eddy simulation

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is a federally funded research and development center in Livermore, California, United States.

See Nuclear winter and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Leon Gouré

Leon Gouré (November 1, 1922 – March 16, 2007) was a Soviet Union-born American political scientist and analyst.

See Nuclear winter and Leon Gouré

List of poker hands

In poker, players form sets of five playing cards, called hands, according to the rules of the game.

See Nuclear winter and List of poker hands

List of states with nuclear weapons

Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful detonation of nuclear weapons. Nuclear winter and List of states with nuclear weapons are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and List of states with nuclear weapons

Little Boy

Little Boy was the name of the type of atomic bomb used in the bombing of the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II, making it the first nuclear weapon used in warfare.

See Nuclear winter and Little Boy

Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of regional cooling, particularly pronounced in the North Atlantic region.

See Nuclear winter and Little Ice Age

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory (often shortened as Los Alamos and LANL) is one of the sixteen research and development laboratories of the United States Department of Energy (DOE), located a short distance northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, in the American southwest.

See Nuclear winter and Los Alamos National Laboratory

Luis Walter Alvarez

Luis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911 – September 1, 1988) was an American experimental physicist, inventor, and professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of resonance states in particle physics using the hydrogen bubble chamber.

See Nuclear winter and Luis Walter Alvarez

Mars 2

The Mars 2 was an uncrewed space probe of the Mars program, a series of uncrewed Mars landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union beginning 19 May 1971.

See Nuclear winter and Mars 2

Mars 3

Mars 3 was a robotic space probe of the Soviet Mars program, launched May 28, 1971, nine days after its twin spacecraft Mars 2.

See Nuclear winter and Mars 3

Marsh gas

Marsh gas, also known as swamp gas or bog gas, is a mixture primarily of methane and smaller amounts of hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and trace phosphine that is produced naturally within some geographical marshes, swamps, and bogs.

See Nuclear winter and Marsh gas

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

See Nuclear winter and Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Maunder Minimum

The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", was a period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare.

See Nuclear winter and Maunder Minimum

Meteoroid

A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space.

See Nuclear winter and Meteoroid

Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms).

See Nuclear winter and Methane

Methylococcus capsulatus

Methylococcus capsulatus is an obligately methanotrophic gram-negative, non-motile coccoid bacterium.

See Nuclear winter and Methylococcus capsulatus

Michigan State University

Michigan State University (Michigan State or MSU) is a public land-grant research university in East Lansing, Michigan.

See Nuclear winter and Michigan State University

Micrometre

The micrometre (Commonwealth English) as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling (SI standard prefix "micro-".

See Nuclear winter and Micrometre

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.

See Nuclear winter and Mikhail Gorbachev

Military doctrine

Military doctrine is the expression of how military forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements.

See Nuclear winter and Military doctrine

Minimal deterrence

In nuclear strategy, minimal deterrence, also known as minimum deterrence and finite deterrence, is an application of deterrence theory in which a state possesses no more nuclear weapons than is necessary to deter an adversary from attacking.

See Nuclear winter and Minimal deterrence

Missile launch facility

A missile launch facility, also known as an underground missile silo, launch facility (LF), or nuclear silo, is a vertical cylindrical structure constructed underground, for the storage and launching of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs). Nuclear winter and missile launch facility are nuclear warfare.

See Nuclear winter and Missile launch facility

Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle

A multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) is an exoatmospheric ballistic missile payload containing several warheads, each capable of being aimed to hit a different target.

See Nuclear winter and Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle

Murphy's law

Murphy's law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong." In some formulations, it is extended to "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong, and at the worst possible time." Though similar statements and concepts have been made over the course of history, the law itself was coined by, and is named after, American aerospace engineer Edward A.

See Nuclear winter and Murphy's law

Mushroom cloud

A mushroom cloud is a distinctive mushroom-shaped flammagenitus cloud of debris, smoke, and usually condensed water vapour resulting from a large explosion. Nuclear winter and mushroom cloud are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Mushroom cloud

Mutants in fiction

The concept of a mutant is a common trope in comic books and science fiction.

See Nuclear winter and Mutants in fiction

Mutual assured destruction

Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy which posits that a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by an attacker on a nuclear-armed defender with second-strike capabilities would result in the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender. Nuclear winter and Mutual assured destruction are nuclear doomsday, nuclear warfare, nuclear weapons and theories of history.

See Nuclear winter and Mutual assured destruction

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.

See Nuclear winter and NASA

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), also known as the National Academies, is a congressionally chartered organization that serves as the collective scientific national academy of the United States.

