Gaul, the Glossary
Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.[1]
Table of Contents
196 relations: *Walhaz, Aedui, Alans, Allobroges, Ambiorix, Ancient Greece, Anglesey, Animism, Aquila (Roman), Aquitani, Archaeogenetics, Archaeological culture, Armorica, Arverni, Asterix, Austria, Autun, Avaricum, Battle of Alesia, Battle of Autun (532), Battle of Gergovia, Battle of Soissons (486), Battle of Vouillé, Belgae, Belgium, Bibracte, Bituitus, BnF Museum, Bog body, Bohemia, Bourges, Braccae, Brennus (leader of the Senones), Brittany, Brittonic languages, Bronze Age Britain, Bronze Age Europe, Catalan language, Celtic languages, Celts, Cenabum, Chartres, Cimbri, Cisalpine Gaul, Civitas, Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib, Cognate, Colonia (Roman), Commentarii de Bello Gallico, Constitutio Antoniniana, ... Expand index (146 more) »
*Walhaz
*Walhaz is a reconstructed Proto-Germanic word meaning 'foreigner', or more specifically 'Roman', 'Romance-speaker' or '(romanized) Celt', and survives in the English words of 'Wales/Welsh' and 'Cornwall.' The term was used by the ancient Germanic peoples to describe inhabitants of the former Roman Empire, who were largely romanised and spoke Latin languages (cf.
See Gaul and *Walhaz
Aedui
The Aedui or Haedui (Gaulish: *Aiduoi, 'the Ardent'; Aἴδουοι) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in what is now the region of Burgundy during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
See Gaul and Aedui
Alans
The Alans (Latin: Alani) were an ancient and medieval Iranic nomadic pastoral people who migrated to what is today North Caucasus – while some continued on to Europe and later North-Africa.
See Gaul and Alans
Allobroges
The Allobroges (Gaulish: *Allobrogis, 'foreigner, exiled'; Ἀλλοβρίγων, Ἀλλόβριγες) were a Gallic people dwelling in a large territory between the Rhône river and the Alps during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
Ambiorix
Ambiorix (Gaulish "king of the surroundings", or "king-protector") (54–53 BC) was, together with Cativolcus, prince of the Eburones, leader of a Belgic tribe of north-eastern Gaul (Gallia Belgica), where modern Belgium is located.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
Anglesey
Anglesey (Ynys Môn) is an island off the north-west coast of Wales.
Animism
Animism (from meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.
See Gaul and Animism
Aquila (Roman)
An aquila was a prominent symbol used in ancient Rome, especially as the standard of a Roman legion.
Aquitani
The Aquitani were a tribe that lived in the region between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Garonne, in present-day southwestern France in the 1st century BC.
Archaeogenetics
Archaeogenetics is the study of ancient DNA using various molecular genetic methods and DNA resources.
Archaeological culture
An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society.
See Gaul and Archaeological culture
Armorica
In ancient times, Armorica or Aremorica (Gaulish: Aremorica; Arvorig; Armorique) was a region of Gaul between the Seine and the Loire that includes the Brittany Peninsula, extending inland to an indeterminate point and down the Atlantic Coast.
Arverni
The Arverni (Gaulish: *Aruernoi) were a Gallic people dwelling in the modern Auvergne region during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
See Gaul and Arverni
Asterix
Asterix (Astérix or Astérix le Gaulois, "Asterix the Gaul") (also known as Asterix and Obelix in some adaptations or The Adventures of Asterix) is a comic book series about a village of indomitable Gaulish warriors (including the titular hero Asterix) who adventure around the world and fight the odds of the Roman Republic, with the aid of a magic potion, during the era of Julius Caesar, in an ahistorical telling of the time after the Gallic Wars.
See Gaul and Asterix
Austria
Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.
See Gaul and Austria
Autun
Autun is a subprefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of central-eastern France.
See Gaul and Autun
Avaricum
Avaricum was an oppidum in ancient Gaul, near what is now the city of Bourges.
Battle of Alesia
The Battle of Alesia or siege of Alesia (September 52 BC) was the climactic military engagement of the Gallic Wars, fought around the Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement) of Alesia in modern France, a major centre of the Mandubii tribe.
Battle of Autun (532)
The Battle of Autun is said to have been fought in AD 532, when the Merovingian Kings Childebert I and Clothar I decisively defeated the Burgundians, led by King Godomar.
