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Orozco v Attorney General, the Glossary

Orozco v Attorney General (2016) 90 WIR 161, also known as Orozco v AG, the Orozco case, or the UNIBAM case, was a landmark case heard by the Supreme Court of Belize, which held that a long-standing buggery statute breached constitutional rights to dignity, equality before the law, freedom of expression, privacy, and non-discrimination on grounds of sex, and which declared the statute null and void to the applicable extent.^[1]

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Act of parliament

An act of parliament, as a form of primary legislation, is a text of law passed by the legislative body of a jurisdiction (often a parliament or council).

See Orozco v Attorney General and Act of parliament

Amandala

Amandala is a Belizean tabloid newspaper.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Amandala

Anglican Diocese of Belize

The Anglican Diocese of Belize was established in 1883.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Anglican Diocese of Belize

Appellate court

An appellate court, commonly called a court of appeal(s), appeal court, court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Appellate court

Attorney-General of Belize

The Attorney-General of Belize is a cabinet-level official who acts as the principal legal adviser to the government of Belize.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Attorney-General of Belize

Boyce v R

Boyce v R is a 2004 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) case which upheld the law that sets out a mandatory sentence of death for murder in Barbados.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Boyce v R

British Honduras

British Honduras was a Crown colony on the east coast of Central America, south of Mexico, from 1783 to 1964, then a self-governing colony, renamed Belize in June 1973,, Caribbean Community.

See Orozco v Attorney General and British Honduras

Caleb Orozco

Caleb Orozco (born 1973) is an LGBT activist in Belize.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Caleb Orozco

Caribbean

The Caribbean (el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are sometimes also included in the region.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Caribbean

Caribbean Court of Justice

The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ or CCtJ; Caribisch Hof van Justitie; Cour Caribéenne de Justice) is the judicial institution of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

See Orozco v Attorney General and Caribbean Court of Justice

Chief Justice of Belize

The chief justice of Belize is the head of the Supreme Court of Belize.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Chief Justice of Belize

Coming out

Coming out of the closet, often shortened to coming out, is a metaphor used to describe LGBT people's self-disclosure of their sexual orientation, romantic orientation, or gender identity.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Coming out

Commonwealth Caribbean

The Commonwealth Caribbean is the region of the Caribbean with English-speaking countries and territories, which once constituted the Caribbean portion of the British Empire and are now part of the Commonwealth of Nations.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Commonwealth Caribbean

Commonwealth Lawyers Association

The Commonwealth Lawyers Association (CLA) is an organisation of lawyers, law societies and bar associations across the Commonwealth of Nations.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Commonwealth Lawyers Association

Constitution of Belize

The Constitution of Belize is the supreme law of the nation of Belize. Orozco v Attorney General and Constitution of Belize are law of Belize.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Constitution of Belize

Constitutional law

Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in federal countries such as the United States and Canada, the relationship between the central government and state, provincial, or territorial governments.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Constitutional law

Constitutional right

A constitutional right can be a prerogative or a duty, a power or a restraint of power, recognized and established by a sovereign state or union of states.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Constitutional right

Costs in English law

In English civil litigation, costs are the lawyers' fees and disbursements of the parties.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Costs in English law

Court order

A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Court order

Crime against nature

The crime against nature or unnatural act has historically been a legal term in English-speaking states identifying forms of sexual behavior not considered natural or decent and are legally punishable offenses.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Crime against nature

Dean Barrow

Dean Oliver Barrow, SC PC (born March 2, 1951) is a politician from Belize who served as the fourth prime minister of Belize from 2008 until 2020 and as leader of Belize's United Democratic Party.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Dean Barrow

Declaration (law)

In law, a declaration is an authoritative establishment of fact.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Declaration (law)

Decriminalization of homosexuality

Decriminalization of homosexuality is the repeal of laws criminalizing same-sex acts between multiple men or multiple women.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Decriminalization of homosexuality

Dignity

Dignity (from the Latin dignitas meaning "worth, worthiness; dignity, position, rank, status; authority, office; self-respect, grace") in some of its modern usages has come to mean the right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated ethically.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Dignity

Dudgeon v United Kingdom

Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1981) was a European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case, which held that Section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, which criminalised male homosexual acts in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, breached the defendant's rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Dudgeon v United Kingdom

Eamon Courtenay

Eamon Harrison Courtenay (born 11 June 1960) is a Belizean lawyer and politician from the People's United Party.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Eamon Courtenay

Equality before the law

Equality before the law, also known as equality under the law, equality in the eyes of the law, legal equality, or legal egalitarianism, is the principle that all people must be equally protected by the law.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Equality before the law

European Convention on Human Rights

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR; formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international convention to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe.

