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Occupation of Smyrna, the Glossary

The city of Smyrna (modern-day İzmir) and surrounding areas were under Greek military occupation from 15 May 1919 until 9 September 1922.^[1]

87 relations: Alexandre Millerand, Allies of World War I, Anatolia, Ancient Greece, Antalya, Aristeidis Stergiadis, Armenians, Armistice of Mudros, Arnold J. Toynbee, Ayvalık, Çeşme, Ödemiş, İzmir, Basilica of St. John, Battle of Aydın, Battle of the Sakarya, Bayındır, Büyük Menderes River, Bergama, Burning of Smyrna, Byzantine Empire, Chrysostomos of Smyrna, Constantin Carathéodory, David Lloyd George, Dodecanese, Edremit, Balıkesir, Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Eleftherios Venizelos, Ephesus, Eyre Crowe, Foça, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Fourteen Points, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, George Milne, 1st Baron Milne, Georges Clemenceau, Georgios Hatzianestis, Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), Greek genocide, Greek landing at Smyrna, Greeks, Greeks in Turkey, India Office, Ionia, Ionian University of Smyrna, Karakol society, Kemalpaşa, Kingdom of Greece, Klazomenai, Konak (residence), ... Expand index (37 more) »
1919 in Greece
1919 in the Ottoman Empire
1920 in Greece
1920 in the Ottoman Empire
1921 in Greece
1921 in the Ottoman Empire
1922 in Greece
1922 in the Ottoman Empire
20th century in İzmir
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
Greek Anatolia
Military occupation
States and territories disestablished in 1922
Territories under military occupation

Alexandre Millerand

Alexandre Millerand (–) was a French politician.

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The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

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Antalya

Antalya is the fifth-most populous city in Turkey and the capital of Antalya Province.

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Aristeidis Stergiadis

Aristeidis Stergiadis (Αριστείδης Στεργιάδης; 1861 – 22 June 1949) was the Greek high commissioner, or governor-general, of Smyrna during the Greek occupation of the city from 1919 to 1922.

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Armenians

Armenians (hayer) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.

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Armistice of Mudros

The Armistice of Mudros (Mondros Mütarekesi) ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. It was signed on 30 October 1918 by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey and British Admiral Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe, on board HMS ''Agamemnon'' in Moudros harbour on the Greek island of Lemnos, and it took effect at noon the next day. Occupation of Smyrna and Armistice of Mudros are Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).

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Arnold J. Toynbee

Arnold Joseph Toynbee (14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London.

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Ayvalık

Ayvalık, formerly also known as Kydonies (Κυδωνίες), is a municipality and district of Balıkesir Province, Turkey.

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Çeşme

Çeşme is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Ödemiş

Ödemiş is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

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İzmir

İzmir is a metropolitan city on the west coast of Anatolia, and capital of İzmir Province.

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Basilica of St. John

The Basilica of St.

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Battle of Aydın

The Battle of Aydın (Modern Turkish: Aydın Savunması, literally: "The defence of Aydın", 27 June 1919 to 4 July 1919), was a series of wide-scale armed conflicts during the initial stage of the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) in and around the city of Aydın in western Turkey. Occupation of Smyrna and Battle of Aydın are 1919 in Greece and 1919 in the Ottoman Empire.

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Battle of the Sakarya

The Battle of the Sakarya (lit), also known as the Battle of the Sangarios (Máchi tou Sangaríou), was an important engagement in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922). Occupation of Smyrna and Battle of the Sakarya are 1921 in Greece and 1921 in the Ottoman Empire.

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Bayındır

Bayındır is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Büyük Menderes River

The Büyük Menderes River ("Great Meander", historically the Maeander or Meander, from Ancient Greek: Μαίανδρος, Maíandros; Büyük Menderes Irmağı), is a river in southwestern Turkey.