See Gaul and Battle of Autun (532)
Battle of Gergovia
The Battle of Gergovia took place in 52 BC in Gaul at Gergovia, the chief oppidum (fortified town) of the Arverni.
See Gaul and Battle of Gergovia
Battle of Soissons (486)
The Battle of Soissons was fought in 486 between Frankish forces under Clovis I and the Gallo-Roman domain of Soissons under Syagrius.
See Gaul and Battle of Soissons (486)
Battle of Vouillé
The Battle of Vouillé (from Latin Campus Vogladensis) was fought in the northern marches of Visigothic territory, at Vouillé, near Poitiers (Gaul), around Spring 507 between the Franks, commanded by Clovis, and the Visigoths, commanded by Alaric II.
See Gaul and Battle of Vouillé
Belgae
The Belgae were a large confederation of tribes living in northern Gaul, between the English Channel, the west bank of the Rhine, and the northern bank of the river Seine, from at least the third century BC.
See Gaul and Belgae
Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.
See Gaul and Belgium
Bibracte
Bibracte, a Gallic oppidum (fortified settlement), was the capital of the Aedui and one of the most important hillforts in Gaul.
Bituitus
Bituitus (fl. 2nd century BCE) was a king of the Arverni, a Gaulish tribe living in what is now the Auvergne region of France.
BnF Museum
The BnF Museum or Museum of the Bibliothèque nationale de France, formerly known as the Cabinet des Médailles, is a significant art and history museum in Paris.
Bog body
A bog body is a human cadaver that has been naturally mummified in a peat bog.
Bohemia
Bohemia (Čechy; Böhmen; Čěska; Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.
See Gaul and Bohemia
Bourges
Bourges is a commune in central France on the river Yèvre.
See Gaul and Bourges
Braccae
Braccae is the Latin term for "trousers", and in this context is today used to refer to a style of trousers made from wool.
See Gaul and Braccae
Brennus (leader of the Senones)
Brennus or Brennos was an ancient Gallic chieftain of the Senones.
See Gaul and Brennus (leader of the Senones)
Brittany
Brittany (Bretagne,; Breizh,; Gallo: Bertaèyn or Bertègn) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.
Brittonic languages
The Brittonic languages (also Brythonic or British Celtic; ieithoedd Brythonaidd/Prydeinig; yethow brythonek/predennek; and yezhoù predenek) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family; the other is Goidelic.
See Gaul and Brittonic languages
Bronze Age Britain
Bronze Age Britain is an era of British history that spanned from until.
See Gaul and Bronze Age Britain
Bronze Age Europe
The European Bronze Age is characterized by bronze artifacts and the use of bronze implements.
See Gaul and Bronze Age Europe
Catalan language
Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.
Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from Proto-Celtic.
Celts
The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.
See Gaul and Celts
Cenabum
Cenabum, Gaul (sometimes written Cenabaum or Genabum) was the name of the capital city of the Carnutes, located near the present French city of Orléans.
See Gaul and Cenabum
Chartres
Chartres is the prefecture of the Eure-et-Loir department in the Centre-Val de Loire region in France.
Cimbri
The Cimbri (Κίμβροι,; Cimbri) were an ancient tribe in Europe.
See Gaul and Cimbri
Cisalpine Gaul
Cisalpine Gaul (Gallia Cisalpina, also called Gallia Citerior or Gallia Togata) was the name given, especially during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, to a region of land inhabited by Celts (Gauls), corresponding to what is now most of northern Italy.
Civitas
In Ancient Rome, the Latin term civitas (plural civitates), according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic, was the social body of the cives, or citizens, united by law (concilium coetusque hominum jure sociati).
See Gaul and Civitas
Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib
Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib ("The War of the Irish with the Foreigners") is a medieval Irish text that tells of the depredations of the Vikings and Uí Ímair dynasty in Ireland and the Irish king Brian Boru's great war against them, beginning with the Battle of Sulcoit in 967 and culminating in the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, in which Brian was slain but his forces were victorious.
See Gaul and Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib
Cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.
See Gaul and Cognate
Colonia (Roman)
A Roman colonia (coloniae) was originally a settlement of Roman citizens, establishing a Roman outpost in federated or conquered territory, for the purpose of securing it.
