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Physical dependence, the Glossary

Physical dependence is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance-forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms.^[1]

101 relations: Addiction, Agonist, Alcohol (drug), Alcohol dependence, Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Alcoholic beverage, Allosteric modulator, Alpha-adrenergic agonist, Alprazolam, Anabolic steroid, Anticonvulsant, Antidepressant, Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, Antipsychotic, Baclofen, Barbiturate, Benzodiazepine, Benzodiazepine dependence, Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, Beta blocker, Buprenorphine, Caffeine, Carbamate, Carbamazepine, Carisoprodol, Chloral hydrate, Clomethiazole, Clonidine, Clozapine, Codeine, Confusion, Delirium tremens, Diazepam, Drug tolerance, Drug withdrawal, Ethanol, Fentanyl, GABA, GABAA receptor, GABAB receptor, Gabapentin, Gabapentinoid, Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, Genes, Brain and Behavior, Glucocorticoid, Glutethimide, Hallucination, Haloperidol, Heroin, Inverse agonist, ... Expand index (51 more) »

Addiction

Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences. Physical dependence and Addiction are substance-related disorders.

See Physical dependence and Addiction

Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.

See Physical dependence and Agonist

Alcohol (drug)

Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is one of the most widely used and abused psychoactive drugs in the world and falls under the depressant category.

See Physical dependence and Alcohol (drug)

Alcohol dependence

Alcohol dependence is a previous (DSM-IV and ICD-10) psychiatric diagnosis in which an individual is physically or psychologically dependent upon alcohol (also chemically known as ethanol). Physical dependence and alcohol dependence are substance dependence.

See Physical dependence and Alcohol dependence

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use.

See Physical dependence and Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Alcoholic beverage

An alcoholic beverage (also called an adult beverage, alcoholic drink, strong drink, or simply a drink) is a beverage containing alcohol.

See Physical dependence and Alcoholic beverage

Allosteric modulator

In pharmacology and biochemistry, allosteric modulators are a group of substances that bind to a receptor to change that receptor's response to stimuli.

See Physical dependence and Allosteric modulator

Alpha-adrenergic agonist

Alpha-adrenergic agonists are a class of sympathomimetic agents that selectively stimulates alpha adrenergic receptors.

See Physical dependence and Alpha-adrenergic agonist

Alprazolam

Alprazolam, sold under the brand name Xanax and others, is a fast-acting, potent tranquilizer of moderate duration within the triazolobenzodiazepine group of chemicals called benzodiazepines.

See Physical dependence and Alprazolam

Anabolic steroid

Anabolic steroids, also known as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), are a class of drugs that are structurally related to testosterone, the main male sex hormone, and produce effects by binding to the androgen receptor (AR).

See Physical dependence and Anabolic steroid

Anticonvulsant

Anticonvulsants (also known as antiepileptic drugs, antiseizure drugs, or anti-seizure medications (ASM)) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.

See Physical dependence and Anticonvulsant

Antidepressant

Antidepressants are a class of medications used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, chronic pain, and addiction.

See Physical dependence and Antidepressant

Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome

Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome, also called antidepressant withdrawal syndrome, is a condition that can occur following the interruption, reduction, or discontinuation of antidepressant medication following its continuous use of at least a month.

See Physical dependence and Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome

Antipsychotic

Antipsychotics, previously known as neuroleptics and major tranquilizers, are a class of psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders.

See Physical dependence and Antipsychotic

Baclofen

Baclofen, sold under the brand name Lioresal among others, is a medication used to treat muscle spasticity such as from a spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis.

See Physical dependence and Baclofen

Barbiturate

Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid.

See Physical dependence and Barbiturate

Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially called "benzos", are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.

See Physical dependence and Benzodiazepine

Benzodiazepine dependence

Benzodiazepine dependence (BZD dependence) defines a situation in which one has developed one or more of either tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drug seeking behaviors, such as continued use despite harmful effects, and maladaptive pattern of substance use, according to the DSM-IV. Physical dependence and Benzodiazepine dependence are substance dependence.

See Physical dependence and Benzodiazepine dependence

Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome

Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome (BZD withdrawal) is the cluster of signs and symptoms that may emerge when a person who has been taking benzodiazepines as prescribed develops a physical dependence on them and then reduces the dose or stops taking them without a safe taper schedule. Physical dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome are causes of death and substance dependence.