See Nuclear winter and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

National Academy of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.

See Nuclear winter and National Academy of Sciences

National Center for Atmospheric Research

The US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is a US federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) managed by the nonprofit University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF).

See Nuclear winter and National Center for Atmospheric Research

National Science Foundation

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.

See Nuclear winter and National Science Foundation

National Security Archive

The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-governmental, non-profit research and archival institution located on the campus of the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 to check rising government secrecy.

See Nuclear winter and National Security Archive

National Weather Service

The National Weather Service (NWS) is an agency of the United States federal government that is tasked with providing weather forecasts, warnings of hazardous weather, and other weather-related products to organizations and the public for the purposes of protection, safety, and general information.

See Nuclear winter and National Weather Service

Nature (journal)

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.

See Nuclear winter and Nature (journal)

Nature Food

Nature Food is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Nature Portfolio.

See Nuclear winter and Nature Food

Neologism

In linguistics, a neologism (also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that nevertheless has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language.

See Nuclear winter and Neologism

New Scientist

New Scientist is a popular science magazine covering all aspects of science and technology.

See Nuclear winter and New Scientist

New START

New START (Russian abbrev.: СНВ-III, SNV-III from сокращение стратегическихнаступательныхвооружений "reduction of strategic offensive arms") is a nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation with the formal name of Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.

See Nuclear winter and New START

Nightline

Nightline (or ABC News Nightline) is ABC News' late-night television news program broadcast on ABC in the United States with a franchised formula to other networks and stations elsewhere in the world.

See Nuclear winter and Nightline

Nikita Moiseyev

Nikita Nikolayevich Moiseyev (Russian: Никита Николаевич Моисеев) (23 August 1917 – 29 February 2000) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician, full member of the Soviet and Russian Academies of Sciences and of the International Academy of Science, Munich.

See Nuclear winter and Nikita Moiseyev

Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula.

See Nuclear winter and Nitric oxide

Nitrogen oxide

Nitrogen oxide may refer to a binary compound of oxygen and nitrogen, or a mixture of such compounds.

See Nuclear winter and Nitrogen oxide

NOx

In atmospheric chemistry, is shorthand for nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, the nitrogen oxides that are most relevant for air pollution.

See Nuclear winter and NOx

Nuclear arms race

The nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. Nuclear winter and nuclear arms race are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear arms race

Nuclear bunker buster

A nuclear bunker buster, also known as an earth-penetrating weapon (EPW), is the nuclear equivalent of the conventional bunker buster. Nuclear winter and nuclear bunker buster are nuclear warfare.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear bunker buster

Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons. Nuclear winter and nuclear disarmament are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear disarmament

Nuclear explosion

A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear explosion

Nuclear fallout

Nuclear fallout is the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave has passed. Nuclear winter and nuclear fallout are environmental impact of nuclear power and nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear fallout

Nuclear famine

Nuclear famine is a hypothesized famine considered a potential threat following global or regional nuclear exchange. Nuclear winter and nuclear famine are nuclear doomsday.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear famine

Nuclear holocaust

A nuclear holocaust, also known as a nuclear apocalypse, nuclear annihilation, nuclear armageddon, or atomic holocaust, is a theoretical scenario where the mass detonation of nuclear weapons causes widespread destruction and radioactive fallout. Nuclear winter and nuclear holocaust are nuclear doomsday.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear holocaust

Nuclear strategy

Nuclear strategy involves the development of doctrines and strategies for the production and use of nuclear weapons. Nuclear winter and nuclear strategy are nuclear warfare.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear strategy

Nuclear terrorism

Nuclear terrorism refers to any person or persons detonating a nuclear weapon as an act of terrorism (i.e., illegal or immoral use of violence for a political or religious cause). Nuclear winter and nuclear terrorism are nuclear warfare and nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear terrorism

Nuclear War Survival Skills

Nuclear War Survival Skills or NWSS, by Cresson Kearny, is a civil defense manual. Nuclear winter and Nuclear War Survival Skills are nuclear warfare.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear War Survival Skills

Nuclear warfare

Nuclear warfare, also known as atomic warfare, is a military conflict or prepared political strategy that deploys nuclear weaponry. Nuclear winter and nuclear warfare are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear warfare

Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion. Nuclear winter and nuclear weapon are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear weapon

Nuclear weapon design

Nuclear weapon designs are physical, chemical, and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate. Nuclear winter and nuclear weapon design are nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear weapon design

Nuclear weapon yield

The explosive yield of a nuclear weapon is the amount of energy released such as blast, thermal, and nuclear radiation, when that particular nuclear weapon is detonated, usually expressed as a TNT equivalent (the standardized equivalent mass of trinitrotoluene which, if detonated, would produce the same energy discharge), either in kilotonnes (kt—thousands of tonnes of TNT), in megatonnes (Mt—millions of tonnes of TNT), or sometimes in terajoules (TJ).

