Old Aramaic, the Glossary
Old Aramaic refers to the earliest stage of the Aramaic language, known from the Aramaic inscriptions discovered since the 19th century.[1]
Table of Contents
138 relations: Achaemenid Assyria, Achaemenid Empire, Afghanistan, Aleph, Aleppo, Alexander the Great, Ancient North Arabian, Anti-Lebanon mountains, Arabian Peninsula, Arabic alphabet, Aram-Damascus, Aramaic, Aramaic alphabet, Aramaic studies, Arameans, Arpad, Syria, Assur, Assyria, Ayin, Babylon, Babylonia, Bactria, Bahrain, Banias, Biblical Aramaic, Biblical Hebrew, Biblical studies, Book of Daniel, Book of Enoch, Book of Ezra, Book of Genesis, Book of Jeremiah, Book of Proverbs, Books of Kings, Canaan, Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, Carpentras Stele, Central Semitic languages, Chaldea, Classical antiquity, Cursive, Damascus, Darius the Great, Dialect continuum, Diatessaron, Diphthong, Edessa, Egypt, Ein Gedi, Elephantine, ... Expand index (88 more) »
- 10th-century establishments in Asia
- 3rd-century disestablishments
- Aramaic languages
- Extinct languages
- Languages attested from the 10th century BC
- Languages extinct in the 3rd century
Achaemenid Assyria
Athura (𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 Aθurā), also called Assyria, was a geographical area within the Achaemenid Empire in Upper Mesopotamia from 539 to 330 BC as a military protectorate state.
See Old Aramaic and Achaemenid Assyria
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Old Aramaic and Achaemenid Empire
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.
See Old Aramaic and Afghanistan
Aleph
Aleph (or alef or alif, transliterated ʾ) is the first letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ʾālep 𐤀, Hebrew ʾālef א, Aramaic ʾālap 𐡀, Syriac ʾālap̄ ܐ, Arabic ʾalif ا, and North Arabian 𐪑.
Aleppo
Aleppo (ﺣَﻠَﺐ, ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous governorate of Syria.
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
See Old Aramaic and Alexander the Great
Ancient North Arabian
Ancient North Arabian (ANA) is a collection of scripts and a language or family of languages under the North Arabian languages branch along with Old Arabic that were used in north and central Arabia and south Syria from the 8th century BCE to the 4th century CE.
See Old Aramaic and Ancient North Arabian
Anti-Lebanon mountains
The Anti-Lebanon mountains (eastern mountains of Lebanon) are a southwest–northeast-trending, c. long mountain range that forms most of the border between Syria and Lebanon.
See Old Aramaic and Anti-Lebanon mountains
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
See Old Aramaic and Arabian Peninsula
Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet (الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة, or الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language.
See Old Aramaic and Arabic alphabet
Aram-Damascus
The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus (ܐܪܡ-ܕܪܡܣܘܩ) was an Aramean polity that existed from the late-12th century BCE until 732 BCE, and was centred around the city of Damascus in the Southern Levant.
See Old Aramaic and Aram-Damascus
Aramaic
Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years. Old Aramaic and Aramaic are Aramaic languages and languages attested from the 10th century BC.
Aramaic alphabet
The ancient Aramaic alphabet was used to write the Aramaic languages spoken by ancient Aramean pre-Christian tribes throughout the Fertile Crescent. Old Aramaic and Aramaic alphabet are Aramaic languages.
See Old Aramaic and Aramaic alphabet
Aramaic studies
Aramaic studies are scientific studies of the Aramaic languages and literature. Old Aramaic and Aramaic studies are Aramaic languages.
See Old Aramaic and Aramaic studies
Arameans
The Arameans, or Aramaeans (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀,,; אֲרַמִּים; Ἀραμαῖοι; ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC.
Arpad, Syria
Arpad (ʾrpd; ʾArpaḏ or label; modern Tell Rifaat, Syria) was an ancient Aramaean Syro-Hittite city located in north-western Syria, north of Aleppo.
