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Philip Melanchthon, the Glossary

Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and influential designer of educational systems.^[1]

188 relations: Adiaphora, Albrecht Dürer, All Saints' Church, Wittenberg, Andreas Osiander, Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Apostasy, Archaeology, Aristotle, Astrology, Astronomy, Augsburg Confession, Augsburg Confession Variata, Augsburg Interim, Augustine of Hippo, Bachelor of Theology, Bad Wimpfen, Basel, Bible, Book of Daniel, Book of Genesis, Book of Proverbs, Bretten, Cardinal (Catholic Church), Caspar Peucer, Catechism, Catholic Encyclopedia, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Chewing, Christian humanism, Christian Wolff (philosopher), Church Fathers, Church history, Cicero, Colloquy of Worms (1557), Comet, Confutatio Augustana, Conservatism, Consistory (Protestantism), Contubernium, Council of Florence, De Officiis, Devil, Dialectic, Dictionary of Literary Biography, Diet of Augsburg, Diet of Speyer (1529), Dimitrije Ljubavić, Divine grace, Divine providence, Dogma, ... Expand index (138 more) »
16th-century German astronomers
16th-century Lutheran theologians
German astrologers
German evangelicals
Lay theologians
Lutheran saints
Lutheran sermon writers
People from Bretten
People from the Margraviate of Baden
Philippists
Translators of the Bible into German

Adiaphora

Adiaphoron (plural: adiaphora; from the Greek ἀδιάφορον (pl. ἀδιάφορα), meaning "not different or differentiable") is the negation of διαφορά diaphora, "difference".

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Albrecht Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528),Müller, Peter O. (1993) Substantiv-Derivation in Den Schriften Albrecht Dürers, Walter de Gruyter. Philip Melanchthon and Albrecht Dürer are people celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar.

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All Saints' Church, Wittenberg

All Saints' Church, commonly referred to as Schlosskirche (Castle Church) to distinguish it from the Stadtkirche (Town Church) of St.

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Andreas Osiander

Andreas Osiander (19 December 1498 – 17 October 1552) was a German Lutheran theologian and Protestant reformer. Philip Melanchthon and Andreas Osiander are 16th-century German Protestant theologians, 16th-century German male writers, 16th-century Lutheran theologians, German Lutheran theologians and Philippists.

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Apology of the Augsburg Confession

The Apology of the Augsburg Confession was written by Philipp Melanchthon during and after the 1530 Diet of Augsburg as a response to the Pontifical Confutation of the Augsburg Confession, Charles V's commissioned official Roman Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession of 25 June 1530.

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Apostasy

Apostasy (defection, revolt) is the formal disaffiliation from, abandonment of, or renunciation of a religion by a person.

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Archaeology

Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Astrology

Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.

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Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

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Augsburg Confession

The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation.

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Augsburg Confession Variata

The Altered Augsburg Confession (Lat. Confessio Augustana Variata) is a later version of the Lutheran Augsburg Confession that includes notable differences with regard to holy communion and the presence of Christ in bread and wine.

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Augsburg Interim

The Augsburg Interim (full formal title: Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council) was an imperial decree ordered on 15 May 1548 at the 1548 Diet of Augsburg (also having become known as the 'harnessed diet', due to its tense atmosphere, very close to outright hostility) by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who had just defeated the forces of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47.

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Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa. Philip Melanchthon and Augustine of Hippo are systematic theologians.

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Bachelor of Theology

The Bachelor of Theology degree (BTh, ThB, or BTheol) is a two- to five-year undergraduate degree or graduate degree in theological disciplines and is typically (but not exclusively) pursued by those seeking ordination for ministry in a church, denomination, or parachurch organization.

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Bad Wimpfen

Bad Wimpfen is a historic spa town in the district of Heilbronn in the Baden-Württemberg region of southern Germany.

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Basel

Basel, also known as Basle,Bâle; Basilea; Basileia; other Basilea.