See Nuclear winter and Nuclear weapon yield

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a federally funded research and development center in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States.

See Nuclear winter and Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oil refinery

An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and petroleum naphtha.

See Nuclear winter and Oil refinery

Operation Blowdown

Operation Blowdown was an explosives test carried out in the Kutini-Payamu jungle of Australia's Cape York Peninsula in 1963, to simulate the effects of a nuclear weapon on tropical rainforest.

See Nuclear winter and Operation Blowdown

Operation Castle

Operation Castle was a United States series of high-yield (high-energy) nuclear tests by Joint Task Force 7 (JTF-7) at Bikini Atoll beginning in March 1954.

See Nuclear winter and Operation Castle

Operation Redwing

Operation Redwing was a United States series of 17 nuclear test detonations from May to July 1956.

See Nuclear winter and Operation Redwing

Optical depth

In physics, optical depth or optical thickness is the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident to transmitted radiant power through a material.

See Nuclear winter and Optical depth

Optical resolution

Optical resolution describes the ability of an imaging system to resolve detail, in the object that is being imaged.

See Nuclear winter and Optical resolution

Oven

A double oven A ceramic oven An oven is a tool which is used to expose materials to a hot environment.

See Nuclear winter and Oven

Owen Toon

Owen Brian Toon (born May 26, 1947 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American professor of atmospheric and oceanic sciences.

See Nuclear winter and Owen Toon

Oxidizing agent

An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a (called the,, or). In other words, an oxidizer is any substance that oxidizes another substance.

See Nuclear winter and Oxidizing agent

Ozone

Ozone (or trioxygen) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.

See Nuclear winter and Ozone

Ozone depletion

Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions.

See Nuclear winter and Ozone depletion

Ozone layer

The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.

See Nuclear winter and Ozone layer

Pacific Proving Grounds

The Pacific Proving Grounds was the name given by the United States government to a number of sites in the Marshall Islands and a few other sites in the Pacific Ocean at which it conducted nuclear testing between 1946 and 1962.

See Nuclear winter and Pacific Proving Grounds

Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

See Nuclear winter and Pakistan

Paleoclimatology

Paleoclimatology (British spelling, palaeoclimatology) is the scientific study of climates predating the invention of meteorological instruments, when no direct measurement data were available. Nuclear winter and Paleoclimatology are climatology.

See Nuclear winter and Paleoclimatology

Palm Beach, Florida

Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States.

See Nuclear winter and Palm Beach, Florida

Paradigm

In science and philosophy, a paradigm is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitute legitimate contributions to a field.

See Nuclear winter and Paradigm

Particulates

Particulates or atmospheric particulate matter (see below for other names) are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air. Nuclear winter and particulates are climate forcing.

See Nuclear winter and Particulates

Paul J. Crutzen

Paul Jozef Crutzen (3 December 1933 – 28 January 2021) was a Dutch meteorologist and atmospheric chemist.

See Nuclear winter and Paul J. Crutzen

Penetration aid

A penetration aid (or "penaid") is a device or tactic used to increase an aircraft's capability of reaching its target without detection, and in particular intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) warhead's chances of penetrating a target's defenses.

See Nuclear winter and Penetration aid

Pennsylvania State University

The Pennsylvania State University, commonly referred to as Penn State and sometimes by the acronym PSU, is a public state-related land-grant research university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania.

See Nuclear winter and Pennsylvania State University

Pershing II

The Pershing II Weapon System was a solid-fueled two-stage medium-range ballistic missile designed and built by Martin Marietta to replace the Pershing 1a Field Artillery Missile System as the United States Army's primary nuclear-capable theater-level weapon.

See Nuclear winter and Pershing II

Peter V. Hobbs

Peter Victor Hobbs (1936–2005) was a British-born professor of atmospheric sciences and director of the Cloud and Aerosol Research Group at the University of Washington.

See Nuclear winter and Peter V. Hobbs

Phloem

Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the plant.

See Nuclear winter and Phloem

Physics

Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.

See Nuclear winter and Physics

Plume (fluid dynamics)

In hydrodynamics, a plume or a column is a vertical body of one fluid moving through another.