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Bergama

Bergama is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Burning of Smyrna

The burning of Smyrna (Καταστροφή της Σμύρνης, "Smyrna Catastrophe"; 1922 İzmir Yangını, "1922 İzmir Fire"; Զմիւռնիոյ Մեծ Հրդեհ, Zmyuṙnio Mets Hrdeh) destroyed much of the port city of Smyrna (modern İzmir, Turkey) in September 1922. Occupation of Smyrna and burning of Smyrna are Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Chrysostomos of Smyrna

Chrysostomos Kalafatis (Χρυσόστομος Καλαφάτης; 8 January 1867 – 10 September 1922), also known as Saint Chrysostomos of Smyrna, Chrysostomos of Smyrna and Metropolitan Chrysostom, was the Greek Orthodox metropolitan bishop of Smyrna (İzmir) between 1910 and 1914, and again from 1919 until his death in 1922.

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Constantin Carathéodory

Constantin Carathéodory (Konstantinos Karatheodori; 13 September 1873 – 2 February 1950) was a Greek mathematician who spent most of his professional career in Germany.

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David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922.

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Dodecanese

The Dodecanese (Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa,; On iki Ada) are a group of 15 larger and 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Turkey's Anatolia, of which 26 are inhabited.

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Edremit, Balıkesir

Edremit, formerly Adramyttium (Greek: Ἀδραμύττιον), is a municipality and district of Balıkesir Province, Turkey.

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Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon

Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, (25 April 1862 – 7 September 1933), better known as Sir Edward Grey, was a British statesman and Liberal Party politician who was the main force behind British foreign policy in the era of the First World War.

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Eleftherios Venizelos

Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos (translit,; – 18 March 1936) was a Cretan Greek statesman and prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movement.

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Ephesus

Ephesus (Éphesos; Efes; may ultimately derive from Apaša) was a city in Ancient Greece on the coast of Ionia, southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Eyre Crowe

Sir Eyre Alexander Barby Wichart Crowe (30 July 1864 – 28 April 1925) was a British diplomat, an expert on Germany in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

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Foça

Foça is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) is the ministry of foreign affairs and a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.

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Fourteen Points

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson.

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George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, (11 January 1859 – 20 March 1925), styled The Honourable between 1858 and 1898, then known as The Lord Curzon of Kedleston between 1898 and 1911, and The Earl Curzon of Kedleston between 1911 and 1921, was a prominent British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905.

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George Milne, 1st Baron Milne

Field Marshal George Francis Milne, 1st Baron Milne, (5 November 1866 – 23 March 1948) was a senior British Army officer who served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) from 1926 to 1933.

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Georges Clemenceau

Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (also,; 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920.

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Georgios Hatzianestis

Georgios Hatzianestis (Γεώργιος Χατζηανέστης, 3 December 1863 – 15 November 1922) was a Greek artillery and general staff officer who rose to the rank of lieutenant general.

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Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

The Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 was fought between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, between 15 May 1919 and 14 October 1922. Occupation of Smyrna and Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) are 1919 in Greece, 1919 in the Ottoman Empire, 1920 in Greece, 1920 in the Ottoman Empire, 1921 in Greece, 1921 in the Ottoman Empire, 1922 in Greece and 1922 in the Ottoman Empire.

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Greek genocide

The Greek genocide, which included the Pontic genocide, was the systematic killing of the Christian Ottoman Greek population of Anatolia, which was carried out mainly during World War I and its aftermath (1914–1922) – including the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) – on the basis of their religion and ethnicity. Occupation of Smyrna and Greek genocide are Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).

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Greek landing at Smyrna

The Greek landing at Smyrna (Ελληνική απόβαση στη Σμύρνη; İzmir'in İşgali, Occupation of İzmir) was a military operation by Greek forces starting on May 15, 1919 which involved landing troops in the city of Smyrna and surrounding areas. Occupation of Smyrna and Greek landing at Smyrna are 1919 in Greece, 1919 in the Ottoman Empire and 20th century in İzmir.

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Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..

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Greeks in Turkey

The Greeks in Turkey (Rumlar) constitute a small population of Greek and Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox Christians who mostly live in Istanbul, as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the Dardanelles: Imbros and Tenedos (Gökçeada and Bozcaada).

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India Office

The India Office was a British government department in London established in 1858 to oversee the administration of the Provinces of India, through the British viceroy and other officials.

