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Porcelain, the Glossary

Index Porcelain

Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating raw materials, generally including kaolinite, in a kiln to temperatures between.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 240 relations: Aichi Prefecture, Alabaster, Aluminia, Arabia (brand), Arita, Saga, ASTM International, Augustus II the Strong, Aynsley China, Ball clay, Bát Tràng porcelain, Büchner funnel, Belleek Pottery, Bertrand Philip, Count of Gronsveld, Bing & Grøndahl, Biscuit (pottery), Biscuit porcelain, Blue and white pottery, Blue Ridge (dishware), Bone ash, Bone china, Bow porcelain factory, Brisbane, California, Bristol porcelain, Bushing (electrical), Cambrian Pottery, Capodimonte porcelain, Cast iron, Ceramic, Ceramic art, Ceramic glaze, Chantilly porcelain, Charles III of Spain, Chelsea porcelain factory, China stone, Chinese export porcelain, Coalport porcelain, Cobalt oxide, Cohesion (chemistry), Colditz, Columbia Encyclopedia, CoorsTek, Cornwall, Corrosion, Cowrie, Cozzi porcelain, Creamware, Czech Republic, Dakin Building, Dankotuwa Porcelain, Davenport Pottery, ... Expand index (190 more) »

  2. Dielectrics
  3. Materials with minor glass phase
  4. Tableware

Aichi Prefecture

is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū.

See Porcelain and Aichi Prefecture

Alabaster

Alabaster is a mineral and a soft rock used for carvings and as a source of plaster powder.

See Porcelain and Alabaster

Aluminia

Aluminia was a Danish factory of faience or earthenware pottery, established in Copenhagen in 1863.

See Porcelain and Aluminia

Arabia (brand)

Arabia was a Finnish ceramics company, founded in 1873 by Rörstrand, now owned by Fiskars.

See Porcelain and Arabia (brand)

Arita, Saga

is a town located in Nishimatsuura District, Saga Prefecture, Japan.

See Porcelain and Arita, Saga

ASTM International

ASTM International, formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials, is a standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical international standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems and services.

See Porcelain and ASTM International

Augustus II the Strong

Augustus II the Strong (12 May 1670 – 1 February 1733), was Elector of Saxony from 1694 as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1697 to 1706 and from 1709 until his death in 1733.

See Porcelain and Augustus II the Strong

Aynsley China

Aynsley China Ltd. was a British manufacturer of bone china tableware, giftware and commemorative items.

See Porcelain and Aynsley China

Ball clay

Ball clays are kaolinitic sedimentary clays that commonly consist of 20–80% kaolinite, 10–25% mica and 6–65% quartz, along with small amounts of organic matter (such as lignite) and trace amounts of other minerals such as pyrite and siderite. Porcelain and Ball clay are pottery.

See Porcelain and Ball clay

Bát Tràng porcelain

Bát Tràng porcelain and pottery is a type of ceramic made in the village of Bát Tràng, on the outskirts of Hanoi, Vietnam.

See Porcelain and Bát Tràng porcelain

Büchner funnel

A Büchner funnel is a piece of laboratory equipment used in filtration.

See Porcelain and Büchner funnel

Belleek Pottery

Belleek Pottery Ltd is a porcelain company that began trading in 1884 as the Belleek Pottery Works Company Ltd in Belleek, County Fermanagh, Ireland in what was to later become Northern Ireland.

See Porcelain and Belleek Pottery

Bertrand Philip, Count of Gronsveld

Bertrand Philip Sigismund Albrecht, Count of Gronsveld-van Diepenbroick-Impel (19 November 1715, Empel – 15 November 1772, Amsterdam) was a former Dutch envoy in Berlin to Frederick the Great.

See Porcelain and Bertrand Philip, Count of Gronsveld

Bing & Grøndahl

Bing & Grøndahl was a Danish porcelain manufacturer founded in 1853 by the sculptor Frederik Vilhelm Grøndahl and merchant brothers Meyer Hermann Bing and Jacob Herman Bing.

See Porcelain and Bing & Grøndahl

Biscuit (pottery)

Biscuit (also known as bisque) refers to any pottery that has been fired in a kiln without a ceramic glaze. Porcelain and Biscuit (pottery) are ceramic materials and pottery.

See Porcelain and Biscuit (pottery)

Biscuit porcelain

Biscuit porcelain, bisque porcelain or bisque is unglazed, white porcelain treated as a final product, with a matte appearance and texture to the touch. Porcelain and Biscuit porcelain are ceramic materials.

See Porcelain and Biscuit porcelain

Blue and white pottery

"Blue and white pottery" covers a wide range of white pottery and porcelain decorated under the glaze with a blue pigment, generally cobalt oxide.

See Porcelain and Blue and white pottery

Blue Ridge (dishware)

Blue Ridge is a brand and range of American tableware (dishware) manufactured by Southern Potteries Incorporated from the 1930s until 1957.

See Porcelain and Blue Ridge (dishware)

Bone ash

Bone ash is a white material produced by the calcination of bones.

See Porcelain and Bone ash

Bone china

Bone china is a type of vitreous, translucent pottery, the raw materials for which include bone ash, feldspathic material and kaolin. Porcelain and bone china are ceramic materials and pottery.

See Porcelain and Bone china

Bow porcelain factory

The Bow porcelain factory (active c. 1747–64 and closed in 1776) was an emulative rival of the Chelsea porcelain factory in the manufacture of early soft-paste porcelain in Great Britain.