See Nuclear winter and Plume (fluid dynamics)

Political science

Political science is the scientific study of politics.

See Nuclear winter and Political science

Population bottleneck

A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts; or human activities such as genocide, speciocide, widespread violence or intentional culling.

See Nuclear winter and Population bottleneck

Poul Anderson

Poul William Anderson (November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American fantasy and science fiction author who was active from the 1940s until his death in 2001.

See Nuclear winter and Poul Anderson

Power (physics)

Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time.

See Nuclear winter and Power (physics)

Precipitation

In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.

See Nuclear winter and Precipitation

Primary sector of the economy

The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, fishing, forestry and mining.

See Nuclear winter and Primary sector of the economy

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.

See Nuclear winter and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Project A119

Project A119, also known as A Study of Lunar Research Flights, was a top-secret plan developed in 1958 by the United States Air Force.

See Nuclear winter and Project A119

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is the process of thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures, often in an inert atmosphere.

See Nuclear winter and Pyrolysis

R-36 (missile)

The R-36 (Р-36) is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and space launch vehicles (Tsyklon) designed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

See Nuclear winter and R-36 (missile)

Radiative forcing

Radiative forcing (or climate forcing) is a concept used in climate science to quantify the change in energy balance in Earth's atmosphere. Nuclear winter and Radiative forcing are climate forcing.

See Nuclear winter and Radiative forcing

Rainforest

Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire.

See Nuclear winter and Rainforest

Rainout (radioactivity)

A rainout is the process of precipitation causing the removal of radioactive particles from the atmosphere onto the ground, creating nuclear fallout by rain.

See Nuclear winter and Rainout (radioactivity)

RAND Corporation

The RAND Corporation is an American nonprofit global policy think tank, research institute, and public sector consulting firm.

See Nuclear winter and RAND Corporation

Redox

Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.

See Nuclear winter and Redox

Regional Atmospheric Modeling System

The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is a set of computer programs that simulate the atmosphere for weather and climate research and for numerical weather prediction (NWP).

See Nuclear winter and Regional Atmospheric Modeling System

Retro Report

Retro Report is a US non-profit news organization that produces short-form documentaries for historical context of current news stories.

See Nuclear winter and Retro Report

Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of persuasion.

See Nuclear winter and Rhetoric

Richard P. Turco

Richard Peter "Rich" Turco (born 1943) is an American atmospheric scientist, and Professor at the Institute of the Environment, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles.

See Nuclear winter and Richard P. Turco

Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

See Nuclear winter and Ronald Reagan

Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien) is one of the royal academies of Sweden.

See Nuclear winter and Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

See Nuclear winter and Russia

Russian Academy of Sciences

The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.

See Nuclear winter and Russian Academy of Sciences

Samuel Glasstone

Samuel Glasstone (3 May 1897 – 16 November 1986) was a British-born American academic and writer of scientific books.

See Nuclear winter and Samuel Glasstone

Sand

Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided mineral particles.

See Nuclear winter and Sand

Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

See Nuclear winter and Science (journal)

Sergei Tretyakov (intelligence officer)

Colonel Sergei Olegovich Tretyakov (Russian: Сергей Олегович Третьяков; 5 October 1956Pete Earley: Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War, Penguin Books, 2007,, see copy of Tretyakov's passport on the back cover. – 13 June 2010) was a Russian SVR (foreign intelligence) officer, who defected to the United States in October 2000.

See Nuclear winter and Sergei Tretyakov (intelligence officer)

Single Integrated Operational Plan

The Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) was the United States' general plan for nuclear war from 1961 to 2003.

See Nuclear winter and Single Integrated Operational Plan

Smoke

Smoke is a suspension of airborne particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.

See Nuclear winter and Smoke

Solar cycle

The solar cycle, also known as the solar magnetic activity cycle, sunspot cycle, or Schwabe cycle, is a nearly periodic 11-year change in the Sun's activity measured in terms of variations in the number of observed sunspots on the Sun's surface.

See Nuclear winter and Solar cycle

Solar irradiance

Solar irradiance is the power per unit area (surface power density) received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument.

See Nuclear winter and Solar irradiance

Solar radiation modification

Solar radiation modification (SRM), or solar geoengineering, refers to a range of approaches to limit global warming by increasing the amount of sunlight (solar radiation) that the atmosphere reflects back to space or by reducing the trapping of outgoing thermal radiation.

See Nuclear winter and Solar radiation modification

Soot

Soot is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.

See Nuclear winter and Soot

Star-News

StarNews is an American, English language daily newspaper for Wilmington, North Carolina, and its surrounding area (known as the Lower Cape Fear).