See Orozco v Attorney General and European Convention on Human Rights

Expert witnesses in English law

The role of expert witnesses in English law is to give explanations of difficult or technical topics in civil and criminal trials, to assist the fact finding process.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Expert witnesses in English law

Freedom from discrimination

The right to freedom from discrimination is internationally recognised as a human right and enshrines the principle of egalitarianism.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Freedom from discrimination

Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Freedom of speech

Godfrey Smith (politician)

Godfrey P. Smith (born 8 May 1968) is a Belizean jurist, attorney and politician.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Godfrey Smith (politician)

High Court of Fiji

The High Court of Fiji is one of three courts that was established by Chapter 9 of the 1997 Constitution of Fiji — the others being the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court.

See Orozco v Attorney General and High Court of Fiji

Human Dignity Trust

Human Dignity Trust is a UK-based registered charity that focuses on strategic litigation challenging the criminalization of homosexuality around the world.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Human Dignity Trust

Indictable offence

In many common law jurisdictions (e.g. England and Wales, Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a prima facie case to answer or by a grand jury (in contrast to a summary offence).

See Orozco v Attorney General and Indictable offence

International Commission of Jurists

The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) is an international human rights non-governmental organization.

See Orozco v Attorney General and International Commission of Jurists

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) is a multilateral treaty that commits nations to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial.

See Orozco v Attorney General and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

International law

International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards that states and other actors feel an obligation to obey in their mutual relations and generally do obey.

See Orozco v Attorney General and International law

Intervention (law)

In law, intervention is a procedure to allow a nonparty, called intervenor (also spelled intervener) to join ongoing litigation, either as a matter of right or at the discretion of the court, without the permission of the original litigants.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Intervention (law)

Jamaica

Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea and the West Indies. At, it is the third largest island—after Cuba and Hispaniola—of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, west of Hispaniola (the island containing Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and south-east of the Cayman Islands (a British Overseas Territory).

See Orozco v Attorney General and Jamaica

Judicial review

Judicial review is a process under which a government's executive, legislative, or administrative actions are subject to review by the judiciary.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Judicial review

Kenneth Benjamin (judge)

Kenneth Andrew Charles Benjamin (born 19 March 1955) is a Caribbean jurist.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Kenneth Benjamin (judge)

Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)

Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration), 1 SCR 497 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)

Lawrence v. Texas

Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), is a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws criminalizing sodomy between consenting adults are unconstitutional.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Lawrence v. Texas

Legal remedy

A legal remedy, also referred to as judicial relief or a judicial remedy, is the means with which a court of law, usually in the exercise of civil law jurisdiction, enforces a right, imposes a penalty, or makes another court order to impose its will in order to compensate for the harm of a wrongful act inflicted upon an individual.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Legal remedy

LGBT rights by country or territory

Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction—encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.

See Orozco v Attorney General and LGBT rights by country or territory

Lisa Shoman

Lisa Shoman, SC (born 27 January 1964) is a Belizean lawyer and politician and the Foreign Minister of Belize from 2007 to 2008.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Lisa Shoman

List of LGBT rights organisations in Belize

This is a list LGBT rights organisations in Belize. Orozco v Attorney General and list of LGBT rights organisations in Belize are LGBT rights in Belize.

See Orozco v Attorney General and List of LGBT rights organisations in Belize

List of prime ministers of Belize

The following article contains a list of prime ministers of Belize and deputy prime ministers, from the establishment of the position of First Minister of British Honduras in 1961 to the present day.

See Orozco v Attorney General and List of prime ministers of Belize

Lists of landmark court decisions

Landmark court decisions, in present-day common law legal systems, establish precedents that determine a significant new legal principle or concept, or otherwise substantially affect the interpretation of existing law.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Lists of landmark court decisions

Michel Chebat

Michel Hannah Chebat, Jr. (born 23 May 1969) is a Belizean lawyer.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Michel Chebat

Michelle Arana

Michelle Agnes Arana (born 1969) is a Belizean judge who served as acting Chief Justice of Belize from 7 April 2020 to 2 September 2022.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Michelle Arana

National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice

National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and Another v Minister of Justice and Others is a decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa which struck down the laws prohibiting consensual sexual activities between men.