See Porcelain and Bow porcelain factory

Brisbane, California

Brisbane (pron.) is a small city in San Mateo County, California, located on the lower slopes of the San Bruno Mountain.

See Porcelain and Brisbane, California

Bristol porcelain

Bristol porcelain covers porcelain made in Bristol, England by several companies in the 18th and 19th centuries.

See Porcelain and Bristol porcelain

Bushing (electrical)

In electric power, a bushing is a hollow electrical insulator that allows an electrical conductor to pass safely through a conducting barrier such as the case of a transformer or circuit breaker without making electrical contact with it.

See Porcelain and Bushing (electrical)

Cambrian Pottery

The Cambrian Pottery was founded in 1764 by William Coles in Swansea, Glamorganshire, Wales.

See Porcelain and Cambrian Pottery

Capodimonte porcelain

Capodimonte porcelain (sometimes "Capo di Monte") is porcelain created by the Capodimonte porcelain manufactory (Real Fabbrica di Capodimonte), which operated in Naples, Italy, between 1743 and 1759.

See Porcelain and Capodimonte porcelain

Cast iron

Cast iron is a class of iron–carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2% and silicon content around 1–3%. Porcelain and Cast iron are Chinese inventions.

See Porcelain and Cast iron

Ceramic

A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature.

See Porcelain and Ceramic

Ceramic art

Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay. Porcelain and ceramic art are pottery.

See Porcelain and Ceramic art

Ceramic glaze

Ceramic glaze, or simply glaze, is a glassy coating on ceramics. Porcelain and ceramic glaze are pottery.

See Porcelain and Ceramic glaze

Chantilly porcelain

Chantilly porcelain is French soft-paste porcelain produced between 1730 and 1800 by the manufactory of Chantilly in Oise, France.

See Porcelain and Chantilly porcelain

Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain in the years 1759 to 1788.

See Porcelain and Charles III of Spain

Chelsea porcelain factory

Chelsea porcelain is the porcelain made by the Chelsea porcelain manufactory, the first important porcelain manufactory in England, established around 1743–45, and operating independently until 1770, when it was merged with Derby porcelain.

See Porcelain and Chelsea porcelain factory

China stone

China stone (occasionally Cornish stone or Cornwall stone) is a medium grained, feldspar-rich partially kaolinised granite characterised by the absence of iron-bearing minerals.

See Porcelain and China stone

Chinese export porcelain

Chinese export porcelain includes a wide range of Chinese porcelain that was made (almost) exclusively for export to Europe and later to North America between the 16th and the 20th century.

See Porcelain and Chinese export porcelain

Coalport porcelain

Coalport, Shropshire, England was a centre of porcelain and pottery production between about 1795 ("inaccurately" claimed as 1750 by the company) and 1926, with the Coalport porcelain brand continuing to be used up to the present.

See Porcelain and Coalport porcelain

Cobalt oxide

Cobalt oxide is a family of chemical compounds consisting of cobalt and oxygen atoms.

See Porcelain and Cobalt oxide

Cohesion (chemistry)

In chemistry and physics, cohesion, also called cohesive attraction or cohesive force, is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive.

See Porcelain and Cohesion (chemistry)

Colditz

Colditz is a small town in the district of Leipzig, in Saxony, Germany.

See Porcelain and Colditz

Columbia Encyclopedia

The Columbia Encyclopedia is a one-volume encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and, in the last edition, sold by the Gale Group.

See Porcelain and Columbia Encyclopedia

CoorsTek

CoorsTek, Inc. is a privately owned manufacturer of technical ceramics for aerospace, automotive, chemical, electronics, medical, metallurgical, oil and gas, semiconductor and many other industries.

See Porcelain and CoorsTek

Cornwall

Cornwall (Kernow;; or) is a ceremonial county in South West England.

See Porcelain and Cornwall

Corrosion

Corrosion is a natural process that converts a refined metal into a more chemically stable oxide.

See Porcelain and Corrosion

Cowrie

Cowrie or cowry is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails in the family Cypraeidae.

See Porcelain and Cowrie

Cozzi porcelain

Cozzi porcelain is porcelain made by the Cozzi factory in Venice, which operated between 1764 and 1812.

See Porcelain and Cozzi porcelain

Creamware

Creamware is a cream-coloured refined earthenware with a lead glaze over a pale body, known in France as faïence fine, in the Netherlands as Engels porselein, and in Italy as terraglia inglese.

See Porcelain and Creamware

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See Porcelain and Czech Republic

Dakin Building

The Dakin Building is an architectural award-winning class A office building on the San Francisco Bay in Brisbane, California.

See Porcelain and Dakin Building

Dankotuwa Porcelain

Dankotuwa Porcelain PLC is a porcelain tableware manufacturing company based in Dankotuwa, Sri Lanka.

See Porcelain and Dankotuwa Porcelain

Davenport Pottery

Davenport Pottery was an English earthenware and porcelain manufacturer based in Longport, Staffordshire.

See Porcelain and Davenport Pottery

David Battie

David Battie FRSA (born 22 October 1942) is a British retired expert on ceramics, specialising in Japanese and Chinese artefacts.

See Porcelain and David Battie

De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles

The Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles N.V. (trading publicly as Royal Delft) is a Dutch manufacturer of Delft Blue earthenware, headquartered in Delft, the Netherlands.

See Porcelain and De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles

Delftware

Delftware or Delft pottery, also known as Delft Blue (Delfts blauw) or as delf, is a general term now used for Dutch tin-glazed earthenware, a form of faience.