See Old Aramaic and Arpad, Syria
Assur
Aššur (𒀭𒊹𒆠 AN.ŠAR2KI, Assyrian cuneiform: Aš-šurKI, "City of God Aššur"; ܐܫܘܪ Āšūr; 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼 Aθur, آشور Āšūr; אַשּׁוּר, اشور), also known as Ashur and Qal'at Sherqat, was the capital of the Old Assyrian city-state (2025–1364 BC), the Middle Assyrian Empire (1363–912 BC), and for a time, of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC).
Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.
Ayin
Ayin (also ayn or ain; transliterated) is the sixteenth letter of the Semitic scripts, including Phoenician ʿayin 𐤏, Hebrew ʿayin ע, Aramaic ʿē 𐡏, Syriac ʿē ܥ, and Arabic ʿayn ع (where it is sixteenth in abjadi order only).
Babylon
Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.
Babylonia
Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).
Bactria
Bactria (Bactrian: βαχλο, Bakhlo), or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern Amu Darya) and north of the mountains of the Hindu Kush, an area within the north of modern Afghanistan.
Bahrain
Bahrain (Two Seas, locally), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain, is an island country in West Asia.
Banias
Banias or Banyas (بانياس الحولة; label; Judeo-Aramaic, Medieval Hebrew: פמייס, etc.; Πανεάς) is a site in the Golan Heights near a natural spring, once associated with the Greek god Pan.
Biblical Aramaic
Biblical Aramaic is the form of Aramaic that is used in the books of Daniel and Ezra in the Hebrew Bible. Old Aramaic and Biblical Aramaic are Aramaic languages and languages extinct in the 3rd century.
See Old Aramaic and Biblical Aramaic
Biblical Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew (rtl ʿīḇrîṯ miqrāʾîṯ or rtl ləšôn ham-miqrāʾ), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanitic branch of the Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea. Old Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew are languages attested from the 10th century BC.
See Old Aramaic and Biblical Hebrew
Biblical studies
Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible (the Old Testament and New Testament).
See Old Aramaic and Biblical studies
Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel is a 2nd-century BC biblical apocalypse with a 6th century BC setting.
See Old Aramaic and Book of Daniel
Book of Enoch
The Book of Enoch (also 1 Enoch; Hebrew: סֵפֶר חֲנוֹךְ, Sēfer Ḥănōḵ; መጽሐፈ ሄኖክ) is an ancient Hebrew apocalyptic religious text, ascribed by tradition to the patriarch Enoch who was the father of Methuselah and the great-grandfather of Noah.
See Old Aramaic and Book of Enoch
Book of Ezra
The Book of Ezra is a book of the Hebrew Bible which formerly included the Book of Nehemiah in a single book, commonly distinguished in scholarship as Ezra–Nehemiah.
See Old Aramaic and Book of Ezra
Book of Genesis
The Book of Genesis (from Greek; בְּרֵאשִׁית|Bərēʾšīṯ|In beginning; Liber Genesis) is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.
See Old Aramaic and Book of Genesis
Book of Jeremiah
The Book of Jeremiah (ספר יִרְמְיָהוּ) is the second of the Latter Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, and the second of the Prophets in the Christian Old Testament.
See Old Aramaic and Book of Jeremiah
Book of Proverbs
The Book of Proverbs (מִשְלֵי,; Παροιμίαι; Liber Proverbiorum, "Proverbs (of Solomon)") is a book in the third section (called Ketuvim) of the Hebrew Bible traditionally ascribed to King Solomon and his students later appearing in the Christian Old Testament.
See Old Aramaic and Book of Proverbs
Books of Kings
The Book of Kings (Sēfer Məlāḵīm) is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (1–2 Kings) in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.
See Old Aramaic and Books of Kings
Canaan
Canaan (Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 –; כְּנַעַן –, in pausa כְּנָעַן –; Χανααν –;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta: id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes.
Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions, are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the society and history of the ancient Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arameans.