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Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.

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Book of Daniel

The Book of Daniel is a 2nd-century BC biblical apocalypse with a 6th century BC setting.

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Book of Genesis

The Book of Genesis (from Greek; בְּרֵאשִׁית|Bərēʾšīṯ|In beginning; Liber Genesis) is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament.

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Book of Proverbs

The Book of Proverbs (מִשְלֵי,; Παροιμίαι; Liber Proverbiorum, "Proverbs (of Solomon)") is a book in the third section (called Ketuvim) of the Hebrew Bible traditionally ascribed to King Solomon and his students later appearing in the Christian Old Testament.

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Bretten

Bretten (South Franconian: Bredde) is a town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Cardinal (Catholic Church)

A cardinal (Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis) is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church.

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Caspar Peucer

Caspar Peucer (January 6, 1525 – September 25, 1602) was a German reformer, physician, and scholar of Sorbian origin. Philip Melanchthon and Caspar Peucer are 16th-century German male writers, academic staff of the University of Wittenberg, German Renaissance humanists and Philippists.

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Catechism

A catechism (from κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult converts.

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Catholic Encyclopedia

The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and the Original Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States designed to serve the Catholic Church.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

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Chewing

Chewing or mastication is the process by which food is crushed and ground by the teeth.

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Christian humanism

Christian humanism regards humanist principles like universal human dignity, individual freedom, and the importance of happiness as essential and principal or even exclusive components of the teachings of Jesus.

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Christian Wolff (philosopher)

Christian Wolff (less correctly Wolf,; also known as Wolfius; ennobled as Christian Freiherr von Wolff in 1745; 24 January 1679 – 9 April 1754) was a German philosopher.

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Church Fathers

The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity.

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Church history

Church history or ecclesiastical history as an academic discipline studies the history of Christianity and the way the Christian Church has developed since its inception.

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Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.

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Colloquy of Worms (1557)

The Colloquy of Worms was the last colloquy in the 16th century on an imperial level, held in Worms from September 11 to October 8, 1557.

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Comet

A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing.

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Confutatio Augustana

The Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic refutation (confutatio) of the Augsburg Confession, often referred to in the theological literature as simply the Confutatio.

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Conservatism

Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values.

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Consistory (Protestantism)

In Protestant usage, a consistory designates certain ruling bodies in various churches.

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Contubernium

In ancient Rome, contubernium was a quasi-marital relationship between two slaves or between a slave (servus) and a free person who was usually a former slave or the child of a former slave.

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Council of Florence

The Council of Florence is the seventeenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held between 1431 and 1449.

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De Officiis

De Officiis (On Duties, On Obligations, or On Moral Responsibilities) is a 44 BC treatise by Marcus Tullius Cicero divided into three books, in which Cicero expounds his conception of the best way to live, behave, and observe moral obligations.

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Devil

A devil is the personification of evil as it is conceived in various cultures and religious traditions.

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Dialectic

Dialectic (διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, refers originally to dialogue between people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to arrive at the truth through reasoned argumentation.

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Dictionary of Literary Biography

The Dictionary of Literary Biography is a specialist biographical dictionary dedicated to literature.

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Diet of Augsburg

The diets of Augsburg were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Augsburg.

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Diet of Speyer (1529)

The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer II) was a Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in 1529 in the Imperial City of Speyer (located in present-day Germany).

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Dimitrije Ljubavić

Dimitrije Ljubavić (Dimitrije Ljubavić - Venice, January 1519 – Brașov, 1564) was a Serbian Orthodox deacon, humanist, writer and printer who together with German reformer Philip Melanchthon initiated the first formal contact between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Lutherans in 1559 when Ljubavić took a copy of the Augsburg Confession to Patriarch Joasaph II of Constantinople.

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Divine grace

Divine grace is a theological term present in many religions.

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Divine providence

In theology, divine providence, or simply providence, is God's intervention in the Universe.