See Physical dependence and Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome

Beta blocker

Beta blockers, also spelled β-blockers, are a class of medications that are predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and to protect the heart from a second heart attack after a first heart attack (secondary prevention).

See Physical dependence and Beta blocker

Buprenorphine

Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex among others, is an opioid used to treat opioid use disorder, acute pain, and chronic pain.

See Physical dependence and Buprenorphine

Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.

See Physical dependence and Caffeine

Carbamate

In organic chemistry, a carbamate is a category of organic compounds with the general formula and structure, which are formally derived from carbamic acid.

See Physical dependence and Carbamate

Carbamazepine

Carbamazepine, sold under the brand name Tegretol among others, is an anticonvulsant medication used in the treatment of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.

See Physical dependence and Carbamazepine

Carisoprodol

Carisoprodol, sold under the brand name Soma among others, is a medication used for musculoskeletal pain.

See Physical dependence and Carisoprodol

Chloral hydrate

Chloral hydrate is a geminal diol with the formula.

See Physical dependence and Chloral hydrate

Clomethiazole

Clomethiazole (also called chlormethiazole) is a sedative and hypnotic originally developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1930s.

See Physical dependence and Clomethiazole

Clonidine

Clonidine, sold under the brand name Catapres among others, is an α2A-adrenergic agonist medication used to treat high blood pressure, ADHD, drug withdrawal (alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), menopausal flushing, diarrhea, spasticity, and certain pain conditions.

See Physical dependence and Clonidine

Clozapine

Clozapine is a psychiatric medication and was the first atypical antipsychotic (also called second-generation antipsychotic) to be discovered.

See Physical dependence and Clozapine

Codeine

Codeine is an opiate and prodrug of morphine mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea.

See Physical dependence and Codeine

Confusion

In medicine, confusion is the quality or state of being bewildered or unclear.

See Physical dependence and Confusion

Delirium tremens

Delirium tremens (DTs) is a rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol. Physical dependence and Delirium tremens are causes of death.

See Physical dependence and Delirium tremens

Diazepam

Diazepam, sold under the brand name Valium among others, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that acts as an anxiolytic.

See Physical dependence and Diazepam

Drug tolerance

Drug tolerance or drug insensitivity is a pharmacological concept describing subjects' reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use. Physical dependence and drug tolerance are substance dependence.

See Physical dependence and Drug tolerance

Drug withdrawal

Drug withdrawal, drug withdrawal syndrome, or substance withdrawal syndrome, is the group of symptoms that occur upon the abrupt discontinuation or decrease in the intake of pharmaceutical or recreational drugs. Physical dependence and drug withdrawal are substance-related disorders.

See Physical dependence and Drug withdrawal

Ethanol

Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.

See Physical dependence and Ethanol

Fentanyl

Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic piperidine opioid primarily used as an analgesic. It is 20 to 40 times more potent than heroin and 100 times more potent than morphine; its primary clinical utility is in pain management for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries. Fentanyl is also used as a sedative.

See Physical dependence and Fentanyl

GABA

GABA (gamma Aminobutyric acid, γ-Aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system.

See Physical dependence and GABA

GABAA receptor

The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel.

See Physical dependence and GABAA receptor

GABAB receptor

GABAB receptors (GABABR) are G-protein coupled receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), therefore making them metabotropic receptors, that are linked via G-proteins to potassium channels.

See Physical dependence and GABAB receptor

Gabapentin

Gabapentin, sold under the brand name Neurontin among others, is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used to treat partial seizures and neuropathic pain.

See Physical dependence and Gabapentin

Gabapentinoid

Gabapentinoids, also known as α2δ ligands, are a class of drugs that are derivatives of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) (i.e., GABA analogues) which block α2δ subunit-containing voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs).

See Physical dependence and Gabapentinoid

Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid

gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) (or γ-hydroxybutyric acid), also known as 4-hydroxybutanoic acid is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter and a depressant drug.

See Physical dependence and Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid

Genes, Brain and Behavior

Genes, Brain and Behavior (also known as G2B) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in the fields of behavioral, neural, and psychiatric genetics.

See Physical dependence and Genes, Brain and Behavior

Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids (or, less commonly, glucocorticosteroids) are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.