See Porcelain and Delftware

Dental porcelain

Dental porcelain (also known as dental ceramic) is a dental material used by dental technicians to create biocompatible lifelike dental restorations, such as crowns, bridges, and veneers.

See Porcelain and Dental porcelain

Ding ware

Ding ware, Ting ware or Dingyao are Chinese ceramics, mostly porcelain, that were produced in the prefecture of Dingzhou (formerly romanized as "Ting-chou") in Hebei in northern China.

See Porcelain and Ding ware

Dmitry Vinogradov

Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov (Дмитрий Иванович Виноградов; 1720 –) was a Russian chemist who developed Russian hard-paste porcelain; he was the founder of the Imperial Porcelain Factory.

See Porcelain and Dmitry Vinogradov

Doccia porcelain

The Doccia porcelain manufactory, at Doccia, a frazione of Sesto Fiorentino, near Florence, was in theory founded in 1735 by marchese Carlo Ginori near his villa, though it does not appear to have produced wares for sale until 1746.

See Porcelain and Doccia porcelain

Dragon kiln

A dragon kiln or "climbing kiln", is a traditional Chinese form of kiln, used for Chinese ceramics, especially in southern China. Porcelain and dragon kiln are Chinese inventions.

See Porcelain and Dragon kiln

Dresden

Dresden (Upper Saxon: Dräsdn; Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and it is the second most populous city after Leipzig.

See Porcelain and Dresden

Dubí

Dubí (Eichwald) is a spa town in Teplice District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic.

See Porcelain and Dubí

Dulyovo porcelain works

Dulyovo porcelain works is a Russian porcelain manufacturer based in the Moscow Oblast.

See Porcelain and Dulyovo porcelain works

Dutch East India Company

The United East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, abbreviated as VOC), commonly known as the Dutch East India Company, was a chartered trading company and one of the first joint-stock companies in the world.

See Porcelain and Dutch East India Company

Earthenware

Earthenware is glazed or unglazed nonvitreous pottery that has normally been fired below. Porcelain and Earthenware are ceramic materials and pottery.

See Porcelain and Earthenware

Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus

Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus (or Tschirnhauß,; 10 April 1651 – 11 October 1708) was a German mathematician, physicist, physician, and philosopher.

See Porcelain and Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus

Elasticity (physics)

In physics and materials science, elasticity is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed.

See Porcelain and Elasticity (physics)

Electorate of Saxony

The Electorate of Saxony, also known as Electoral Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen or), was a territory of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806.

See Porcelain and Electorate of Saxony

Elizabeth of Russia

Elizabeth or Elizaveta Petrovna (Елизаве́та Петро́вна) was Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762.

See Porcelain and Elizabeth of Russia

Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

See Porcelain and Encyclopædia Britannica

Evaporating dish

An evaporating dish is a piece of laboratory glassware used for the evaporation of solutions and supernatant liquids, and sometimes to their melting point.

See Porcelain and Evaporating dish

Faience

Faience or faïence is the general English language term for fine tin-glazed pottery. Porcelain and Faience are pottery.

See Porcelain and Faience

Feldspar

Feldspar (sometimes spelled felspar) is a group of rock-forming aluminium tectosilicate minerals, also containing other cations such as sodium, calcium, potassium, or barium.

See Porcelain and Feldspar

Figgjo (company)

Figgjo AS is a Norwegian ceramics manufacturing company based in Figgjo in the municipality of Sandnes, Norway.

See Porcelain and Figgjo (company)

Figurine

A figurine (a diminutive form of the word figure) or statuette is a small, three-dimensional sculpture that represents a human, deity or animal, or, in practice, a pair or small group of them.

See Porcelain and Figurine

Fiskars

Fiskars Group (natively Fiskars Oyj Abp, formerly Fiskars Oy Ab until 1998), is a Finnish consumer goods company founded in 1649 in Fiskars, a locality now in the town of Raseborg, Finland, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of Helsinki.

See Porcelain and Fiskars

Florence

Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.

See Porcelain and Florence

François Xavier d'Entrecolles

François Xavier d'Entrecolles (1664 in Lyon – 1741 in Beijing; Chinese name: 殷弘绪, Yin Hongxu) was a French Jesuit priest, who learned the Chinese technique of manufacturing porcelain through his investigations in China at Jingdezhen with the help of Chinese Catholic converts between 1712 and 1722, during the rule of the Kangxi Emperor.

See Porcelain and François Xavier d'Entrecolles

Franciscan Ceramics

Franciscan Ceramics are ceramic tableware and tile products produced by Gladding, McBean & Co. in Los Angeles, California, US from 1934 to 1962, International Pipe and Ceramics (Interpace) from 1962 to 1979, and Wedgwood from 1979 to 1983.

See Porcelain and Franciscan Ceramics

Franz-porcelains

Franz Collection is a Taiwanese porcelain brand named after the founder's German name "Franz".

See Porcelain and Franz-porcelains

Frit

A frit is a ceramic composition that has been fused, quenched, and granulated. Porcelain and frit are ceramic materials.

See Porcelain and Frit

Galleria Sabauda

The Savoy Gallery (Galleria Sabauda) is an art collection in the Italian city of Turin, which contains the royal art collections amassed by the House of Savoy over the centuries.

See Porcelain and Galleria Sabauda

Glass

Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid. Porcelain and Glass are Dielectrics.

See Porcelain and Glass

Goss crested china

Goss crested china is typically in the form of small white glazed porcelain models, made from 1858 to 1939, carrying the coat of arms of the place where they were sold as a souvenir, thus being a form of model heraldic china.