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Dogma

Dogma, in its broadest sense, is any belief held definitively and without the possibility of reform.

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Dresden

Dresden (Upper Saxon: Dräsdn; Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and it is the second most populous city after Leipzig.

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Eclipse

An eclipse is an astronomical event which occurs when an astronomical object or spacecraft is temporarily obscured, by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer.

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Education

Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms.

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Electoral Palatinate

The Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz) or the Palatinate (Pfalz), officially the Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurfürstentum Pfalz), was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Electorate of Saxony

The Electorate of Saxony, also known as Electoral Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen or), was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806.

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Elijah

Elijah (ʾĒlīyyāhū, meaning "My God is Yahweh/YHWH"; Greek form: Elias /eːˈlias/) was a Jewish prophet and a miracle worker who lived in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of King Ahab (9th century BC), according to the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible.

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Epistle to the Colossians

The Epistle to the Colossians is the twelfth book of the New Testament.

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Epistle to the Romans

The Epistle to the Romans is the sixth book in the New Testament, and the longest of the thirteen Pauline epistles.

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Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus; 28 October c.1466 – 12 July 1536) was a Dutch Christian humanist, Catholic theologian, educationalist, satirist, and philosopher. Philip Melanchthon and Erasmus are 16th-century writers in Latin, Christian humanists and critics of the Catholic Church.

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Ethics

Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.

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Eucharist

The Eucharist (from evcharistía), also known as Holy Communion, the Blessed Sacrament and the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others.

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Evangelical Lutheran Church in America

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) is a mainline Protestant Lutheran church headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.

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Francesco Stancaro

Francesco Stancaro (also Latin: Franciscus Stancarus) (1501 in Mantua – 1574 in Stopnica) was an Italian Catholic priest, theologian, Protestant convert, and Protestant reformer who became professor of Hebrew at the University of Königsberg.

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Free will

Free will is the capacity or ability to choose between different possible courses of action.

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Geography

Geography (from Ancient Greek γεωγραφία; combining 'Earth' and 'write') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth.

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Georg Major

Georg Major (April 25, 1502 – November 28, 1574) was a Lutheran theologian of the Protestant Reformation. Philip Melanchthon and Georg Major are 16th-century German Protestant theologians, 16th-century German male writers, 16th-century Lutheran theologians, academic staff of the University of Wittenberg, German Lutheran theologians and Philippists.

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German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

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Gnesio-Lutherans

Gnesio-Lutherans (from Greek γνήσιος: genuine, authentic) is a modern name for a theological party in the Lutheran churches, in opposition to the Philippists after the death of Martin Luther and before the Formula of Concord.

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Gospel of John

The Gospel of John (translit) is the fourth of the New Testament's four canonical gospels.

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Gospel of Matthew

The Gospel of Matthew is the first book of the New Testament of the Bible and one of the three synoptic Gospels.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.

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Gottlob Frege

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician.

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Grammar

In linguistics, a grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers.

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Greek mathematics

Greek mathematics refers to mathematics texts and ideas stemming from the Archaic through the Hellenistic and Roman periods, mostly from the 5th century BC to the 6th century AD, around the shores of the Mediterranean.

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Hanover

Hanover (Hannover; Hannober) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Lower Saxony.

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Hans Holbein the Younger

Hans Holbein the Younger (Hans Holbein der Jüngere; – between 7 October and 29 November 1543) was a German-Swiss painter and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, and is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.

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Heidelberg University

Heidelberg University, officially the Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Universitas Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis), is a public research university in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Heresy

Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization.

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Hermeneutics

Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts.

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History

History (derived) is the systematic study and documentation of the human past.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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Holy Spirit

In Judaism, the Holy Spirit, otherwise known as the Holy Ghost, is the divine force, quality and influence of God over the universe or his creatures.

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Huldrych Zwingli

Huldrych or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland, born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swiss mercenary system. Philip Melanchthon and Huldrych Zwingli are Christian humanists and critics of the Catholic Church.