See Old Aramaic and Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
Carpentras Stele
The Carpentras Stele is a stele found at Carpentras in southern France in 1704 that contains the first published inscription written in the Phoenician alphabet, and the first ever identified (a century later) as Aramaic.
See Old Aramaic and Carpentras Stele
Central Semitic languages
Central Semitic languages are one of the three groups of West Semitic languages, alongside Modern South Arabian languages and Ethiopian Semitic languages.
See Old Aramaic and Central Semitic languages
Chaldea
Chaldea was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia.
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Old Aramaic and Classical antiquity
Cursive
Cursive (also known as joined-up writing) is any style of penmanship in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to block letters.
Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.
Darius the Great
Darius I (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE.
See Old Aramaic and Darius the Great
Dialect continuum
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be.
See Old Aramaic and Dialect continuum
Diatessaron
The Diatessaron (Ewangeliyôn Damhalltê; c. 160–175 AD) is the most prominent early gospel harmony.
See Old Aramaic and Diatessaron
Diphthong
A diphthong, also known as a gliding vowel or a vowel glide, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.
Edessa
Edessa (Édessa) was an ancient city (polis) in Upper Mesopotamia, in what is now Urfa or Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
Ein Gedi
Ein Gedi (ʿēn ged̲i), also spelled En Gedi, meaning "spring of the kid", is an oasis, an archeological site and a nature reserve in Israel, located west of the Dead Sea, near Masada and the Qumran Caves.
Elephantine
Elephantine (جزيرة الفنتين; Ἐλεφαντίνη Elephantíne) is an island on the Nile, forming part of the city of Aswan in Upper Egypt.
See Old Aramaic and Elephantine
Elephantine papyri and ostraca
The Elephantine Papyri and Ostraca consist of thousands of documents from the Egyptian border fortresses of Elephantine and Aswan, which yielded hundreds of papyri and ostraca in hieratic and demotic Egyptian, Aramaic, Koine Greek, Latin and Coptic, spanning a period of 100 years in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE.
See Old Aramaic and Elephantine papyri and ostraca
Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.
See Old Aramaic and Fertile Crescent
Franz Rosenthal
Franz Rosenthal (August 31, 1914 – April 8, 2003) was the Louis M. Rabinowitz Professor of Semitic Languages at Yale University from 1956 to 1967 and Sterling Professor Emeritus of Arabic, scholar of Arabic literature and Islam at Yale from 1967 to 1985.
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Galilean dialect
The Galilean dialect was the form of Jewish Aramaic spoken by people in Galilee during the late Second Temple period, for example at the time of Jesus and the disciples, as distinct from a Judean dialect spoken in Jerusalem.
See Old Aramaic and Galilean dialect
Galilee
Galilee (hagGālīl; Galilaea; al-jalīl) is a region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon.
Glottal stop
The glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.
See Old Aramaic and Glottal stop
Hama
Hama (حَمَاة,; lit; Ḥămāṯ) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria.
Hanina bar Hama
Hanina bar Hama (died c. 250) (חנינא בר חמא) was a Jewish Talmudist, halakhist and aggadist frequently quoted in the Babylonian and the Jerusalem Talmud, and in the Midrashim.
See Old Aramaic and Hanina bar Hama
Hasmonean dynasty
The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BCE to 37 BCE.
See Old Aramaic and Hasmonean dynasty
Hatra
Hatra (الحضر; ܚܛܪܐ) was an ancient city in Upper Mesopotamia located in present-day eastern Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq.
He (letter)
He is the fifth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician hē 𐤄, Hebrew hē ה, Aramaic hē 𐡄, Syriac hē ܗ, and Arabic hāʾ ه.
See Old Aramaic and He (letter)
Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.
See Old Aramaic and Hebrew Bible
Heth
Heth, sometimes written Chet or Ḥet, is the eighth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician ḥēt 𐤇, Hebrew ḥēt ח, Aramaic ḥēṯ 𐡇, Syriac ḥēṯ ܚ, and Arabic ḥāʾ ح.