Commentarii de Bello Gallico (italic), also Bellum Gallicum (italic), is Julius Caesar's firsthand account of the Gallic Wars, written as a third-person narrative.
See Gaul and Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Constitutio Antoniniana
The Constitutio Antoniniana (Latin for "Constitution of Antoninus"), also called the Edict of Caracalla or the Antonine Constitution, was an edict issued in AD 212 by the Roman emperor Caracalla.
See Gaul and Constitutio Antoniniana
Continental Celtic languages
The Continental Celtic languages are the now-extinct group of the Celtic languages that were spoken on the continent of Europe and in central Anatolia, as distinguished from the Insular Celtic languages of the British Isles and Brittany.
See Gaul and Continental Celtic languages
Cornwall
Cornwall (Kernow;; or) is a ceremonial county in South West England.
Crisis of the Third Century
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.
See Gaul and Crisis of the Third Century
Dichotomy
A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets).
Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Diódōros; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian.
Dis Pater
Dis Pater (genitive Ditis Patris), otherwise known as Rex Infernus or Pluto, is a Roman god of the underworld.
Druid
A druid was a member of the high-ranking priestly class in ancient Celtic cultures.
See Gaul and Druid
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.
See Gaul and Early Middle Ages
Elbe
The Elbe (Labe; Ilv or Elv; Upper and Łobjo) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe.
See Gaul and Elbe
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Gaul and Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is the company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia.
See Gaul and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Endonym and exonym
An endonym (also known as autonym) is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their homeland, or their language.
See Gaul and Endonym and exonym
English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
Epona
In Gallo-Roman religion, Epona was a protector of horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules.
See Gaul and Epona
Etruscan civilization
The Etruscan civilization was an ancient civilization created by the Etruscans, a people who inhabited Etruria in ancient Italy, with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states.
See Gaul and Etruscan civilization
Etymology
Etymology (The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the scientific study of words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".) is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of a word's semantic meaning across time, including its constituent morphemes and phonemes.
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.
See Gaul and France
Franco-Provençal
Franco-Provençal (also Francoprovençal, Patois or Arpitan) is a language within the Gallo-Romance family, originally spoken in east-central France, western Switzerland and northwestern Italy.
Frankish language
Frankish (reconstructed endonym: *italic), also known as Old Franconian or Old Frankish, was the West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 9th century.
See Gaul and Frankish language
Franks
Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.
See Gaul and Franks
French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
See Gaul and French Revolution
Gaels
The Gaels (Na Gaeil; Na Gàidheil; Ny Gaeil) are an ethnolinguistic group native to Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.
See Gaul and Gaels
Galatia
Galatia (Γαλατία, Galatía, "Gaul") was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey.
See Gaul and Galatia
Galatians (people)
The Galatians (Galátai; Galatae, Galati, Gallograeci; lit) were a Celtic people dwelling in Galatia, a region of central Anatolia in modern-day Turkey surrounding Ankara during the Hellenistic period.
See Gaul and Galatians (people)
Gallia Aquitania
Gallia Aquitania, also known as Aquitaine or Aquitaine Gaul, was a province of the Roman Empire.
Gallia Belgica
Gallia Belgica ("Belgic Gaul") was a province of the Roman Empire located in the north-eastern part of Roman Gaul, in what is today primarily northern France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, along with parts of the Netherlands and Germany.
Gallia Celtica
Gallia Celtica, meaning "Celtic Gaul" in Latin, was a cultural region of Gaul inhabited by Celts, located in what is now France, Switzerland, Luxembourg and the west bank of the Rhine River in Germany.
Gallia Narbonensis
Gallia Narbonensis (Latin for "Gaul of Narbonne", from its chief settlement) was a Roman province located in what is now Occitania and Provence, in Southern France.
See Gaul and Gallia Narbonensis
Gallic Empire
The Gallic Empire or the Gallic Roman Empire are names used in modern historiography for a breakaway part of the Roman Empire that functioned de facto as a separate state from 260 to 274.
Gallic Wars
The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland).
Gallo-Italic languages
The Gallo-Italic, Gallo-Italian, Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy: Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian, and Romagnol.
See Gaul and Gallo-Italic languages
Gallo-Roman culture
Gallo-Roman culture was a consequence of the Romanization of Gauls under the rule of the Roman Empire.
See Gaul and Gallo-Roman culture
Gallo-Romance languages
The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes in the narrowest sense the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal.