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Humanities

Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture, including certain fundamental questions asked by humans.

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Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Immaculate Conception

The Immaculate Conception is the belief that the Virgin Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her conception.

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Irenicism

Irenicism in Christian theology refers to attempts to unify Christian apologetical systems by using reason as an essential attribute.

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Jakob Wimpfeling

Jakob Wimpfeling (25 July 1450 – 17 November 1528) was a Renaissance humanist and theologian. Philip Melanchthon and Jakob Wimpfeling are 16th-century German male writers, Christian humanists, German Renaissance humanists and Heidelberg University alumni.

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Jesus

Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.

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Joachim Camerarius

Joachim Camerarius (12 April 150017 April 1574), the Elder, was a German classical scholar. Philip Melanchthon and Joachim Camerarius are 16th-century German male writers and German Renaissance humanists.

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Johann Eck

Johann Maier von Eck (13 November 1486 – 13 February 1543), often anglicized as John Eck, was a German Catholic theologian, scholastic, prelate, and a pioneer of the counter-reformation who was among Martin Luther's most important interlocutors and theological opponents. Philip Melanchthon and Johann Eck are 16th-century German male writers and Heidelberg University alumni.

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Johann Reuchlin

Johann Reuchlin (29 January 1455 – 30 June 1522), sometimes called Johannes, was a German Catholic humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew, whose work also took him to modern-day Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and France. Philip Melanchthon and Johann Reuchlin are 16th-century German male writers, 16th-century writers in Latin, Christian humanists, German Renaissance humanists and people from the Margraviate of Baden.

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Johannes Oecolampadius

Johannes Oecolampadius (also Œcolampadius, in German also Oekolampadius, Oekolampad; 1482 – 24 November 1531) was a German Protestant reformer in the Calvinist tradition from the Electoral Palatinate. Philip Melanchthon and Johannes Oecolampadius are German Renaissance humanists, German evangelicals and Heidelberg University alumni.

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Johannes Stöffler

Johannes Stöffler (also Stöfler, Stoffler, Stoeffler; 10 December 1452 – 16 February 1531) was a German mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, priest, maker of astronomical instruments and professor at the University of Tübingen. Philip Melanchthon and Johannes Stöffler are 16th-century German astronomers, 16th-century astrologers and German astrologers.

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John Calvin

John Calvin (Jehan Cauvin; Jean Calvin; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation. Philip Melanchthon and John Calvin are critics of the Catholic Church and systematic theologians.

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Jurisprudence

Jurisprudence is the philosophy and theory of law.

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Justification (theology)

In Christian theology, justification is the event or process by which sinners are made or declared to be righteous in the sight of God.

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Kassel

Kassel (in Germany, spelled Cassel until 1926) is a city on the Fulda River in northern Hesse, in central Germany.

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Katharina Krapp

Katharina Krapp, also known as Katharina Melanchthon, (October 1497–11 October 1557 in Wittenberg), was a German woman, daughter of the tailor and mayor of Wittenberg, Hans Krapp. Philip Melanchthon and Katharina Krapp are 1497 births.

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Konrad Cordatus

Konrad Cordatus or Conrad Cordatus (1480-1546) was a preacher and Protestant reformer in Niemegk who severely attacked Philipp Melanchthon, German reformer and collaborator with Martin Luther, during his sojourn in Tübingen in 1536.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Leipzig

Leipzig (Upper Saxon: Leibz'sch) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony.

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Leipzig Debate

The Leipzig Debate (Leipziger Disputation) was a theological disputation originally between Andreas Karlstadt, Martin Luther and Johann Eck.

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Leipzig Interim

The Leipzig Interim was one of several temporary settlements between the Emperor Charles V and German Lutherans following the Schmalkaldic War.

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Leipzig University

Leipzig University (Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany.