Hezekiah
Hezekiah (חִזְקִיָּהוּ|Ḥizqiyyāhū), or Ezekias (born, sole ruler), was the son of Ahaz and the 13th king of Judah according to the Hebrew Bible.
Imperial Aramaic
Imperial Aramaic is a linguistic term, coined by modern scholars in order to designate a specific historical variety of Aramaic language. Old Aramaic and Imperial Aramaic are Aramaic languages and neo-Assyrian Empire.
See Old Aramaic and Imperial Aramaic
Incantation bowl
Incantation bowls are a form of protective magic found in what is now Iraq and Iran.
See Old Aramaic and Incantation bowl
Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
See Old Aramaic and Iranian languages
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
Jerome
Jerome (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian priest, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome.
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
Jesus
Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.
Jordan River
The Jordan River or River Jordan (نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ, Nahr al-ʾUrdunn; נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן, Nəhar hayYardēn), also known as Nahr Al-Sharieat (نهر الشريعة.), is a river in the Levant that flows roughly north to south through the freshwater Sea of Galilee and on to the salt water Dead Sea.
See Old Aramaic and Jordan River
Josef Markwart
Josef Markwart (originally spelled Josef Marquart: December 9, 1864 in Reichenbach am Heuberg – February 4, 1930 in Berlin) was a German historian and orientalist.
See Old Aramaic and Josef Markwart
Josephus
Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.
Judaea (Roman province)
Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.
See Old Aramaic and Judaea (Roman province)
Kandahar
Kandahar is a city in Afghanistan, located in the south of the country on the Arghandab River, at an elevation of.
Khalili Collection of Aramaic Documents
The Khalili Collection of Aramaic Documents is a private collection of letters and documents from the Bactria region in present-day Afghanistan, assembled by the British-Iranian collector and philanthropist Nasser D. Khalili.
See Old Aramaic and Khalili Collection of Aramaic Documents
Kingdom of Judah
The Kingdom of Judah was an Israelite kingdom of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age.
See Old Aramaic and Kingdom of Judah
Koine Greek
Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.
See Old Aramaic and Koine Greek
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
See Old Aramaic and Lingua franca
Loanword
A loanword (also a loan word, loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language (the recipient or target language), through the process of borrowing.
Logogram
In a written language, a logogram (from Ancient Greek 'word', and 'that which is drawn or written'), also logograph or lexigraph, is a written character that represents a semantic component of a language, such as a word or morpheme.
Mandaeism
Mandaeism (Classical Mandaic), sometimes also known as Nasoraeanism or Sabianism, is a Gnostic, monotheistic and ethnic religion with Greek, Iranian, and Jewish influences. Its adherents, the Mandaeans, revere Adam, Abel, Seth, Enos, Noah, Shem, Aram, and especially John the Baptist. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist prophets, with Adam being the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet.
Mandaic language
Mandaic, or more specifically Classical Mandaic, is the liturgical language of Mandaeism and a South Eastern Aramaic variety in use by the Mandaean community, traditionally based in southern parts of Iraq and southwest Iran, for their religious books.
See Old Aramaic and Mandaic language
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
See Old Aramaic and Mesopotamia
Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg (Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire.
See Old Aramaic and Middle Persian
Middle Persian literature
Middle Persian literature is the corpus of written works composed in Middle Persian, that is, the Middle Iranian dialect of Persia proper, the region in the south-western corner of the Iranian plateau.
See Old Aramaic and Middle Persian literature
Mishnah
The Mishnah or the Mishna (מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb shanah, or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah.
Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.
See Old Aramaic and Muslim conquest of Persia
Nabataean Aramaic
Nabataean Aramaic is the extinct Aramaic variety used in inscriptions by the Nabataeans of the East Bank of the Jordan River, the Negev, and the Sinai Peninsula. Old Aramaic and Nabataean Aramaic are Aramaic languages.
