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Princess Louise d'Artois, the Glossary

Index Princess Louise d'Artois

Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois (21 September 1819 – 1 February 1864) was a duchess and later a regent of Parma.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 113 relations: Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg, Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria, Augustus III of Poland, Austria, Austrian Empire, Élysée Palace, Blaye, Bonapartism, Brittany, Capetian dynasty, Carlism, Charles Albert of Sardinia, Charles Emmanuel III, Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, Charles II, Duke of Parma, Charles III of Spain, Charles III, Duke of Parma, Charles X of France, Château de Rosny-sur-Seine, Cholera, Cold, County of Lecce, Cremona, Duchy of Lucca, Elisabeth Farnese, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Fils de France, Francis I of the Two Sicilies, Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, Gorizia, Harp, Henri, Count of Chambord, Holyrood Palace, House of Bourbon, House of Orléans, Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães, Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal, Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid, July Monarchy, July Revolution, Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, Kingdom of Prussia, Kostanjevica Monastery, Lady-in-waiting, Legitimists, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, ... Expand index (63 more) »

  2. Duchesses of Parma
  3. Hereditary princesses of Parma
  4. Princesses of Bourbon-Parma
  5. Regents of Parma

Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg

Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg (3 April 1831 – 16 December 1909) was the wife of the deposed king Miguel I of Portugal.

See Princess Louise d'Artois and Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg

Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria

Maria Clementina of Austria (24 April 1777 – 15 November 1801) was an Austrian archduchess and the tenth child and third daughter of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Luisa of Spain.

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Augustus III of Poland

Augustus III (August III Sas, Augustas III; 17 October 1696 5 October 1763) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1733 until 1763, as well as Elector of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire where he was known as Frederick Augustus II (Friedrich August II).

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Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

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Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a multinational European great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

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Élysée Palace

The Élysée Palace (Palais de l'Élysée) is the official residence of the President of the French Republic in Paris.

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Blaye

Blaye (Blaia) is a commune and subprefecture in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

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Bonapartism

Bonapartism (Bonapartisme) is the political ideology supervening from Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors.

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Brittany

Brittany (Bretagne,; Breizh,; Gallo: Bertaèyn or Bertègn) is a peninsula, historical country and cultural area in the north-west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.

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Capetian dynasty

The Capetian dynasty (Capétiens), also known as the "House of France", is a dynasty of Frankish origin, and a branch of the Robertians and the Karlings.

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Carlism

Carlism (Karlismo; Carlisme) is a Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Don Carlos, Count of Molina (1788–1855), on the Spanish throne.

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Charles Albert of Sardinia

Charles Albert (2 October 1798 – 28 July 1849) was the King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard state from 27 April 1831 until his abdication in 1849.

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Charles Emmanuel III

Charles Emmanuel III (27 April 1701 – 20 February 1773) was Duke of Savoy, King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard states from his father's adbication on 3 September 1730 until his death in 1773.

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Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

Charles Ferdinand d'Artois, Duke of Berry (24 January 1778 – 14 February 1820) was the third child and younger son of Charles X, King of France, (whom he predeceased) by his wife Maria Theresa of Savoy.

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Charles II, Duke of Parma

Charles Louis (Carlo Lodovico; 22 December 1799 – 16 April 1883) was King of Etruria (1803–1807; reigned as Louis II), Duke of Lucca (1824–1847; reigned as Charles Louis), and Duke of Parma (1847–1849; reigned as Charles II).

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Charles III of Spain

Charles III (Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain in the years 1759 to 1788.

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Charles III, Duke of Parma

Charles III (Carlo III di Borbone, Duca di Parma e Piacenza; 14 January 1823 – 27 March 1854) was the duke of Parma from 1849 to 1854.

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Charles X of France

Charles X (Charles Philippe; 9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836) was King of France from 16 September 1824 until 2 August 1830. Princess Louise d'Artois and Charles X of France are 19th-century regents.

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Château de Rosny-sur-Seine

The Château de Rosny-sur-Seine is a château in the Louis XIII style, situated in Rosny-sur-Seine in Yvelines, on the left bank of the Seine, at a short driving distance from Paris by the road to Rouen.

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Cholera

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.

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Cold

Cold is the presence of low temperature, especially in the atmosphere.

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County of Lecce

The County of Lecce (Contea di Lecce) was a county located in Apulia, in south-eastern Italy, which existed from 1055 until 1463.

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Cremona

Cremona (also;; Cremùna; Carmona) is a city and comune in northern Italy, situated in Lombardy, on the left bank of the Po river in the middle of the Pianura Padana (Po Valley).

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Duchy of Lucca

The Duchy of Lucca (Ducato di Lucca) was a small Italian state existing from 1815 to 1847.

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Elisabeth Farnese

Elisabeth Farnese (Italian: Elisabetta Farnese, Spanish: Isabel de Farnesio; 25 October 169211 July 1766) was Queen of Spain by marriage to King Philip V. She was the de facto ruler of Spain from 1714 until 1746 since she managed the affairs of state with the approval of her spouse, and is particularly known for her great influence over Spain's foreign policy. Princess Louise d'Artois and Elisabeth Farnese are mothers of Italian monarchs.

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Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand I (Italian: Ferdinando I; 12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1816 until his death.