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Leonhard Hutter

Leonhard Hutter (also Hütter, Latinized as Hutterus; 19 January 1563 – 23 October 1616) was a German Lutheran theologian. Philip Melanchthon and Leonhard Hutter are 16th-century Lutheran theologians, academic staff of the University of Wittenberg and German Lutheran theologians.

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Liberal arts education

Liberal arts education (from Latin 'free' and 'art or principled practice') is the traditional academic course in Western higher education.

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List of Erasmus's correspondents

One of the best sources for the world of European Renaissance Humanism in the early sixteenth century is the correspondence of Erasmus.

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Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)

The Lutheran liturgical calendar is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by various Lutheran churches.

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Livy

Titus Livius (59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy, was a Roman historian.

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Loci communes

Loci communes or Loci communes rerum theologicarum seu hypotyposes theologicae (Latin for Common Places in Theology or Fundamental Doctrinal Themes) was a work by the Lutheran theologian Philipp Melanchthon published in 1521 (other, modified editions were produced during the life of the author in 1535, 1543 and 1559).

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Lorenzo Campeggio

Lorenzo Campeggio (7 November 1474 – 19 July 1539) was an Italian cardinal and politician.

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Lotharian legend

The Lotharian legend was a German 16th-century theory which purported to explain why Roman law as outlined in the Byzantine was the law of the Holy Roman Empire (as the). According to this theory – which was conclusively disproven by Hermann Conring in 1643 – the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III had commanded in 1137 that Roman law was the law of his empire.

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Lucas Cranach the Elder

Lucas Cranach the Elder (Lucas Cranach der Ältere; – 16 October 1553) was a German Renaissance painter and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. Philip Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder are people celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar.

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Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod

The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS), also known as the Missouri Synod, is an orthodox, traditional, confessional Lutheran denomination in the United States.

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Lutheran orthodoxy

Lutheran orthodoxy was an era in the history of Lutheranism, which began in 1580 from the writing of the Book of Concord and ended at the Age of Enlightenment.

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Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.

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Maccabees

The Maccabees, also spelled Machabees (מַכַּבִּים, or מַקַבִּים,; Machabaei or Maccabaei; Μακκαβαῖοι), were a group of Jewish rebel warriors who took control of Judea, which at the time was part of the Seleucid Empire.

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Magnificat

The Magnificat (Latin for " magnifies ") is a canticle, also known as the Song of Mary, the Canticle of Mary and, in the Byzantine tradition, the Ode of the Theotokos.

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Marburg

Marburg is a university town in the German federal state (Bundesland) of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (Landkreis).

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Martin Bucer

Martin Bucer (early German: Martin Butzer; 11 November 1491 – 28 February 1551) was a German Protestant reformer based in Strasbourg who influenced Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican doctrines and practices. Philip Melanchthon and Martin Bucer are 16th-century German Protestant theologians, 16th-century German male writers, Christian humanists, German Protestant Reformers and German evangelicals.

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Martin Chemnitz

Martin Chemnitz (9 November 1522 – 8 April 1586) was an eminent second-generation German, Evangelical Lutheran, Christian theologian, and a Protestant reformer, churchman, and confessor. Philip Melanchthon and Martin Chemnitz are 16th-century Lutheran theologians, 16th-century astrologers, 16th-century writers in Latin, academic staff of the University of Wittenberg, German Lutheran theologians, German Protestant Reformers, Lutheran sermon writers, people celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar and systematic theologians.

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Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar. Philip Melanchthon and Martin Luther are 16th-century German Protestant theologians, 16th-century German male writers, 16th-century writers in Latin, academic staff of the University of Wittenberg, critics of the Catholic Church, German Lutheran theologians, German Protestant Reformers, Lutheran biblical scholars, Lutheran saints, Lutheran sermon writers, people celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar and Translators of the Bible into German.

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Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg.

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Mary, mother of Jesus

Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother of Jesus.

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Master's degree

A master's degree (from Latin) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.