See Old Aramaic and Nabataean Aramaic
Near East
The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt.
Negev
The Negev (hanNégev) or Negeb (an-Naqab) is a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel.
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.
See Old Aramaic and Neo-Assyrian Empire
New Testament
The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.
See Old Aramaic and New Testament
Northwest Semitic languages
Northwest Semitic is a division of the Semitic languages comprising the indigenous languages of the Levant.
See Old Aramaic and Northwest Semitic languages
Official language
An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.
See Old Aramaic and Official language
Old Aramaic
Old Aramaic refers to the earliest stage of the Aramaic language, known from the Aramaic inscriptions discovered since the 19th century. Old Aramaic and Old Aramaic are 10th-century establishments in Asia, 3rd-century disestablishments, Aramaic languages, extinct languages, languages attested from the 10th century BC, languages extinct in the 3rd century and neo-Assyrian Empire.
See Old Aramaic and Old Aramaic
Old Persian
Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire).
See Old Aramaic and Old Persian
Osroene
Osroene or Osrhoene (Ὀσροηνή) was an ancient region and state in Upper Mesopotamia.
Pahlavi scripts
Pahlavi is a particular, exclusively written form of various Middle Iranian languages.
See Old Aramaic and Pahlavi scripts
Palmyra
Palmyra (Palmyrene:, romanized: Tadmor; Tadmur) is an ancient city in the eastern part of the Levant, now in the center of modern Syria.
Parthia
Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
See Old Aramaic and Parthian Empire
Parthian language
The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is an extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language once spoken in Parthia, a region situated in present-day northeastern Iran and Turkmenistan.
See Old Aramaic and Parthian language
Persepolis
Persepolis (Pārsa) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
See Old Aramaic and Persepolis
Pesachim
Pesachim (פְּסָחִים., lit. "Paschal lambs" or "Passovers"), also spelled Pesahim, is the third tractate of Seder Moed ("Order of Festivals") of the Mishnah and of the Talmud.
Petra
Petra (Al-Batrāʾ; Πέτρα, "Rock"), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu (Nabataean: or, *Raqēmō), is a historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan.
Pharaoh
Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.
Phoenician alphabet
The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) used across the Mediterranean civilization of Phoenicia for most of the 1st millennium BC.
See Old Aramaic and Phoenician alphabet
Phoenician language
Phoenician (Phoenician) is an extinct Canaanite Semitic language originally spoken in the region surrounding the cities of Tyre and Sidon.
See Old Aramaic and Phoenician language
Qumran
Qumran (קומראן; خربة قمران) is an archaeological site in the West Bank managed by Israel's Qumran National Park.
Samalian language
Samalian was a Semitic language spoken and first attested in Samʼal.
See Old Aramaic and Samalian language
Samaria
Samaria is the Hellenized form of the Hebrew name Shomron (translit), used as a historical and biblical name for the central region of Israel, bordered by Judea to the south and Galilee to the north.
Samʾal
Zincirli Höyük is an archaeological site located in the Anti-Taurus Mountains of modern Turkey's Gaziantep Province.
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
See Old Aramaic and Sasanian Empire
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
See Old Aramaic and Seleucid Empire
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. Old Aramaic and Semitic languages are Aramaic languages.
See Old Aramaic and Semitic languages
Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (سِينَاء; سينا; Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia.
See Old Aramaic and Sinai Peninsula
Sogdia
Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
Story of Ahikar
The Story of Aḥiqar, also known as the Words of Aḥiqar, is a story first attested in Imperial Aramaic from the fifth century BCE on papyri from Elephantine, Egypt, that circulated widely in the Middle and the Near East.
See Old Aramaic and Story of Ahikar
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
Syriac alphabet
The Syriac alphabet (ܐܠܦ ܒܝܬ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) is a writing system primarily used to write the Syriac language since the 1st century AD.
See Old Aramaic and Syriac alphabet
Syriac language
The Syriac language (Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'. Old Aramaic and Syriac language are Aramaic languages.