See Nuclear winter and Star-News

Stephen Schneider (scientist)

Stephen Henry Schneider (February 11, 1945 – July 19, 2010) was Professor of Environmental Biology and Global Change at Stanford University, a Co-Director at the Center for Environment Science and Policy of the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies and a Senior Fellow in the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment.

See Nuclear winter and Stephen Schneider (scientist)

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the relationship between the weights of reactants and products before, during, and following chemical reactions.

See Nuclear winter and Stoichiometry

Strategic bombing

Strategic bombing is a systematically organized and executed attack from the air which can utilize strategic bombers, long- or medium-range missiles, or nuclear-armed fighter-bomber aircraft to attack targets deemed vital to the enemy's war-making capability.

See Nuclear winter and Strategic bombing

Strategic nuclear weapon

A strategic nuclear weapon (SNW) refers to a nuclear weapon that is designed to be used on targets often in settled territory far from the battlefield as part of a strategic plan, such as military bases, military command centers, arms industries, transportation, economic, and energy infrastructure, and countervalue targets such areas such as cities and towns. Nuclear winter and strategic nuclear weapon are nuclear warfare and nuclear weapons.

See Nuclear winter and Strategic nuclear weapon

Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification).

See Nuclear winter and Stratigraphy

Stratosphere

The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.

See Nuclear winter and Stratosphere

Stratospheric aerosol injection

Solar radiation reduction due to volcanic eruptions, considered the best analogue for stratospheric aerosol injection. Stratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of solar geoengineering (or solar radiation modification) to reduce global warming.

See Nuclear winter and Stratospheric aerosol injection

Subtropics

The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics.

See Nuclear winter and Subtropics

Sugar

Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.

See Nuclear winter and Sugar

Sulfate

The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.

See Nuclear winter and Sulfate

Supersonic transport

ogival delta wing, a slender fuselage and four underslung Rolls-Royce/Snecma Olympus 593 engines. The Tupolev Tu-144 was the first SST to enter service and the first to leave it. Only 55 passenger flights were carried out before service ended due to safety concerns. A small number of cargo and test flights were also carried out after its retirement.

See Nuclear winter and Supersonic transport

Supervolcano

A supervolcano is a volcano that has had an eruption with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 8, the largest recorded value on the index.

See Nuclear winter and Supervolcano

Tactical nuclear weapon

A tactical nuclear weapon (TNW) or non-strategic nuclear weapon (NSNW) is a nuclear weapon that is designed to be used on a battlefield in military situations, mostly with friendly forces in proximity and perhaps even on contested friendly territory.

See Nuclear winter and Tactical nuclear weapon

Taiga

Taiga (p), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces, and larches.

See Nuclear winter and Taiga

The Baltimore Sun

The Baltimore Sun is the largest general-circulation daily newspaper based in the U.S. state of Maryland and provides coverage of local, regional, national, and international news.

See Nuclear winter and The Baltimore Sun

The Cold and the Dark

The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War is a 1984 book by Paul R. Ehrlich, Carl Sagan, Donald Kennedy, and Walter Orr Roberts.

See Nuclear winter and The Cold and the Dark

The Demon-Haunted World

The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark is a 1995 book by the astrophysicist Carl Sagan.

See Nuclear winter and The Demon-Haunted World

The Fate of the Earth

The Fate of the Earth is a 1982 book by Jonathan Schell.

See Nuclear winter and The Fate of the Earth

Thermonuclear weapon

A thermonuclear weapon, fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb (H bomb) is a second-generation nuclear weapon design.

See Nuclear winter and Thermonuclear weapon

Threads (1984 film)

Threads is a 1984 British-Australian apocalyptic war drama television film jointly produced by the BBC, Nine Network and Western-World Television Inc.

See Nuclear winter and Threads (1984 film)

Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

See Nuclear winter and Time (magazine)

Tipping points in the climate system

In climate science, a tipping point is a critical threshold that, when crossed, leads to large, accelerating and often irreversible changes in the climate system. Nuclear winter and tipping points in the climate system are climatology.

See Nuclear winter and Tipping points in the climate system

Titan (moon)

Titan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest in the Solar System.

See Nuclear winter and Titan (moon)

TNT equivalent

TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion.

See Nuclear winter and TNT equivalent

Tohoku University

is a public research university in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.

See Nuclear winter and Tohoku University

Tonne

The tonne (or; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms.

See Nuclear winter and Tonne

Total war

Total war is a type of warfare that includes any and all (including civilian-associated) resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilises all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs.