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Mathematics

Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.

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Matthias Flacius

Matthias Flacius Illyricus (Latin; Matija Vlačić Ilirik) or Francovich (Franković) (3 March 1520 – 11 March 1575) was a Lutheran reformer from Istria, present-day Croatia. Philip Melanchthon and Matthias Flacius are 16th-century German Protestant theologians, 16th-century German male writers and German Lutheran theologians.

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Matthias Hafenreffer

Matthias Hafenreffer (24 June 1561 22 October 1619) was a German orthodox Lutheran theologian in the Lutheran scholastic tradition. Philip Melanchthon and Matthias Hafenreffer are 16th-century Lutheran theologians, 16th-century writers in Latin and German Lutheran theologians.

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Maurice, Elector of Saxony

Maurice (21 March 1521 – 9 July 1553) was Duke (1541–47) and later Elector (1547–53) of Saxony.

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Mayor

In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.

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Melanchthonhaus (Bretten)

The Melanchthonhaus is a museum and research facility of the Protestant Reformation in Bretten, particularly on the life of Philipp Melanchthon.

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Natural philosophy

Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin philosophia naturalis) is the philosophical study of physics, that is, nature and the physical universe.

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Niemegk

Niemegk is a town in the Potsdam-Mittelmark district, in Brandenburg, in eastern Germany.

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Nine Years' War

The Nine Years' War was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance.

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Ninety-five Theses

The Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences is a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg, Germany.

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Nuremberg

Nuremberg (Nürnberg; in the local East Franconian dialect: Nämberch) is the largest city in Franconia, the second-largest city in the German state of Bavaria, and its 544,414 (2023) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest city in Germany.

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Original sin

Original sin is the Christian doctrine that holds that humans, through the act of birth, inherit a tainted nature with a proclivity to sinful conduct in need of regeneration.

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Papal legate

A woodcut showing Henry II of England greeting the Pope's legate. A papal legate or apostolic legate (from the ancient Roman title legatus) is a personal representative of the Pope to foreign nations, to some other part of the Catholic Church, or representatives of the state or monarchy.

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Patristics

Patristics or patrology is the study of the early Christian writers who are designated Church Fathers.

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Paul the Apostle

Paul (Koinē Greek: Παῦλος, romanized: Paûlos), also named Saul of Tarsus (Aramaic: ܫܐܘܠ, romanized: Šāʾūl), commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle (AD) who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.

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Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg (Augsburger Frieden), also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 in the German city of Augsburg.

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Pforzheim

Pforzheim is a city of over 125,000 inhabitants in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, in the southwest of Germany.

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Philip, Elector Palatine

Philip the Upright (Philipp der Aufrichtige) (14 July 1448 – 28 February 1508) was an Elector Palatine of the Rhine from the house of Wittelsbach from 1476 to 1508.

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Philippists

The Philippists formed a party in early Lutheranism.

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Philology

Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources.

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Philosophy

Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.

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Political history

Political history is the narrative and survey of political events, ideas, movements, organs of government, voters, parties and leaders.

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Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Preacher

A preacher is a person who delivers sermons or homilies on religious topics to an assembly of people.

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Prince-elector

The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Protestant Reformers

Protestant Reformers were theologians whose careers, works and actions brought about the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Psalms

The Book of Psalms (תְּהִלִּים|Tehillīm|praises; Psalmós; Liber Psalmorum; Zabūr), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the third section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) called ("Writings"), and a book of the Old Testament.

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Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.

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Reason

Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Reformed Christianity

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.

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Renaissance humanism

Renaissance humanism was a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of Classical antiquity.

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Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of persuasion.

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Rhetoric (Aristotle)

Aristotle's Rhetoric (Rhētorikḗ; Ars Rhetorica) is an ancient Greek treatise on the art of persuasion, dating from.