See Physical dependence and Glucocorticoid

Glutethimide

Glutethimide is a hypnotic sedative that was introduced by Ciba in 1954 as a safe alternative to barbiturates to treat insomnia.

See Physical dependence and Glutethimide

Hallucination

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality.

See Physical dependence and Hallucination

Haloperidol

Haloperidol, sold under the brand name Haldol among others, is a typical antipsychotic medication.

See Physical dependence and Haloperidol

Heroin

Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the Papaver somniferum plant; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects.

See Physical dependence and Heroin

Inverse agonist

In pharmacology, an inverse agonist is a drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist.

See Physical dependence and Inverse agonist

Κ-opioid receptor

The κ-opioid receptor or kappa opioid receptor, abbreviated KOR or KOP for its ligand ketazocine, is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the OPRK1 gene.

See Physical dependence and Κ-opioid receptor

Μ-opioid receptor

The μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with a high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin, but a low affinity for dynorphins.

See Physical dependence and Μ-opioid receptor

Lamotrigine

Lamotrigine, sold under the brand name Lamictal among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy and stabilize mood in bipolar disorder.

See Physical dependence and Lamotrigine

Ligand-gated ion channel

Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.

See Physical dependence and Ligand-gated ion channel

Loperamide

Loperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium, among others,Drugs.com Page accessed 4 September 2015 is a medication of the opioid receptor agonist class used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea.

See Physical dependence and Loperamide

Lorazepam

Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a benzodiazepine medication.

See Physical dependence and Lorazepam

Meprobamate

Meprobamate—marketed as Miltown by Wallace Laboratories and Equanil by Wyeth, among others—is a carbamate derivative used as an anxiolytic drug.

See Physical dependence and Meprobamate

A metabotropic receptor, also referred to by the broader term G-protein-coupled receptor, is a type of membrane receptor that initiates a number of metabolic steps to modulate cell activity.

See Physical dependence and Metabotropic receptor

Methadone

Methadone, sold under the brand names Dolophine and Methadose among others, is a synthetic opioid agonist used for chronic pain and also for opioid use disorder.

See Physical dependence and Methadone

Methaqualone

Methaqualone is a hypnotic sedative.

See Physical dependence and Methaqualone

Morphine

Morphine, formerly also called morphia, is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (Papaver somniferum).

See Physical dependence and Morphine

Nalbuphine

Nalbuphine, sold under the brand names Nubain among others, is an opioid analgesic which is used in the treatment of pain.

See Physical dependence and Nalbuphine

Naltrexone

Naltrexone, sold under the brand name Revia among others, is a medication primarily used to manage alcohol use or opioid use disorder by reducing cravings and feelings of euphoria associated with substance use disorder. It has also been found effective in the treatment of other addictions and may be used for them off-label.

See Physical dependence and Naltrexone

Nicotine

Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and Duboisia hopwoodii) and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic.

See Physical dependence and Nicotine

Nicotine withdrawal

Nicotine withdrawal is a group of symptoms that occur in the first few weeks after stopping or decreasing use of nicotine.

See Physical dependence and Nicotine withdrawal

Nonbenzodiazepine

Nonbenzodiazepines, sometimes referred to colloquially as Z-drugs (as many of their names begin with the letter "z"), are a class of psychoactive, depressant, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic drugs that are benzodiazepine-like in uses, such as for treating insomnia and anxiety.

See Physical dependence and Nonbenzodiazepine

Olanzapine

Olanzapine, sold under the brand name Zyprexa among others, is an atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

See Physical dependence and Olanzapine

Ondansetron

Ondansetron, sold under the brand name Zofran among others, is a medication used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy, migraines or surgery.

See Physical dependence and Ondansetron

Opioid

Opioids are a class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant.

See Physical dependence and Opioid

Opioid antagonist

An opioid antagonist, or opioid receptor antagonist, is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors.

See Physical dependence and Opioid antagonist

Oxcarbazepine

Oxcarbazepine, sold under the brand name Trileptal among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy. For epilepsy it is used for both focal seizures and generalized seizures. It has been used both alone and as add-on therapy in people with bipolar disorder who have had no success with other treatments.

See Physical dependence and Oxcarbazepine

Oxycodone

Oxycodone, sold under various brand names such as Roxicodone and OxyContin (which is the extended release form), is a semi-synthetic opioid used medically for treatment of moderate to severe pain.