See Nuclear winter and Total war

Troposphere

The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth.

See Nuclear winter and Troposphere

Tundra

In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons.

See Nuclear winter and Tundra

Twiggy

Dame Lesley Lawson (née Hornby; born 19 September 1949), widely known by the nickname Twiggy, is an English model, actress, and singer.

See Nuclear winter and Twiggy

Types of volcanic eruptions

Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which material is expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists.

See Nuclear winter and Types of volcanic eruptions

Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.

See Nuclear winter and Ultraviolet

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See Nuclear winter and United States

United States Air Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.

See Nuclear winter and United States Air Force

United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

See Nuclear winter and United States Congress

United States Department of Homeland Security

The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries.

See Nuclear winter and United States Department of Homeland Security

The United States Intelligence Community (IC) is a group of separate U.S. federal government intelligence agencies and subordinate organizations that work both separately and collectively to conduct intelligence activities which support the foreign policy and national security interests of the United States.

See Nuclear winter and United States Intelligence Community

United States Naval Research Laboratory

The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is the corporate research laboratory for the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps.

See Nuclear winter and United States Naval Research Laboratory

United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress.

See Nuclear winter and United States Senate

Vladimir Alexandrov

Vladimir Valentinovich Alexandrov (Владимир Валентинович Александров; born 1938; disappeared 1985) was a Soviet/Russian physicist who created a mathematical model for the nuclear winter theory.

See Nuclear winter and Vladimir Alexandrov

Volcanic ash

Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, produced during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter.

See Nuclear winter and Volcanic ash

Volcanic winter

A volcanic winter is a reduction in global temperatures caused by droplets of sulfuric acid obscuring the Sun and raising Earth's albedo (increasing the reflection of solar radiation) after a large, sulfur-rich, particularly explosive volcanic eruption.

See Nuclear winter and Volcanic winter

W31

The W31 was an American nuclear warhead used for two US missiles and as an atomic demolition munition.

See Nuclear winter and W31

W68

The W68 warhead was the warhead used on the UGM-73 Poseidon SLBM missile.

See Nuclear winter and W68

W76

The W76 is an American thermonuclear warhead, designed for use on the UGM-96 Trident I submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and subsequently moved to the UGM-133 Trident II as Trident I was phased out of service.

See Nuclear winter and W76

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States.

See Nuclear winter and Washington, D.C.

Water vapor

Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water.

See Nuclear winter and Water vapor

The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) is used to generate computer simulations of the dynamic processes interacting between the terrestrial and solar systems that impact on Earth's climate.

See Nuclear winter and Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model

Wildfire

A wildfire, forest fire, or a bushfire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation.

See Nuclear winter and Wildfire

William R. Cotton

William R. Cotton is an American cloud physicist and mesoscale meteorology educator.

See Nuclear winter and William R. Cotton

World Climate Conference

The World Climate Conferences are a series of international meetings, organized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), about global climate issues principally global warming in addition to climate research and forecasting.

See Nuclear winter and World Climate Conference

World Climate Research Programme

The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) is an international programme that helps to coordinate global climate research.

See Nuclear winter and World Climate Research Programme

World Meteorological Organization

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.

See Nuclear winter and World Meteorological Organization

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. Nuclear winter and World War II are nuclear warfare.

See Nuclear winter and World War II

Xylitol

Xylitol is a chemical compound with the formula, or HO(CH2)(CHOH)3(CH2)OH; specifically, one particular stereoisomer with that structural formula.

See Nuclear winter and Xylitol

Year Without a Summer

The year 1816 AD is known as the Year Without a Summer because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by.

See Nuclear winter and Year Without a Summer

Yevgeniy Chazov

Yevgeniy Ivanovich Chazov (Евгений Иванович Чазов; 10 June 1929 – 12 November 2021) was a physician of the Soviet Union and Russia, specializing in cardiology, Chief of the Fourth Directorate of the ministry of health, academic of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, a recipient of numerous awards and decorations, Soviet, Russian, and foreign.

See Nuclear winter and Yevgeniy Chazov

Younger Dryas impact hypothesis

The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH) proposes that the onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) cool period (stadial) at the end of the Last Glacial Period, around 12,900 years ago was the result of some kind of extraterrestrial event with specific details varying between publications.

See Nuclear winter and Younger Dryas impact hypothesis

Youngest Toba eruption

The Toba eruption (sometimes called the Toba supereruption or the Youngest Toba eruption) was a supervolcanic eruption that occurred about 74,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene at the site of present-day Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia.