See Porcelain and Goss crested china

Guinness World Records

Guinness World Records, known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records, is a British reference book published annually, listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world.

See Porcelain and Guinness World Records

Gustavsberg porcelain

Gustavsberg is a Swedish porcelain company that originated in 1826.

See Porcelain and Gustavsberg porcelain

Gzhel

Gzhel (Russian: Гжель, IPA) is a Russian style of blue and white ceramics which takes its name from the village of Gzhel and surrounding area, where it has been produced since 1802.

See Porcelain and Gzhel

Gzhel (selo), Moscow Oblast

Gzhel (p) is a rural locality (a selo) in Ramensky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located southeast from the center of Moscow.

See Porcelain and Gzhel (selo), Moscow Oblast

Han dynasty

The Han dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu.

See Porcelain and Han dynasty

Handa, Aichi

is a city located in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

See Porcelain and Handa, Aichi

Hard-paste porcelain

Hard-paste porcelain, sometimes called "true porcelain", is a ceramic material that was originally made from a compound of the feldspathic rock petuntse and kaolin fired at a very high temperature, usually around 1400 °C. Porcelain and Hard-paste porcelain are ceramic materials.

See Porcelain and Hard-paste porcelain

Hardness

In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to plastic deformation, such as an indentation (over an area) or a scratch (linear), induced mechanically either by pressing or abrasion.

See Porcelain and Hardness

Haviland & Co.

Haviland & Co. is a manufacturer of Limoges porcelain in France, begun in the 1840s by the American Haviland family, importers of porcelain to the US, which has always been the main market.

See Porcelain and Haviland & Co.

Herend Porcelain Manufactory

The Herend Porcelain Manufactory (Hungarian: Herendi Porcelánmanufaktúra Zrt.) is a Hungarian manufacturing company, specializing in luxury hand-painted and gilded porcelain.

See Porcelain and Herend Porcelain Manufactory

Herrebøe Faience Factory

Herrebøe faience factory (Herrebøefabrikken) was a faience manufacture located in Idd, (now Halden), Norway.

See Porcelain and Herrebøe Faience Factory

Hirado ware

is a type of Japanese porcelain mostly made at kilns at Mikawachi, Sasebo, Nagasaki, and it is therefore also known as.

See Porcelain and Hirado ware

Hollóháza Porcelain Manufactory

Hollóháza porcelain is produced by the Porcelain Manufactory of Hollóháza, Hungary.

See Porcelain and Hollóháza Porcelain Manufactory

Horní Slavkov

Horní Slavkov (Schlaggenwald) is a town in Sokolov District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic.

See Porcelain and Horní Slavkov

Imari ware

is a Western term for a brightly-coloured style of Japanese export porcelain made in the area of Arita, in the former Hizen Province, northwestern Kyūshū.

See Porcelain and Imari ware

Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg

The Imperial Porcelain Factory (Imperatorskii Farforovyi Zavod), also known as the Imperial Porcelain Manufactory (abbreviated as IPM), is a producer of hand-painted ceramics in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

See Porcelain and Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg

Industrial mineral

Industrial resources (minerals) are geological materials that are mined for their commercial value, which are not fuel (fuel minerals or mineral fuels) and are not sources of metals (metallic minerals) but are used in the industries based on their physical and/or chemical properties.

See Porcelain and Industrial mineral

Industrial porcelain enamel

Industrial porcelain enamel (also known as glass lining, glass-lined steel, or glass fused to steel) is the use of porcelain enamel (also known as vitreous enamel) for industrial, rather than artistic, applications.

See Porcelain and Industrial porcelain enamel

Inkerpor

Inkerpor d.o.o. is Croatian porcelain manufacturer based in Zaprešić.

See Porcelain and Inkerpor

Inlay

Inlay covers a range of techniques in sculpture and the decorative arts for inserting pieces of contrasting, often colored materials into depressions in a base object to form ornament or pictures that normally are flush with the matrix.

See Porcelain and Inlay

Insulator (electricity)

An electrical insulator is a material in which electric current does not flow freely.

See Porcelain and Insulator (electricity)

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.

See Porcelain and Japan

Japanese export porcelain

Japanese export porcelain includes a wide range of porcelain that was made and decorated in Japan primarily for export to Europe and later to North America, with significant quantities going to south and southeastern Asian markets.

See Porcelain and Japanese export porcelain

Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

The Japanese invasions of Korea, commonly known as the Imjin War, involved two separate yet linked invasions: an initial invasion in 1592, a brief truce in 1596, and a second invasion in 1597.

See Porcelain and Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)

Japanese pottery and porcelain

is one of the oldest Japanese crafts and art forms, dating back to the Neolithic period.

See Porcelain and Japanese pottery and porcelain

Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

See Porcelain and Jesuits

Jingdezhen porcelain

Jingdezhen porcelain is Chinese porcelain produced in or near Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province in southern China.

See Porcelain and Jingdezhen porcelain

Joannes de Mol

Joannes de Mol (September 15, 1726 – November 22, 1782) was a Dutch minister, Patriot and porcelain manufacturer in the second half of the 18th century.

See Porcelain and Joannes de Mol

Johann Friedrich Böttger

Johann Friedrich Böttger (also Böttcher or Böttiger; 4 February 1682 – 13 March 1719) was a German alchemist.

See Porcelain and Johann Friedrich Böttger

Joseon

Joseon, officially Great Joseon State, was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years.

See Porcelain and Joseon

Joseph Needham

Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham (9 December 1900 – 24 March 1995) was a British biochemist, historian of science and sinologist known for his scientific research and writing on the history of Chinese science and technology, initiating publication of the multivolume Science and Civilisation in China.