See Gaul and Gallo-Romance languages
Gaulish
Gaulish is an extinct Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire.
See Gaul and Gaulish
Gauls
The Gauls (Galli; Γαλάται, Galátai) were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD).
See Gaul and Gauls
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
See Gaul and Germany
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 122 BC)
Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (d. ca. 104 BC) was a Roman general and senator who served as consul in 122 BC.
See Gaul and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 122 BC)
Gobannus
Gobannus (or Gobannos, the Gaulish form, sometimes Cobannus) was a Gallo-Roman smithing god.
Greco-Roman mysteries
Mystery religions, mystery cults, sacred mysteries or simply mysteries, were religious schools of the Greco-Roman world for which participation was reserved to initiates (mystai).
See Gaul and Greco-Roman mysteries
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
See Gaul and Greeks
Gregory of Tours
Gregory of Tours (born italic; 30 November – 17 November 594 AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours during the Merovingian period and is known as the "father of French history".
Hallstatt culture
The Hallstatt culture was the predominant Western and Central European archaeological culture of the Late Bronze Age (Hallstatt A, Hallstatt B) from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and Early Iron Age Europe (Hallstatt C, Hallstatt D) from the 8th to 6th centuries BC, developing out of the Urnfield culture of the 12th century BC (Late Bronze Age) and followed in much of its area by the La Tène culture.
See Gaul and Hallstatt culture
Helvetii
The Helvetii (Gaulish: *Heluētī), anglicized as Helvetians, were a Celtic tribe or tribal confederation occupying most of the Swiss plateau at the time of their contact with the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.
Hispania
Hispania (Hispanía; Hispānia) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula.
Hispania Baetica
Hispania Baetica, often abbreviated Baetica, was one of three Roman provinces created in Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) on 27 BC.
History of the Welsh language
The history of the Welsh language (hanes yr iaith Gymraeg) spans over 1400 years, encompassing the stages of the language known as Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh.
See Gaul and History of the Welsh language
House of Capet
The House of Capet (Maison capétienne) ruled the Kingdom of France from 987 to 1328.
Hungary
Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
See Gaul and Hungary
Imperial cult
An imperial cult is a form of state religion in which an emperor or a dynasty of emperors (or rulers of another title) are worshipped as demigods or deities.
Interpretatio graeca
Greek translation, or "interpretation by means of Greek ", refers to the tendency of the ancient Greeks to identify foreign deities with their own gods.
See Gaul and Interpretatio graeca
Invasion
An invasion is a military offensive of combatants of one geopolitical entity, usually in large numbers, entering territory controlled by another similar entity.
Irish language
Irish (Standard Irish: Gaeilge), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language group, which is a part of the Indo-European language family.
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
Iron Age Europe
In Europe, the Iron Age is the last stage of the prehistoric period and the first of the protohistoric periods,The Junior Encyclopædia Britannica: A reference library of general knowledge.
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
See Gaul and Italy
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
See Gaul and Judaism
Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.
Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period.
See Gaul and Kingdom of France
Kingdom of Soissons
The Kingdom or Domain of Soissons is the historiographical name for the de facto independent Roman remnant of the Diocese of Gaul, which existed during late antiquity as a rump state of the Western Roman Empire until its conquest by the Franks in AD 486.
See Gaul and Kingdom of Soissons
La Jaille-Yvon
La Jaille-Yvon is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.
La Tène culture
The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture.
Lake Geneva
Lake Geneva (Léman, lac Léman, rarely lac de Genève; Lago Lemano; Genfersee; Lai da Genevra) is a deep lake on the north side of the Alps, shared between Switzerland and France.
Langues d'oïl
The langues d'oïl (The diaeresis over the 'i' indicates the two vowels are sounded separately) are a dialect continuum that includes standard French and its closest autochthonous relatives historically spoken in the northern half of France, southern Belgium, and the Channel Islands.
Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
Ligures
The Ligures or Ligurians were an ancient people after whom Liguria, a region of present-day north-western Italy, is named.
See Gaul and Ligures
Liguria
Liguria (Ligûria) is a region of north-western Italy; its capital is Genoa.
See Gaul and Liguria
Lingones
The Lingones (Gaulish: 'the jumpers') were a Gallic tribe of the Iron Age and Roman periods.