See Nuclear winter and Youngest Toba eruption

Yuri Andropov

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (– 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician who was the sixth leader of the Soviet Union and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, taking office in late 1982 and serving until his death in 1984.

See Nuclear winter and Yuri Andropov

1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

Mount Tambora is a volcano on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia, then part of the Dutch East Indies, and its 1815 eruption was the most powerful volcanic eruption in recorded human history.

See Nuclear winter and 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora

1883 eruption of Krakatoa

The 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (Letusan Krakatau 1883) in the Sunda Strait occurred from 20 May until 21 October 1883, peaking in the late morning hours of 27 August when over 70% of the island of Krakatoa and its surrounding archipelago were destroyed as it collapsed into a caldera.

See Nuclear winter and 1883 eruption of Krakatoa

See also

Carl Sagan

• 2709 Sagan
• Ann Druyan
• Carl Sagan
• Carl Sagan Award for Public Appreciation of Science
• Carl Sagan Institute
• Carl Sagan Medal
• Carl Sagan Memorial Award
• Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization
• Dorion Sagan
• Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
• God, the Universe and Everything Else
• Linda Salzman Sagan
• Luminaries of Pantheism
• Lynn Margulis
• Nick Sagan
• Nuclear winter
• Sagan Planet Walk
• Sasha Sagan

Climate forcing

• Air pollution
• Albedo
• Assarting
• Black carbon
• Carbonate–silicate cycle
• Cement clinker
• Climate change mitigation
• Cloud feedback
• Contrail
• Deforestation and climate change
• Earth's energy budget
• Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
• General circulation model
• Global warming potential
• Greenhouse effect
• Greenhouse gas
• Greenhouse gas emissions
• Greenhouse gases
• Hemispherical photography
• Impact event
• Impact winter
• Land surface effects on climate
• Large igneous province
• Milankovitch cycles
• Nuclear winter
• Orbital forcing
• Particulates
• Radiative forcing
• Runaway greenhouse effect
• Ship tracks
• Solar activity and climate
• Sunlight
• Twomey effect
• Urban heat inequity
• Urban heat island
• Very short-lived substances
• Waste heat
• Weathering
• Wildland fire emission

Environmental impact of nuclear power

• Atomic Homefront
• Banana equivalent dose
• Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
• Comparison of Chernobyl and other radioactivity releases
• Comparison of the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear accidents
• Decommissioning of Russian nuclear-powered vessels
• Discharge of radioactive water of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant
• Environmental impact of nuclear power
• Environmentalists for Nuclear
• Material unaccounted for
• Nuclear fallout
• Nuclear fallout effects on an ecosystem
• Nuclear safety and security
• Nuclear winter
• Ocean disposal of radioactive waste
• Radioactive contamination
• Radioactive waste
• SAFSTOR
• Uranium mining in the Bancroft area
• Uranium mining in the Elliot Lake area
• Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack

Environmental impact of war

• Agent Orange
• Arming Mother Nature: The Birth of Catastrophic Environmentalism
• Chemical weapons in World War I
• Deforestation in Myanmar
• Depleted uranium
• Environmental impact of the Gulf wars
• Environmental impact of the Israel–Hamas war
• Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
• Environmental impact of the Russian occupation of Crimea
• Environmental impact of the Vietnam War
• Environmental impact of war
• Environmental impacts of war in Afghanistan
• Environmental issues in Myanmar
• Environmental issues in Syria
• Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
• Herbicidal warfare
• Impact of Agent Orange in Vietnam
• International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict
• Kuwaiti oil fires
• Nuclear winter
• Palestinian airborne arson attacks
• Project 112
• Scorched earth
• Unexploded ordnance
• War and environmental law
• War sand
• Well poisoning

Nuclear doomsday

• Cobalt bomb
• Mutual assured destruction
• Nuclear famine
• Nuclear holocaust
• Nuclear winter

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_winter

Also known as Atomic winter, Nuclear Winter theory, Nuclear darkness, Nuclear halocaust, Nuclear summer, TTAPS.