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Ionia

Ionia was an ancient region on the western coast of Anatolia, to the south of present-day İzmir, Turkey. Occupation of Smyrna and Ionia are Greek Anatolia.

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Ionian University of Smyrna

The Ionian University of Smyrna (Ιωνικό Πανεπιστήμιο της Σμύρνης) was a university established by the local Greek authorities during the Greek occupation of Smyrna (1919–1922), today Izmir, Turkey.

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Karakol society

The Karakol society (Karakol Cemiyeti), also known Guard Society, was a Turkish clandestine intelligence organization that fought on the side of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence.

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Kemalpaşa

Kemalpaşa is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Kingdom of Greece

The Kingdom of Greece (Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic.

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Klazomenai

Klazomenai (Κλαζομεναί) or Clazomenae was one of the 12 ancient Anatolian Ionic cities (the others being Chios, Samos, Phocaea, Erythrae, Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, and Miletus).

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Konak (residence)

Konak (konak) is a name for a house in Turkey and on the territories of the former Ottoman Empire, especially one used as an official residence.

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Lausanne

Lausanne (Losena) is the capital and largest city of the Swiss French-speaking canton of Vaud.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

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Mark Lambert Bristol

Mark Lambert Bristol (April 17, 1868 – May 13, 1939) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy.

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Megali Idea

The Megali Idea (translit) is a nationalist and irredentist concept that expresses the goal of reviving the Byzantine Empire, by establishing a Greek state, which would include the large Greek populations that were still under Ottoman rule after the end of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) and all the regions that had large Greek populations (parts of the southern Balkans, Anatolia and Cyprus).

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Middle Eastern theatre of World War I

The Middle Eastern theatre of World War I saw action between 30 October 1914 and 30 October 1918.

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Military occupation

Military occupation, also called belligerent occupation or simply occupation, is temporary hostile control exerted by a ruling power's military apparatus over a sovereign territory that is outside of the legal boundaries of that ruling power's own sovereign territory.

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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until the Surname Law of 1934 (1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal, revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938.

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Nysa on the Maeander

Nysa on the Maeander (Νύσα or Νύσσα) was an ancient city and bishopric of Asia Minor, whose remains are in the Sultanhisar district of Aydın Province of Turkey, east of the Ionian city of Ephesus, and which remains a Latin Catholic titular see.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. Occupation of Smyrna and Ottoman Empire are former countries of the interwar period and states and territories disestablished in 1922.

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Outline of the Greek genocide

Below is an outline of Wikipedia articles related to the Greek genocide and closely associated events and explanatory articles.

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Partition of the Ottoman Empire

The Partition of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 19181 November 1922) was a geopolitical event that occurred after World War I and the occupation of Constantinople by British, French, and Italian troops in November 1918.

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Population exchange between Greece and Turkey

The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey (I Antallagí, Mübâdele, Mübadele) stemmed from the "Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations" signed at Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 1923, by the governments of Greece and Turkey. Occupation of Smyrna and population exchange between Greece and Turkey are Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).

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Rijeka

Rijeka (local Chakavian: Reka or Rika; Reka, Fiume (Fiume; Fiume; outdated German name: Sankt Veit am Flaum), is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and in 2021 had a population of 108,622 inhabitants.

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Samsun

Samsun, historically known as Sampsounta (Σαμψούντα) and Amisos (Ancient Greek: Ἀμισός), is a city on the north coast of Turkey and a major Black Sea port.

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Sanremo

Sanremo or San Remo (Sanrémmo(ro), locally Sanreumo(ro); Sant Rémol) is a comune (municipality) on the Mediterranean coast of Liguria, in northwestern Italy.

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Söke

Söke is a municipality and district of Aydın Province, Turkey.

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Selçuk

Selçuk is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Smyrna

Smyrna (Smýrnē, or Σμύρνα) was an Ancient Greek city located at a strategic point on the Aegean coast of Anatolia.

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Suzerainty

Suzerainty includes the rights and obligations of a person, state, or other polity which controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state but allows the tributary state internal autonomy.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

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Themistoklis Sofoulis

Themistoklis Sofoulis or Sophoulis (24 November 1860 – 24 June 1949) was a prominent centrist and liberal Greek politician from Samos Island, who served three times as Prime Minister of Greece, with the Liberal Party, which he led for many years.