See Porcelain and Joseph Needham

Josiah Spode

Josiah Spode (23 March 1733 – 18 August 1797) was an English potter and the founder of the English Spode pottery works which became famous for the high quality of its wares.

See Porcelain and Josiah Spode

JPMorgan Chase Building (Houston)

The JPMorgan Chase Building, formerly the Gulf Building, is a 37-story Art Deco skyscraper in downtown Houston, Texas.

See Porcelain and JPMorgan Chase Building (Houston)

Kakiemon

is a style of Japanese porcelain, with overglaze decoration called "enameled" ceramics.

See Porcelain and Kakiemon

Kaolinite

Kaolinite (also called kaolin) is a clay mineral, with the chemical composition: Al2Si2O5(OH)4.

See Porcelain and Kaolinite

Kastrup Værk

Kastrup Værk (English: Kastrup Works) was a pottery and tile works in Kastrup, now a suburb of Copenhagen, on the Danish island of Amager.

See Porcelain and Kastrup Værk

Kiln

A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes.

See Porcelain and Kiln

Klášterec nad Ohří

Klášterec nad Ohří (Klösterle an der Eger) is a town in Chomutov District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic.

See Porcelain and Klášterec nad Ohří

Korea.net

Korea.net or KOREA.net is the official web portal of the South Korean government.

See Porcelain and Korea.net

Le Nove porcelain

Le Nove porcelain was made in the 18th century in the town now called Nove, near Bassano, then in the Republic of Venice's mainland territories, the terrafirma.

See Porcelain and Le Nove porcelain

Lenox (company)

Lenox Corporation is an American manufacturing company that sells tableware, giftware, and collectible products under the Lenox, Dansk, Reed & Barton, Gorham, and Oneida brands.

See Porcelain and Lenox (company)

Likino-Dulyovo

Likino-Dulyovo (Ликино́-Дулёво) is a town in Orekhovo-Zuyevsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, located northeast of Moscow.

See Porcelain and Likino-Dulyovo

Limoges porcelain

Limoges porcelain is hard-paste porcelain produced by factories in and around the city of Limoges, France, beginning in the late 18th century, by any manufacturer.

See Porcelain and Limoges porcelain

List of Polish monarchs

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries).

See Porcelain and List of Polish monarchs

Liverpool porcelain

Liverpool porcelain is mostly of the soft-paste porcelain type and was produced between about 1754 and 1804 in various factories in Liverpool.

See Porcelain and Liverpool porcelain

Longquan celadon

Longquan celadon (龙泉青瓷) is a type of green-glazed Chinese ceramic, known in the West as celadon or greenware, produced from about 950 to 1550.

See Porcelain and Longquan celadon

Lotus Ware

Lotus Ware is a type of porcelain produced from approximately 1892 to 1896 at the Knowles, Taylor & Knowles (KT&K) pottery of East Liverpool, Ohio, United States.

See Porcelain and Lotus Ware

Lowestoft Porcelain Factory

The Lowestoft Porcelain Factory was a soft-paste porcelain factory on Crown Street (then Bell Lane) in Lowestoft, Suffolk, England, which was active from 1757 to 1802.

See Porcelain and Lowestoft Porcelain Factory

Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

See Porcelain and Madrid

Malaysia

Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia.

See Porcelain and Malaysia

Manifattura Italiana Porcellane Artistiche Fabris

The Manifattura Italiana Porcellane Artistiche Fabris was created by sculptor Luigi Fabris from Bassano del Grappa who, after acquiring Raffaele Passarin's pottery factory in Bassano, made the ceramic facade of Grand Hotel Ausonia & Hungaria at Lido di Venezia, which was finished in 1916.

See Porcelain and Manifattura Italiana Porcellane Artistiche Fabris

Manufacture nationale de Sèvres

The Manufacture nationale de Sèvres is one of the principal European porcelain factories.

See Porcelain and Manufacture nationale de Sèvres

Marco Polo

Marco Polo (8 January 1324) was a Venetian merchant, explorer and writer who travelled through Asia along the Silk Road between 1271 and 1295.

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Marketing

Marketing is the act of satisfying and retaining customers.

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Medici porcelain

Medici porcelain was the first successful attempt in Europe to make imitations of Chinese porcelain, though it was soft-paste porcelain rather than the hard-paste made in Asia.

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Meissen

Meissen (Meißen), is a town of approximately 30,000 about northwest of Dresden on both banks of the Elbe river in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany.

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Meissen porcelain

Meissen porcelain or Meissen china was the first European hard-paste porcelain.

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Mennecy

Mennecy is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

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Mennecy-Villeroy porcelain

Mennecy-Villeroy porcelain (or Mennecy porcelain) is a French soft-paste porcelain from the manufactory established under the patronage of Louis-François-Anne de Neufville, duc de Villeroy (1695–1766) and—from 1748—housed in outbuildings ("les petites maisons") in the park of his château de Villeroy, and in the nearby village of Mennecy (Île-de-France).

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Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City.

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Ming dynasty

The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

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Mintons

Mintons was a major company in Staffordshire pottery, "Europe's leading ceramic factory during the Victorian era", an independent business from 1793 to 1968.

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Mullite

Mullite or porcelainite is a rare silicate mineral formed during contact metamorphism of clay minerals.

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Museo di Capodimonte

Museo di Capodimonte is an art museum located in the Palace of Capodimonte, a grand Bourbon palazzo in Naples, Italy designed by Giovanni Antonio Medrano.