, Climate change, Climate engineering, Climate sensitivity, Cloud physics, Cloud seeding, Cluster munition, Collateral damage, Conflagration, Controlled burn, Convection, Conventional weapon, Counterforce, Cresson Kearny, Cretaceous, Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, Crusher, Cuban Missile Crisis, Dalton Minimum, Decapitation (military strategy), Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Deposition (aerosol physics), Diffuse sky radiation, Docudrama, Doomsday device, Dr. Strangelove, Earth's energy budget, Effects of nuclear explosions, Ejecta, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Elugelab, Eos (magazine), Explosive, Extinction event, Famine food, Feeding Everyone No Matter What, Fidel Castro, Fimbulwinter, Firebreak, Firestorm, First strike (nuclear strategy), Fish farming, Flammagenitus cloud, Fred Singer, Freeman Dyson, Frost, Fungiculture, General circulation model, Georgy Golitsyn, Global dimming, Global Positioning System, Global temperature record, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Greenhouse effect, Gulf War, Hadley cell, Harvest, Heat flux, Hemispheres of Earth, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hiroshima, Ice age, Impact event, Impact winter, Incandescence, Incendiary device, India, Indonesia, Inertial navigation system, Intercontinental ballistic missile, Inversion (meteorology), Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, Ivy Mike, James B. Pollack, John Holdren, John Maddox, John W. Birks, Jonathan Schell, Journal of Geophysical Research, Joyce E. Penner, Kelvin, Kerry Emanuel, KGB, Kuwaiti oil fires, Lake Toba, Laki, Large eddy simulation, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Leon Gouré, List of poker hands, List of states with nuclear weapons, Little Boy, Little Ice Age, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Luis Walter Alvarez, Mars 2, Mars 3, Marsh gas, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Maunder Minimum, Meteoroid, Methane, Methylococcus capsulatus, Michigan State University, Micrometre, Mikhail Gorbachev, Military doctrine, Minimal deterrence, Missile launch facility, Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle, Murphy's law, Mushroom cloud, Mutants in fiction, Mutual assured destruction, NASA, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, National Center for Atmospheric Research, National Science Foundation, National Security Archive, National Weather Service, Nature (journal), Nature Food, Neologism, New Scientist, New START, Nightline, Nikita Moiseyev, Nitric oxide, Nitrogen oxide, NOx, Nuclear arms race, Nuclear bunker buster, Nuclear disarmament, Nuclear explosion, Nuclear fallout, Nuclear famine, Nuclear holocaust, Nuclear strategy, Nuclear terrorism, Nuclear War Survival Skills, Nuclear warfare, Nuclear weapon, Nuclear weapon design, Nuclear weapon yield, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oil refinery, Operation Blowdown, Operation Castle, Operation Redwing, Optical depth, Optical resolution, Oven, Owen Toon, Oxidizing agent, Ozone, Ozone depletion, Ozone layer, Pacific Proving Grounds, Pakistan, Paleoclimatology, Palm Beach, Florida, Paradigm, Particulates, Paul J. Crutzen, Penetration aid, Pennsylvania State University, Pershing II, Peter V. Hobbs, Phloem, Physics, Plume (fluid dynamics), Political science, Population bottleneck, Poul Anderson, Power (physics), Precipitation, Primary sector of the economy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Project A119, Pyrolysis, R-36 (missile), Radiative forcing, Rainforest, Rainout (radioactivity), RAND Corporation, Redox, Regional Atmospheric Modeling System, Retro Report, Rhetoric, Richard P. Turco, Ronald Reagan, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences, Samuel Glasstone, Sand, Science (journal), Sergei Tretyakov (intelligence officer), Single Integrated Operational Plan, Smoke, Solar cycle, Solar irradiance, Solar radiation modification, Soot, Star-News, Stephen Schneider (scientist), Stoichiometry, Strategic bombing, Strategic nuclear weapon, Stratigraphy, Stratosphere, Stratospheric aerosol injection, Subtropics, Sugar, Sulfate, Supersonic transport, Supervolcano, Tactical nuclear weapon, Taiga, The Baltimore Sun, The Cold and the Dark, The Demon-Haunted World, The Fate of the Earth, Thermonuclear weapon, Threads (1984 film), Time (magazine), Tipping points in the climate system, Titan (moon), TNT equivalent, Tohoku University, Tonne, Total war, Troposphere, Tundra, Twiggy, Types of volcanic eruptions, Ultraviolet, United States, United States Air Force, United States Congress, United States Department of Homeland Security, United States Intelligence Community, United States Naval Research Laboratory, United States Senate, Vladimir Alexandrov, Volcanic ash, Volcanic winter, W31, W68, W76, Washington, D.C., Water vapor, Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, Wildfire, William R. Cotton, World Climate Conference, World Climate Research Programme, World Meteorological Organization, World War II, Xylitol, Year Without a Summer, Yevgeniy Chazov, Younger Dryas impact hypothesis, Youngest Toba eruption, Yuri Andropov, 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, 1883 eruption of Krakatoa.