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Rodolphus Agricola

Rodolphus Agricola (Rudolphus Agricola Phrisius; August 28, 1443, or February 17, 1444 – October 27, 1485) was a Dutch humanist of the Northern Low Countries, famous for his knowledge of Latin and Greek.

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Saint

In Christian belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God.

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Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

The Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge is a religious encyclopedia.

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Scholasticism

Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories.

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Schwabach

Schwabach is a German city of about 40,000 inhabitants near Nuremberg in the centre of the region of Franconia in the north of Bavaria.

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Sin

In a religious context, sin is a transgression against divine law or a law of the deities.

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Swabia

Swabia; Schwaben, colloquially Schwabenland or Ländle; archaic English also Suabia or Svebia is a cultural, historic and linguistic region in southwestern Germany.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

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Syllogism

A syllogism (συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.

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Synergism

In Christian theology, synergism is the belief that salvation involves some form of cooperation between divine grace and human freedom.

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Synod

A synod is a council of a Christian denomination, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application.

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Terence

Publius Terentius Afer (–), better known in English as Terence, was a playwright during the Roman Republic.

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Tetrabiblos

Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος), also known as Apotelesmatiká (Ἀποτελεσματικά) and in Latin as Quadripartitum, is a text on the philosophy and practice of astrology, written by the Alexandrian scholar Claudius Ptolemy in Koine Greek during the 2nd century AD (AD 90– AD 168).

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The New International Encyclopedia

The New International Encyclopedia was an American encyclopedia first published in 1902 by Dodd, Mead & Co..

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Theology

Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.

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Theology of Huldrych Zwingli

The theology of Ulrich Zwingli was based on an interpretation of the Bible, taking scripture as the inspired word of God and placing its authority higher than what he saw as human sources such as the ecumenical councils and the church fathers.

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Trento

Trento (or; Ladin and Trent; Trient; Tria), also known in English as Trent, is a city on the Adige River in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in Italy.

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Trinity

The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from 'threefold') is the central doctrine concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three,, consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons (hypostases) sharing one essence/substance/nature (homoousion).

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Ubiquitarians

The Ubiquitarians, also called Ubiquists, were a Protestant sect that held that the body of Christ was everywhere, including the Eucharist.

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University of Tübingen

The University of Tübingen, officially the Eberhard Karl University of Tübingen (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen; Universitas Eberhardina Carolina), is a public research university located in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

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Virgil

Publius Vergilius Maro (traditional dates 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period.

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Virtuous pagan

Virtuous pagan is a concept in Christian theology that addressed the fate of the unlearned—the issue of nonbelievers who were never evangelized and consequently during their lifetime had no opportunity to recognize Christ, but nevertheless led virtuous lives, so that it seemed objectionable to consider them damned.

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Wartburg

The Wartburg is a castle originally built in the Middle Ages.

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Wittenberg

Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is the fourth-largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Wittenberg Concord

Wittenberg Concord, is a religious concordat signed by Reformed and Lutheran theologians and churchmen on 29 May 1536 as an attempted resolution of their differences with respect to the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist.

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Zwickau prophets

The Zwickau prophets (Zwickauer Propheten, Zwickauer Storchianer) were three men of the Radical Reformation from Zwickau in the Electorate of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire who were possibly involved in a disturbance in nearby Wittenberg and its evolving Reformation in early 1522.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon

Also known as Melanchthon, Melanchthon, Philipp, Melanchton, Melancthon, Philipp, Philip Melancthon, Philip Schwartzerd, Philip Schwartzerdt, Philip Schwarzerd, Philipp Melanchthon, Philipp Melancthon, Philipp Schwartzerd, Philipp Schwartzerdt, Philippus Melanchthon, Phillip Melanchthon, Phillip Melancthon, Phillip Schwartzerd, Phillip Schwartzerdt, Phillipp Melanchthon, Phillipp Melancthon, Phillipp Schwartzerd, Phillipp Schwartzerdt.

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Philip Melanchthon, the Glossary

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