See Old Aramaic and Syriac language
Syriac versions of the Bible
Syriac is a dialect of Aramaic.
See Old Aramaic and Syriac versions of the Bible
Syrian Desert
The Syrian Desert (بادية الشامBādiyat Ash-Shām), also known as the North Arabian Desert, the Jordanian steppe, or the Badiya, is a region of desert, semi-desert, and steppe, covering approx.
See Old Aramaic and Syrian Desert
Talmud
The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.
Targum
A targum (תרגום 'interpretation, translation, version') was an originally spoken translation of the Hebrew Bible (also called the Tanakh) that a professional translator (מְתוּרגְמָן mǝturgǝmān) would give in the common language of the listeners when that was not Biblical Hebrew.
Targum Jonathan
The Targum Jonathan is the translation to the Nevi'im section of the Hebrew Bible employed in Lower Mesopotamia ("Babylonia").
See Old Aramaic and Targum Jonathan
Targum Onkelos
Numbers 6.3–10 with Aramaic Targum Onkelos from the British Library. Targum Onkelos (or Onqelos; תַּרְגּוּם אֻנְקְלוֹס, Targūm ’Unqəlōs) is the primary Jewish Aramaic targum ("translation") of the Torah, accepted as an authoritative translated text of the Five Books of Moses and thought to have been written in the early second century CE.
See Old Aramaic and Targum Onkelos
Tatian
Tatian of Adiabene, or Tatian the Syrian or Tatian the Assyrian, (Tatianus; Τατιανός; ܛܛܝܢܘܣ; c. 120 – c. 180 AD) was an Assyrian Christian writer and theologian of the 2nd century.
Tell Halaf
Tell Halaf (تل حلف) is an archaeological site in the Al Hasakah governorate of northeastern Syria, a few kilometers from the city of Ras al-Ayn near the Syria–Turkey border.
See Old Aramaic and Tell Halaf
The Jewish War
The Jewish War is a work of Jewish history written by Josephus, a first-century Roman-Jewish historian.
See Old Aramaic and The Jewish War
Tiglath-Pileser III
Tiglath-Pileser III (𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏|translit. Old Aramaic and Tiglath-Pileser III are neo-Assyrian Empire.
See Old Aramaic and Tiglath-Pileser III
Tigris
The Tigris (see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.
Tosefta
The Tosefta (translit "supplement, addition") is a compilation of Jewish Oral Law from the late second century, the period of the Mishnah and the Jewish sages known as the Tannaim.
Tur Abdin
Tur Abdin (طور عبدين; Tor; Turabdium; ܛܽܘܪ ܥܰܒ݂ܕܺܝܢ or label) is a hilly region situated in southeast Turkey, including the eastern half of the Mardin Province, and Şırnak Province west of the Tigris, on the border with Syria and famed since Late Antiquity for its Christian monasteries on the border of the Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire.
West Semitic languages
The West Semitic languages are a proposed major sub-grouping of ancient Semitic languages.