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Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.

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Nabeshima ware

is a type of Japanese pottery, specifically an unusually high-quality porcelain.

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Nanjing

Nanjing is the capital of Jiangsu province in eastern China. The city has 11 districts, an administrative area of, and a population of 9,423,400. Situated in the Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having served as the capital of various Chinese dynasties, kingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to 1949, and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to one of the world's largest inland ports.

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Nantgarw China Works

The Nantgarw China Works was a porcelain factory, later making other types of pottery, located in Nantgarw on the eastern bank of the Glamorganshire Canal, north of Cardiff in the River Taff valley, Glamorganshire, Wales.

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Naples

Naples (Napoli; Napule) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's administrative limits as of 2022.

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Narumi

is a Japanese word for "the roaring of the sea".

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Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity.

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Nepheline syenite

Nepheline syenite is a holocrystalline plutonic rock that consists largely of nepheline and alkali feldspar.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

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Niterra

is a public company established in 1936 and based in Nagoya, Japan.

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Noritake

, commonly known as "Noritake," is a tableware and technology company headquartered in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

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Nové Sedlo (Sokolov District)

Nové Sedlo (Neusattl) is a town in Sokolov District in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic.

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Oksana Zhnikrup

Oksana Leontiyivna Zhnikrup (1931 – 1993) was a Ukrainian ceramicist, whose works are held in the collection of the National Folk Decorative Art Museum.

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Overglaze decoration

Overglaze decoration, overglaze enamelling, or on-glaze decoration, is a method of decorating pottery, most often porcelain, where the coloured decoration is applied on top of the already fired and glazed surface, and then fixed in a second firing at a relatively low temperature, often in a muffle kiln.

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Oxford English Dictionary

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house.

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P. Ipsens Enke

P.

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Patent

A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention.

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Permeability (materials science)

Permeability in fluid mechanics, materials science and Earth sciences (commonly symbolized as k) is a measure of the ability of a porous material (often, a rock or an unconsolidated material) to allow fluids to pass through it.

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Peter the Great

Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.

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Petuntse

Petuntse (from), also spelled petunse and bai dunzi, baidunzi, is a historic term for a wide range of micaceous or feldspathic rocks. Porcelain and Petuntse are ceramic materials.

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Philippines

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.

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Physical property

A physical property is any property of a physical system that is measurable.

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Pickard China

Pickard China is an American porcelain decorating and manufacturing company in Antioch, Illinois, United States.

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Plasticity (physics)

In physics and materials science, plasticity (also known as plastic deformation) is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation, a non-reversible change of shape in response to applied forces.

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Plymouth porcelain

Plymouth porcelain was the first English hard paste porcelain, made in the county of Devon from 1768 to 1770.

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Porcelain manufacturing companies in Europe

Porcelain manufacturing companies are firms which manufacture porcelain.

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Porcelain Tower of Nanjing

The Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, part of the former Great Bao'en Temple, is a historical site located on the south bank of external Qinhuai River in Nanjing, China.

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Porcelænshaven

Porcelænshaven in the Frederiksberg district of Copenhagen, Denmark, is the former premises of the Royal Porcelain Manufactury, an industrial complex dating from the 1880s which was converted into a mixed-use neighbourhood in the 2000s.

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Porsgrund Porcelain Factory

Porsgrund Porcelain Factory (Porsgrunds Porselænsfabrik, abbreviated PP) is a porcelain flatware company located at Porsgrunn in Telemark county, Norway.

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Portmeirion Pottery

Portmeirion is a British pottery company based in Stoke-on-Trent, England.

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Pottery

Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form.

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Putty

Putty is a material with high plasticity, similar in texture to clay or dough, typically used in domestic construction and repair as a sealant or filler.

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Quartz

Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). Porcelain and Quartz are Dielectrics.

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Rörstrand

Rörstrand porcelain was one of the most famous Swedish porcelain manufacturers, with production initially at Karlbergskanalen in Birkastan in Stockholm.

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Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro

Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro (popularly called La China; "Royal Buen Retiro Porcelain Factory"; alternatively, Real Fábrica de Porcelana del Buen Retiro) was a porcelain manufacturing factory in Spain.

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Resonance

In physics, resonance refers to a wide class of phenomena that arise as a result of matching temporal or spatial periods of oscillatory objects.

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Revol Porcelaine

Revol Porcelaine S.A. was founded in 1768 by brothers Joseph-Marie and François Revol in France's Rhone Valley, where they discovered a deposit of white kaolin.

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Rockingham Pottery

The Rockingham Pottery was a 19th-century manufacturer of porcelain of international repute, supplying fine wares and ornamental pieces to royalty and the aristocracy in Britain and overseas, as well as manufacturing porcelain and earthenware items for ordinary use.

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Rose Kerr (art historian)

Rose Kerr (born February 1953) is an English art historian specializing in Chinese art, especially Chinese ceramics, on which she has written a number of books.

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Rouen

Rouen is a city on the River Seine in northern France.

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Royal Academy of Arts

The Royal Academy of Arts (RA) is an art institution based in Burlington House in Piccadilly in London, England.

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Royal Copenhagen

Royal Copenhagen, officially the Royal Porcelain Factory (Den Kongelige Porcelænsfabrik), is a Danish manufacturer of porcelain products and was founded in Copenhagen in 1775 under the protection of Danish Dowager Queen Juliane Marie.

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Royal Crown Derby

The Royal Crown Derby Porcelain Company is the oldest or second oldest remaining English porcelain manufacturer, based in Derby, England (disputed by Royal Worcester, who claim 1751 as their year of establishment).