List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France
French Ancien Régime Roman Catholic dioceses and ecclesiastical provinces were heirs of Late Roman civitates (themselves created out of Gaulish tribes) and provinces.
See Gaul and List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France
List of French monarchs
France was ruled by monarchs from the establishment of the Kingdom of West Francia in 843 until the end of the Second French Empire in 1870, with several interruptions.
See Gaul and List of French monarchs
Loire
The Loire (Léger; Lêre; Liger; Liger) is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world.
See Gaul and Loire
Lugdunum
Lugdunum (also spelled Lugudunum,; modern Lyon, France) was an important Roman city in Gaul, established on the current site of Lyon.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe.
Marseille
Marseille or Marseilles (Marseille; Marselha; see below) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Massalia
Massalia was an ancient Greek colony (apoikia) on the Mediterranean coast, east of the Rhône.
Material culture
Material culture is the aspect of culture manifested by the physical objects and architecture of a society.
Mercury (mythology)
Mercury (Mercurius) is a major god in Roman religion and mythology, being one of the 12 Dii Consentes within the ancient Roman pantheon.
See Gaul and Mercury (mythology)
Merovingian dynasty
The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until 751.
See Gaul and Merovingian dynasty
Middle Rhine
Middle Rhine (Mittelrhein,; kilometres 529 to 660 of the Rhine) is the section of the Rhine between Bingen and Bonn in Germany.
Middle Welsh
Middle Welsh (Cymraeg Canol, Kymraec) is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 15th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period.
Modern Greek
Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά, Néa Elliniká, or Κοινή Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα, Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (Ελληνικά, italic), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the language sometimes referred to as Standard Modern Greek.
Moravia
Moravia (Morava; Mähren) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia.
See Gaul and Moravia
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
Neo-Latin
Neo-LatinSidwell, Keith Classical Latin-Medieval Latin-Neo Latin in; others, throughout.
Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
Normans
The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia.
See Gaul and Normans
Northern Italy
Northern Italy (Italia settentrionale, label, label) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy.
Occitan language
Occitan (occitan), also known as (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, sometimes also referred to as Provençal, is a Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran in Catalonia; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania.
Occitania
Occitania (Occitània,, or, Occitanie) is the historical region in Southern Europe where the Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes used as a second language.
Old Irish
Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic (Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; Sean-Ghaeilge; Seann-Ghàidhlig; Shenn Yernish or Shenn Ghaelg), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive written texts.
Oppidum
An oppidum (oppida) is a large fortified Iron Age settlement or town.
See Gaul and Oppidum
Orléans
Orléans ((US) and) is a city in north-central France, about 120 kilometres (74 miles) southwest of Paris.
See Gaul and Orléans
Parisii (Gaul)
The Parisii (Parisioi; Parísioi) were a Gallic tribe that dwelt on the banks of the river Seine during the Iron Age and the Roman era.
Phoenicia
Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.
Pierre-Yves Lambert
Pierre-Yves Lambert (born 30 May 1949) is a French linguist and scholar of Celtic studies.
See Gaul and Pierre-Yves Lambert
Posidonius
Posidonius (Ποσειδώνιος, "of Poseidon") "of Apameia" (ὁ Ἀπαμεύς) or "of Rhodes" (ὁ Ῥόδιος), was a Greek politician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, historian, mathematician, and teacher native to Apamea, Syria.
Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Gaul and Proto-Germanic language
Pyrenees
The Pyrenees are a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain.
Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus
Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus, was a Roman statesman and general who was elected consul in 121 BC.
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Remi
The Remi (Gaulish: Rēmi, 'the first, the princes') were a Belgic tribe dwelling in the Aisne, Vesle and Suippe river valleys during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
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Res publica
(also spelled rēs pūblica to indicate vowel length) is a Latin phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'.
Rhaeto-Romance languages
Rhaeto-Romance, Rheto-Romance, Rhaeto-Italian,or Rhaetian, is a purported subfamily of the Romance languages that is spoken in south-eastern Switzerland and north-eastern Italy.
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Rhône
The Rhône is a major river in France and Switzerland, rising in the Alps and flowing west and south through Lake Geneva and Southeastern France before discharging into the Mediterranean Sea.
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Rhine
--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.
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Roman Britain
Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain.