See Old Aramaic and West Semitic languages
See also
10th-century establishments in Asia
3rd-century disestablishments
- Atropatene
- Chutu dynasty
- Classical Latin
- Crete and Cyrenaica
- Epi-Olmec culture
- Kuninda Kingdom
- Mahan confederacy
- Nok culture
- Old Aramaic
- Pannonia Inferior
- River Styx archaeological site
- Takht-i Kuwad
- Takht-i Sangin
Aramaic languages
- Aramaic
- Aramaic Uruk incantation
- Aramaic alphabet
- Aramaic inscriptions
- Aramaic original New Testament theory
- Aramaic papyri
- Aramaic studies
- Armazic language
- Begadkefat
- Biblical Aramaic
- Biblical languages
- Charbel
- Comparative Semitics
- Eastern Aramaic languages
- Hatran Aramaic
- Imperial Aramaic
- Iraqi Academy of Sciences
- Judeo-Aramaic languages
- Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften
- Language of Jesus
- List of Aramaic acronyms
- List of Aramaic place names
- List of loanwords in Classical Syriac
- Macron below
- Mandaean studies
- Moses Shirvani
- Nabataean Aramaic
- Nabataean script
- Neo-Aramaic languages
- Old Aramaic
- Palmyrene Aramaic
- Palmyrene alphabet
- Samaritan Aramaic language
- Semitic languages
- Syriac language
- Syriac literature
- Syriac studies
- Targum (Aramaic dialects)
- Tell Fekherya bilingual inscription
- Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
- The Last Assyrians
- Western Aramaic languages
Extinct languages
- Apingi language
- Arakajú language
- Baenan language
- Boanarí language
- Cayuse language
- Corpus language
- Darkinjung language
- East Sutherland Gaelic
- Extinct language
- Isaurian language
- Kilit dialect
- Language death
- Leivu dialect
- List of ancestor languages
- List of modern literature translated into dead languages
- Lists of extinct languages
- Manangkari language
- Matanawi language
- Morique language
- Mucuchí–Marripú language
- Ngarla language
- Old Aramaic
- Paleo-Corsican language
- Palmela language
- Paravilyana language
- Peninsular Japonic
- Pimenteira language
- Pre-Indo-European languages
- Samaritan Aramaic language
- Sapará language
- Sarghulami
- Tehotitachsae
- Tiverikoto language
- Trojan language
- Waikuri language
- Wajumará language
- Wakka Wakka language
- Ware language
- Wursten Frisian
- Yarumá language (Carib)
- Zorotua dialect
Languages attested from the 10th century BC
- Aramaic
- Biblical Hebrew
- Eteocypriot language
- Hebrew language
- Old Aramaic
Languages extinct in the 3rd century
- Biblical Aramaic
- Classical Latin
- Hatran Aramaic
- Old Aramaic
- Rhaetic
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Aramaic
Also known as Ancient Aramaean language, Ancient Aramaic, Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE), Ancient Aramaic language, Ancient Aramean language, Hamat language, History of the Old Aramaic language, History of the Old Aramaic languages, ISO 639:oar, Late Old Aramaic, Late Old Eastern Aramaic, Old Aramaean language, Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE), Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE) language, Old Aramaic language, Old Aramaic language (up to 700 BCE), Old Aramaic-Sam'alian language, Old Aramean language, Post-Achaemenid Aramaic.
, Elephantine papyri and ostraca, Fertile Crescent, Franz Rosenthal, Galilean dialect, Galilee, Glottal stop, Hama, Hanina bar Hama, Hasmonean dynasty, Hatra, He (letter), Hebrew Bible, Heth, Hezekiah, Imperial Aramaic, Incantation bowl, Iranian languages, Iron Age, Jerome, Jerusalem, Jesus, Jordan River, Josef Markwart, Josephus, Judaea (Roman province), Kandahar, Khalili Collection of Aramaic Documents, Kingdom of Judah, Koine Greek, Levant, Lingua franca, Loanword, Logogram, Mandaeism, Mandaic language, Mesopotamia, Middle Persian, Middle Persian literature, Mishnah, Muslim conquest of Persia, Nabataean Aramaic, Near East, Negev, Neo-Assyrian Empire, New Testament, Northwest Semitic languages, Official language, Old Aramaic, Old Persian, Osroene, Pahlavi scripts, Palmyra, Parthia, Parthian Empire, Parthian language, Persepolis, Pesachim, Petra, Pharaoh, Phoenician alphabet, Phoenician language, Qumran, Samalian language, Samaria, Samʾal, Sasanian Empire, Seleucid Empire, Semitic languages, Sinai Peninsula, Sogdia, Story of Ahikar, Syria, Syriac alphabet, Syriac language, Syriac versions of the Bible, Syrian Desert, Talmud, Targum, Targum Jonathan, Targum Onkelos, Tatian, Tell Halaf, The Jewish War, Tiglath-Pileser III, Tigris, Tosefta, Tur Abdin, West Semitic languages.