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Tire, İzmir

Tire (تيره; Theíra) is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Treaty of Lausanne

The Treaty of Lausanne (Traité de Lausanne, Lozan Antlaşması.) is a peace treaty negotiated during the Lausanne Conference of 1922–23 and signed in the Palais de Rumine in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 24 July 1923. Occupation of Smyrna and treaty of Lausanne are Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).

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Treaty of London (1915)

The Treaty of London (Trattato di Londra) or the Pact of London (Patto di Londra) was a secret agreement concluded on 26 April 1915 by the United Kingdom, France, and Russia on the one part, and Italy on the other, in order to entice the latter to enter World War I on the side of the Triple Entente.

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Treaty of Sèvres

The Treaty of Sèvres (Traité de Sèvres) was a 1920 treaty signed between the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire. Occupation of Smyrna and treaty of Sèvres are 1920 in the Ottoman Empire and Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).

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Triple Alliance (1882)

The Triple Alliance was a defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

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Triple Entente

The Triple Entente (from French entente meaning "friendship, understanding, agreement") describes the informal understanding between the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Turgutlu

Turgutlu, also known as Kasaba (Cassaba or Casaba) is a municipality and district of Manisa Province, Turkey.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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Turkish capture of Smyrna

The Turkish Capture of Smyrna, or the Liberation of İzmir (İzmir'in Kurtuluşu) marked the end of the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War, and the culmination of the Turkish War of Independence. Occupation of Smyrna and Turkish capture of Smyrna are 1922 in Greece, 1922 in the Ottoman Empire and 20th century in İzmir.

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Uşak

Uşak is a city in the interior part of the Aegean Region of Turkey.

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University of Göttingen

The University of Göttingen, officially the Georg August University of Göttingen, (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, commonly referred to as Georgia Augusta) is a distinguished public research university in the city of Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Urla, İzmir

Urla is a municipality and district of İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Wali (administrative title)

Wāli, Wā'lī or vali (from والي Wālī) is an administrative title that was used in the Muslim world (including the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates and the Ottoman Empire) to designate governors of administrative divisions.

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War Office

The War Office has referred to several British government organisations in history, all relating to the army.

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Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

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1/38 National Guard Command

The 1/38 National Guard Command "Bizani" (1/38 Διοίκηση Ταγμάτων Εθνοφυλακής «ΜΠΙΖΑΝΙ», 1/38 ΔΤΕ) is an infantry unit of the Hellenic Army, based in Rhodes island as part of the 95th National Guard Higher Command.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna

Also known as Greek administration of Smyrna (1919-1922), Greek occupation of Smyrna, Greek-occupied Smyrna, Hellenic administration of Smyrna (1919-1922), Occupation of Izmir, Occupation of İzmir, Smyrna Zone, Zone of Smyrna.

, Lausanne, League of Nations, Mark Lambert Bristol, Megali Idea, Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, Military occupation, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nysa on the Maeander, Ottoman Empire, Outline of the Greek genocide, Partition of the Ottoman Empire, Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, Rijeka, Samsun, Sanremo, Söke, Selçuk, Smyrna, Suzerainty, Switzerland, Themistoklis Sofoulis, Tire, İzmir, Treaty of Lausanne, Treaty of London (1915), Treaty of Sèvres, Triple Alliance (1882), Triple Entente, Turgutlu, Turkey, Turkish capture of Smyrna, Uşak, University of Göttingen, Urla, İzmir, Wali (administrative title), War Office, Woodrow Wilson, 1/38 National Guard Command.

Occupation of Smyrna, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

1919 in Greece

1919 in the Ottoman Empire

1920 in Greece

1920 in the Ottoman Empire

1921 in Greece

1921 in the Ottoman Empire

1922 in Greece

1922 in the Ottoman Empire

20th century in İzmir

Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)

Greek Anatolia

Military occupation

States and territories disestablished in 1922

Territories under military occupation

References