Roman Gaul
Roman Gaul refers to GaulThe territory of Gaul roughly corresponds to modern-day France, Belgium and Luxembourg, and adjacient parts of the Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany.
Roman people
The Roman people was the body of Roman citizens (Rōmānī; Ῥωμαῖοι) during the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
Roman villa
A Roman villa was typically a farmhouse or country house in the territory of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, sometimes reaching extravagant proportions.
Roman villas in northwestern Gaul
Roman villas in northwestern Gaul (modern France) functioned as colonial economic centers.
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Rump state
A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state, left with a greatly reduced territory in the wake of secession, annexation, occupation, decolonization, or a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.
Saint-Mars-la-Jaille
Saint-Mars-la-Jaille (Sant-Marzh-an-Olivenn) is a former commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
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Salyes
The Salyes or Salluvii (Greek: Σάλυες) were an ancient Celto-Ligurian people dwelling between the Durance river and the Greek colony of Massalia during the Iron Age.
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Seine
The Seine is a river in northern France.
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Septimania
Septimania is a historical region in modern-day southern France.
Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.
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Silva Carbonaria
Silva Carbonaria, the "charcoal forest", was the dense old-growth forest of beech and oak that formed a natural boundary during the Late Iron Age through Roman times into the Early Middle Ages across what is now western Wallonia.
Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.
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Slavery in ancient Rome
Slavery in ancient Rome played an important role in society and the economy.
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Slovakia
Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
Somme (river)
The Somme is a river in Picardy, northern France.
Strabo
StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.
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Stratum (linguistics)
In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a historical layer of language that influences or is influenced by another language through contact.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.
Teutons
The Teutons (Teutones, Teutoni, Τεύτονες) were an ancient northern European tribe mentioned by Roman authors.
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The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology is an etymological dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press.
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Timaeus (historian)
Timaeus of Tauromenium (Τιμαῖος; born 356 or 350 BC; died) was an ancient Greek historian.
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Timagenes
Timagenes (Τιμαγένης) was a Greek writer, historian and teacher of rhetoric.
Tours
Tours (meaning Towers) is the largest city in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France.
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Toutatis
Toutatis or Teutates is a Celtic god who was worshipped primarily in ancient Gaul and Britain.
Ubii
The Ubii around AD 30 The Ubii were a Germanic tribe first encountered dwelling on the east bank of the Rhine in the time of Julius Caesar, who formed an alliance with them in 55 BC in order to launch attacks across the river.
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Urnfield culture
The Urnfield culture was a late Bronze Age culture of Central Europe, often divided into several local cultures within a broader Urnfield tradition.
Vallée du Rhône (France)
The Vallée du Rhône of Rhône Valley is a region located on either side of the Rhône, downstream from Lyon, in the south-east of France.
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Vascones
The Vascones were a pre-Roman tribe who, on the arrival of the Romans in the 1st century, inhabited a territory that spanned between the upper course of the Ebro river and the southern basin of the western Pyrenees, a region that coincides with present-day Navarre, western Aragon and northeastern La Rioja, in the Iberian Peninsula.
Vercingetorix
Vercingetorix (Οὐερκιγγετόριξ; – 46 BC) was a Gallic king and chieftain of the Arverni tribe who united the Gauls in a failed revolt against Roman forces during the last phase of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars.
Vikings
Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.
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Visigoths
The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity.
Volcae
The Volcae were a Gallic tribal confederation constituted before the raid of combined Gauls that invaded Macedonia c. 270 BC and fought the assembled Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae in 279 BC.
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Vulgar Latin
Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward.
Wales
Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (lit,; Old Romanian: Țeara Rumânească, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цѣра Рꙋмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of modern-day Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia was traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).
Wallonia
Wallonia (Wallonie), officially the Walloon Region (Région wallonne), is one of the three regions of Belgium—along with Flanders and Brussels.
Welsh language
Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a Celtic language of the Brittonic subgroup that is native to the Welsh people.
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe.
Wild boar
The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania.
World History Encyclopedia
World History Encyclopedia (formerly Ancient History Encyclopedia) is a nonprofit educational company created in 2009 by Jan van der Crabben.
See Gaul and World History Encyclopedia
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul
Also known as Ancient Gaul, Frankish Gaul, Galatia (Europe), Gallia, Gallia Comata, Galliae, Gaule, Jaille, Pre-Roman Gaul, Province of Gaul.
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