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Royal Doulton

Royal Doulton is an English ceramic and home accessories manufacturer that was founded in 1815.

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Royal Palace of Aranjuez

The Royal Palace of Aranjuez (Palacio Real de Aranjuez) is one of the official residences of the Spanish royal family.

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Royal Palace of Madrid

The Royal Palace of Madrid (Palacio Real de Madrid) is the official residence of the Spanish royal family at the city of Madrid, although now used only for state ceremonies.

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Royal Selangor

Royal Selangor International Sdn Bhd (doing business as Royal Selangor) is a Malaysian pewter manufacturer and retailer, the largest of its type in the world.

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Royal Society

The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences.

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Royal Worcester

Royal Worcester is a porcelain brand based in Worcester, England.

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Rudolf Kämpf

Rudolf Kämpf is a porcelain manufacturer in the Czech Republic.

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Saint-Cloud porcelain

Saint-Cloud porcelain was a type of soft-paste porcelain produced in the French town of Saint-Cloud from the late 17th to the mid 18th century.

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Saxony

Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic.

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Sesto Fiorentino

Sesto Fiorentino, known locally as just Sesto, is a commune in the Metropolitan City of Florence, Tuscany, central Italy.

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Shang dynasty

The Shang dynasty, also known as the Yin dynasty, was a Chinese royal dynasty that ruled in the Yellow River valley during the second millennium BC, traditionally succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Western Zhou dynasty.

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Silicon dioxide

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, commonly found in nature as quartz. Porcelain and silicon dioxide are ceramic materials.

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.

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Silla

Silla (Old Korean: 徐羅伐, Yale: Syerapel, RR: Seorabeol; IPA), was a Korean kingdom that existed between 57 BCE – 935 CE and located on the southern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula.

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Soapstone

Soapstone (also known as steatite or soaprock) is a talc-schist, which is a type of metamorphic rock. Porcelain and Soapstone are ceramic materials and Dielectrics.

See Porcelain and Soapstone

Soft-paste porcelain

Soft-paste porcelain (sometimes simply "soft paste", or "artificial porcelain") is a type of ceramic material in pottery, usually accepted as a type of porcelain. Porcelain and Soft-paste porcelain are ceramic materials and pottery.

See Porcelain and Soft-paste porcelain

Soil mechanics

Soil mechanics is a branch of soil physics and applied mechanics that describes the behavior of soils.

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Song dynasty

The Song dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279.

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Spode

Spode is an English brand of pottery and homewares produced in Stoke-on-Trent, England.

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Stavangerflint

Stavangerflint AS was an earthenware factory that was in operation from 1949 until 1979 in Stavanger, Norway.

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Stoneware

Stoneware is a broad term for pottery fired at a relatively high temperature. Porcelain and Stoneware are ceramic materials, pottery and tableware.

See Porcelain and Stoneware

Strength of materials

The field of strength of materials (also called mechanics of materials) typically refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts.

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Sui dynasty

The Sui dynasty was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618.

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Tableware

Tableware items are the dishware and utensils used for setting a table, serving food, and dining. Porcelain and Tableware are pottery.

See Porcelain and Tableware

Taldom

Taldom (Та́лдом) is a town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located north of Moscow, on a suburban railway connecting Moscow to Savyolovo.

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Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty (唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.

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The Travels of Marco Polo

Book of the Marvels of the World (Italian:, lit. 'The Million', possibly derived from Polo's nickname "Emilione"), in English commonly called The Travels of Marco Polo, is a 13th-century travelogue written down by Rustichello da Pisa from stories told by Italian explorer Marco Polo.

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Thermal shock

Thermal shock is a phenomenon characterized by a rapid change in temperature that results in a transient mechanical load on an object.

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Tin-glazed pottery

Tin-glazed pottery is earthenware covered in lead glaze with added tin oxide which is white, shiny and opaque (see tin-glazing for the chemistry); usually this provides a background for brightly painted decoration. Porcelain and tin-glazed pottery are pottery.

See Porcelain and Tin-glazed pottery

Transparency and translucency

In the field of optics, transparency (also called pellucidity or diaphaneity) is the physical property of allowing light to pass through the material without appreciable scattering of light.

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Turin

Turin (Torino) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in Northern Italy.

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Turquoise

Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula.

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Underglaze

Underglaze is a method of decorating pottery in which painted decoration is applied to the surface before it is covered with a transparent ceramic glaze and fired in a kiln.

See Porcelain and Underglaze

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

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Verbilki

Verbilki (Вербилки) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of oblast significance of Taldom in Moscow Oblast, Russia.

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Vezzi porcelain

Vezzi porcelain is porcelain made by the Vezzi porcelain factory in Venice, Italy, established in 1720 by the Vezzi family.

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Vienna porcelain

Vienna porcelain is the product of the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory (German: Kaiserlich privilegierte Porcellain Fabrique), a porcelain manufacturer in Alsergrund in Vienna, Austria.

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Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten

The Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten (German: Wiener Porzellanmanufaktur Augarten) is a porcelain manufactory located in Vienna, Austria.

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Vincennes porcelain

The Vincennes porcelain manufactory was established in 1740 in the disused royal Château de Vincennes, in Vincennes, east of Paris, which was from the start the main market for its wares.

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Vista Alegre (company)

Vista Alegre is a luxury Portuguese porcelain manufacturer located in Ílhavo in the district of Aveiro, Portugal.