See Physical dependence and Oxycodone

Phenibut

Phenibut, sold under the brand names Anvifen, Fenibut, and Noofen among others, is a central nervous system depressant with anxiolytic effects, and is used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and for a variety of other indications.

See Physical dependence and Phenibut

Phenobarbital

Phenobarbital, also known as phenobarbitone or phenobarb, sold under the brand name Luminal among others, is a medication of the barbiturate type.

See Physical dependence and Phenobarbital

Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome

Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) is a hypothesized set of persistent impairments that occur after withdrawal from alcohol, opiates, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and other substances.

See Physical dependence and Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome

Pregabalin

Pregabalin, sold under the brand name Lyrica among others, is an anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anxiolytic amino acid medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, restless legs syndrome, opioid withdrawal, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

See Physical dependence and Pregabalin

Propranolol

Propranolol, sold under the brand name Inderal among others, is a medication of the beta blocker class. It is used to treat high blood pressure, a number of types of irregular heart rate, thyrotoxicosis, capillary hemangiomas, performance anxiety, and essential tremors, as well to prevent migraine headaches, and to prevent further heart problems in those with angina or previous heart attacks.

See Physical dependence and Propranolol

Psychological dependence

Psychological dependence is a cognitive disorder that involves emotional–motivational withdrawal symptoms – such as anxiety or anhedonia – upon cessation of prolonged drug abuse or certain repetitive behaviors. Physical dependence and Psychological dependence are substance dependence.

See Physical dependence and Psychological dependence

Rebound effect

The rebound effect, or rebound phenomenon, is the emergence or re-emergence of symptoms that were either absent or controlled while taking a medication, but appear when that same medication is discontinued, or reduced in dosage.

See Physical dependence and Rebound effect

Relapse

In internal medicine, relapse or recidivism is a recurrence of a past (typically medical) condition. Physical dependence and relapse are substance dependence and substance-related disorders.

See Physical dependence and Relapse

Risperidone

Risperidone, sold under the brand name Risperdal among others, is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

See Physical dependence and Risperidone

Salvinorin A

Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum.

See Physical dependence and Salvinorin A

Secobarbital

Secobarbital (as the sodium salt, originally marketed by Eli Lilly and Company for the treatment of insomnia, and subsequently by other companies as described below, under the brand name Seconal) is a short-acting barbiturate derivative drug that was patented in 1934 in the United States.

See Physical dependence and Secobarbital

Seizure

A seizure is a period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

See Physical dependence and Seizure

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions.

See Physical dependence and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are a class of antidepressant medications used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, social phobia, chronic neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), and menopausal symptoms.

See Physical dependence and Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Sodium thiopental

Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic.

See Physical dependence and Sodium thiopental

Steroid

A steroid is an organic compound with four fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged in a specific molecular configuration.

See Physical dependence and Steroid

Substance abuse

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others. Physical dependence and Substance abuse are causes of death and substance-related disorders.

See Physical dependence and Substance abuse

Substance dependence

Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption of the drug. Physical dependence and substance dependence are substance-related disorders.

See Physical dependence and Substance dependence

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence

Also known as Chemical dependecy, Chemical dependence, Neuroadaption, Physical addiction, Physical dependant, Physical dependants, Physical dependency, Physically dependent, Physiological dependence.

, Κ-opioid receptor, Μ-opioid receptor, Lamotrigine, Ligand-gated ion channel, Loperamide, Lorazepam, Meprobamate, Metabotropic receptor, Methadone, Methaqualone, Morphine, Nalbuphine, Naltrexone, Nicotine, Nicotine withdrawal, Nonbenzodiazepine, Olanzapine, Ondansetron, Opioid, Opioid antagonist, Oxcarbazepine, Oxycodone, Phenibut, Phenobarbital, Post-acute-withdrawal syndrome, Pregabalin, Propranolol, Psychological dependence, Rebound effect, Relapse, Risperidone, Salvinorin A, Secobarbital, Seizure, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Sodium thiopental, Steroid, Substance abuse, Substance dependence, Thioridazine, Tiagabine, Tobacco, Topiramate, Tybamate, Valproate, Venlafaxine, Vigabatrin, Zolpidem, Zopiclone, 1,4-Butanediol.

Physical dependence, the Glossary

Table of Contents

References