See Orozco v Attorney General and National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice

Neocolonialism

Neocolonialism is the control by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony) through indirect means.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Neocolonialism

Nuisance in English law

Nuisance in English law is an area of tort law broadly divided into two torts; private nuisance, where the actions of the defendant are "causing a substantial and unreasonable interference with a 's land or his/her use or enjoyment of that land", and public nuisance, where the defendant's actions "materially affects the reasonable comfort and convenience of life of a class of His Majesty's subjects"; public nuisance is also a crime.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Nuisance in English law

Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith

Peter Henry Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith, (born 5 January 1950), is a British barrister who served as Attorney General for England and Wales and Attorney General for Northern Ireland from 2001 and 2007.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith

Plaintiff

A plaintiff (Π in legal shorthand) is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Plaintiff

Public morality

Public morality refers to moral and ethical standards enforced in a society, by law or police work or social pressure, and applied to public life, to the content of the media, and to conduct in public places.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Public morality

Respondent

A respondent is a person who is called upon to issue a response to a communication made by another.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Respondent

Reyes v R

Reyes v R is a 2002 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) case in which it was held that it was unconstitutional in Belize for capital punishment to be the mandatory sentence for murder.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Reyes v R

Right to privacy

The right to privacy is an element of various legal traditions that intends to restrain governmental and private actions that threaten the privacy of individuals.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Right to privacy

Rodwell Williams

Rodwell Roosevelt Adlai Williams (born 29 September 1956) is a Belizean lawyer.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Rodwell Williams

Roman Catholic Diocese of Belize City–Belmopan

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Belize City–Belmopan (Dioecesis Belizepolitanus-Belmopanus) is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Roman Catholic Church in continental Central America.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Roman Catholic Diocese of Belize City–Belmopan

Section 377A (Singapore)

Section 377A was a Singaporean law that criminalised sex between consenting adult males.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Section 377A (Singapore)

Sodomy law

A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Sodomy law

Standing (law)

In law, standing or locus standi is a condition that a party seeking a legal remedy must show they have, by demonstrating to the court, sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party's participation in the case.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Standing (law)

Supreme Court of Belize

The Supreme Court of Judicature of Belize is one of three types of courts in Belize, the lower ones being the Magistrate's Courts and the Court of Appeal. Orozco v Attorney General and Supreme Court of Belize are law of Belize.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Supreme Court of Belize

The Bahamas

The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the Atlantic Ocean.

See Orozco v Attorney General and The Bahamas

The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

See Orozco v Attorney General and The New York Times

Thomas McCosker v The State

Thomas McCosker v The State was a criminal appeal case before the High Court of Fiji. Orozco v Attorney General and Thomas McCosker v The State are LGBT rights case law.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Thomas McCosker v The State

Toonen v. Australia

Toonen v. Australia was a landmark human rights complaint brought before the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC) by Tasmanian resident Nicholas Toonen in 1994. Orozco v Attorney General and Toonen v. Australia are LGBT rights case law.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Toonen v. Australia

United Nations Human Rights Committee

The United Nations Human Rights Committee is a treaty body composed of 18 experts, established by a 1966 human rights treaty, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).

See Orozco v Attorney General and United Nations Human Rights Committee

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Universal Declaration of Human Rights

University of the West Indies

The University of the West Indies (UWI), originally University College of the West Indies, is a public university system established to serve the higher education needs of the residents of 18 English-speaking countries and territories in the Caribbean: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos Islands.

See Orozco v Attorney General and University of the West Indies

Void (law)

In law, void means of no legal effect.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Void (law)

West Indian Reports

The West Indian Reports, abbreviated WIR, are a series of law reports of cases decided in the high and appellate courts of West Indian states and territories, and of appeals therefrom to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Caribbean Court of Justice.

See Orozco v Attorney General and West Indian Reports

Zoophilia

Zoophilia is a paraphilia in which a person experiences a sexual fixation on non-human animals.

See Orozco v Attorney General and Zoophilia

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orozco_v_Attorney_General

, Michel Chebat, Michelle Arana, National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice, Neocolonialism, Nuisance in English law, Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith, Plaintiff, Public morality, Respondent, Reyes v R, Right to privacy, Rodwell Williams, Roman Catholic Diocese of Belize City–Belmopan, Section 377A (Singapore), Sodomy law, Standing (law), Supreme Court of Belize, The Bahamas, The New York Times, Thomas McCosker v The State, Toonen v. Australia, United Nations Human Rights Committee, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, University of the West Indies, Void (law), West Indian Reports, Zoophilia.

Orozco v Attorney General, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

2016 in case law

LGBT rights case law

LGBT rights in Belize

Law of Belize

References