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Vitreous enamel

Vitreous enamel, also called porcelain enamel, is a material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing, usually between. Porcelain and Vitreous enamel are pottery.

See Porcelain and Vitreous enamel

Wedgwood

Wedgwood is an English fine china, porcelain and luxury accessories manufacturer that was founded on 1 May 1759 by the potter and entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood and was first incorporated in 1895 as Josiah Wedgwood and Sons Ltd.

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William Cookworthy

He was born of Quaker parents in Kingsbridge, Devon on 12 April 1705.

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William Watson (sinologist)

William Watson (–) was a British art historian who was Professor of Chinese art and archaeology at the University of London.

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Xing ware

Xing ware or Xingyao is a type of Chinese ceramics produced in Hebei province in north China, most notably during the Tang dynasty.

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Yixing ware

Yixing clay is a type of clay from the region near the city of Yixing in Jiangsu Province, China, used in Chinese pottery since the Song dynasty (960–1279) when Yixing clay was first mined around China's Lake Tai.

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Yongle Emperor

The Yongle Emperor (2 May 136012 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di, was the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424.

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Yuan dynasty

The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan (Mongolian:, Yeke Yuwan Ulus, literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its ''de facto'' division.

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Zsolnay

Zsolnay, or formally Zsolnay Porcelánmanufaktúra Zrt (Zsolnay Porcelain Manufactory Private Limited) is a Hungarian manufacturer of porcelain, tiles, and stoneware.

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See also

Dielectrics

Materials with minor glass phase

Tableware

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain

Also known as China (material), China (porcelain), China (pottery), China plate, China plates, Porcelain china, Porcelain manufacturer, Porcelan, Porcelein, Porcelin.

, David Battie, De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles, Delftware, Dental porcelain, Ding ware, Dmitry Vinogradov, Doccia porcelain, Dragon kiln, Dresden, Dubí, Dulyovo porcelain works, Dutch East India Company, Earthenware, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, Elasticity (physics), Electorate of Saxony, Elizabeth of Russia, Encyclopædia Britannica, Evaporating dish, Faience, Feldspar, Figgjo (company), Figurine, Fiskars, Florence, François Xavier d'Entrecolles, Franciscan Ceramics, Franz-porcelains, Frit, Galleria Sabauda, Glass, Goss crested china, Guinness World Records, Gustavsberg porcelain, Gzhel, Gzhel (selo), Moscow Oblast, Han dynasty, Handa, Aichi, Hard-paste porcelain, Hardness, Haviland & Co., Herend Porcelain Manufactory, Herrebøe Faience Factory, Hirado ware, Hollóháza Porcelain Manufactory, Horní Slavkov, Imari ware, Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg, Industrial mineral, Industrial porcelain enamel, Inkerpor, Inlay, Insulator (electricity), Japan, Japanese export porcelain, Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), Japanese pottery and porcelain, Jesuits, Jingdezhen porcelain, Joannes de Mol, Johann Friedrich Böttger, Joseon, Joseph Needham, Josiah Spode, JPMorgan Chase Building (Houston), Kakiemon, Kaolinite, Kastrup Værk, Kiln, Klášterec nad Ohří, Korea.net, Le Nove porcelain, Lenox (company), Likino-Dulyovo, Limoges porcelain, List of Polish monarchs, Liverpool porcelain, Longquan celadon, Lotus Ware, Lowestoft Porcelain Factory, Madrid, Malaysia, Manifattura Italiana Porcellane Artistiche Fabris, Manufacture nationale de Sèvres, Marco Polo, Marketing, Medici porcelain, Meissen, Meissen porcelain, Mennecy, Mennecy-Villeroy porcelain, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ming dynasty, Mintons, Mullite, Museo di Capodimonte, Muslim world, Nabeshima ware, Nanjing, Nantgarw China Works, Naples, Narumi, Neoclassicism, Nepheline syenite, Netherlands, Niterra, Noritake, Nové Sedlo (Sokolov District), Oksana Zhnikrup, Overglaze decoration, Oxford English Dictionary, P. Ipsens Enke, Patent, Permeability (materials science), Peter the Great, Petuntse, Philippines, Physical property, Pickard China, Plasticity (physics), Plymouth porcelain, Porcelain manufacturing companies in Europe, Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, Porcelænshaven, Porsgrund Porcelain Factory, Portmeirion Pottery, Pottery, Putty, Quartz, Rörstrand, Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro, Resonance, Revol Porcelaine, Rockingham Pottery, Rose Kerr (art historian), Rouen, Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Copenhagen, Royal Crown Derby, Royal Doulton, Royal Palace of Aranjuez, Royal Palace of Madrid, Royal Selangor, Royal Society, Royal Worcester, Rudolf Kämpf, Saint-Cloud porcelain, Saxony, Sesto Fiorentino, Shang dynasty, Silicon dioxide, Silk Road, Silla, Soapstone, Soft-paste porcelain, Soil mechanics, Song dynasty, Spode, Stavangerflint, Stoneware, Strength of materials, Sui dynasty, Tableware, Taldom, Tang dynasty, The Travels of Marco Polo, Thermal shock, Tin-glazed pottery, Transparency and translucency, Turin, Turquoise, Underglaze, United Arab Emirates, United States, Venice, Verbilki, Vezzi porcelain, Vienna porcelain, Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten, Vincennes porcelain, Vista Alegre (company), Vitreous enamel, Wedgwood, William Cookworthy, William Watson (sinologist), Xing ware, Yixing ware, Yongle Emperor, Yuan dynasty, Zsolnay.