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Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies

Ferdinand II (Ferdinando Carlo Maria; Ferdinannu Carlu Maria; Ferdinando Carlo Maria; 12 January 1810 – 22 May 1859) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1830 until his death in 1859.

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Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (Ferdinando IV, Granduca di Toscana; 10 June 1835 – 17 January 1908) was the last Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1859 to 1860.

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Fils de France

Fils de France (Son of France) was the style and rank held by the sons of the kings and dauphins of France. Princess Louise d'Artois and Fils de France are Princesses of France (Bourbon).

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Francis I of the Two Sicilies

Francis I of the Two Sicilies (Francesco Gennaro Giuseppe Saverio Giovanni Battista; 19 August 1777 – 8 November 1830) was King of the Two Sicilies from 1825 to 1830 and regent of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1806 to 1814. Princess Louise d'Artois and Francis I of the Two Sicilies are 19th-century regents.

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Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis I (Francis Stephen; François Étienne; Franz Stefan; Francesco Stefano; 8 December 1708 – 18 August 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Lorraine and Bar, and Grand Duke of Tuscany.

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Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor

Francis II and I (Franz II.; 12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor as Francis II from 1792 to 1806, and the first Emperor of Austria as Francis I from 1804 to 1835.

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Gorizia

Gorizia (Gorica), colloquially stara Gorica 'old Gorizia' to distinguish it from Nova Gorica (Gurize, Guriza; Gorisia; Görz), is a town and comune (municipality) in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

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Harp

The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers.

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Henri, Count of Chambord

Henri, Count of Chambord and Duke of Bordeaux (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord; 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883) was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France as Henri V from 1844 until his death in 1883. Princess Louise d'Artois and Henri, Count of Chambord are Nobility from Paris.

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Holyrood Palace

The Palace of Holyroodhouse, commonly referred to as Holyrood Palace or Holyroodhouse, is the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland.

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House of Bourbon

The House of Bourbon (also) is a dynasty that originated in the Kingdom of France as a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France.

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House of Orléans

The 4th House of Orléans (Maison d'Orléans), sometimes called the House of Bourbon-Orléans (Maison de Bourbon-Orléans) to distinguish it, is the fourth holder of a surname previously used by several branches of the Royal House of France, all descended in the legitimate male line from the dynasty's founder, Hugh Capet.

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Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães

Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães (10 November 1858 – 15 April 1946) was the fifth child and fourth daughter of Miguel of Portugal and his wife Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Princess Louise d'Artois and Infanta Adelgundes, Duchess of Guimarães are Princesses of Bourbon-Parma.

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Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal

Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal (Portuguese: Maria Antónia Adelaide Camila Carolina Eulália Leopoldina Sofia Inês Francisca de Assis e de Paula Micaela Rafaela Gabriela Gonzaga Gregória Bernardina Benedita Andrea; 28 November 1862 – 14 May 1959) was the seventh and last child of Miguel I of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein. Princess Louise d'Artois and Infanta Maria Antónia of Portugal are Duchesses of Parma and Princesses of Bourbon-Parma.

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Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid

Don Carlos de Borbón y Austria-Este (Spanish: Carlos María de los Dolores Juan Isidro José Francisco Quirico Antonio Miguel Gabriel Rafael; French: Charles Marie des Douleurs Jean Isidore Joseph François Cyr Antoine Michel Gabriel Raphaël; 30 March 1848 – 18 July 1909) was the Carlist claimant to the throne of Spain as Carlos VII from 1868 (his father's Spanish renunciation), and holder of the Legitimist claim to the throne of France under the name Charles XI after the death of his father in 1887.

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July Monarchy

The July Monarchy (Monarchie de Juillet), officially the Kingdom of France (Royaume de France), was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under italic, starting on 26 July 1830, with the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 23 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848.

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July Revolution

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Second French Revolution, or Trois Glorieuses ("Three Glorious "), was a second French Revolution after the first in 1789.

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Kingdom of France

The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period.

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Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia

The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae), commonly called the "Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom" (Regno Lombardo-Veneto; Königreich Lombardo-Venetien), was a constituent land (crown land) of the Austrian Empire from 1815 to 1866.

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Kingdom of Prussia

The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) constituted the German state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.

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Kostanjevica Monastery

The Kostanjevica Monastery with Annunciation Church stands on a 143-metre hill dividing the town of Nova Gorica and the settlement of Pristava.

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Lady-in-waiting

A lady-in-waiting (alternatively written lady in waiting) or court lady is a female personal assistant at a court, attending on a royal woman or a high-ranking noblewoman.

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Legitimists

The Legitimists (Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution.

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Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

Leopold II (Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792) was the 44th Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790.

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List of Parmese consorts

Parma, consorts Parma, consorts Parma, consorts. Princess Louise d'Artois and List of Parmese consorts are Duchesses of Parma.

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Livorno

Livorno is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of the Tuscany region, Italy.

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Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême

Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême (6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the elder son of Charles X and the last Dauphin of France from 1824 to 1830.

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Louis Philippe I

Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France. Princess Louise d'Artois and Louis Philippe I are Nobility from Paris.

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Louis Pierre Louvel

Louis Pierre Louvel (7 October 1783 – 7 June 1820) was the assassin of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry.

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Louis XV

Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774.

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Louis XVI

Louis XVI (Louis Auguste;; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

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Louis XVIII

Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as the Desired, was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815.

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Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)

Louis, Dauphin of France (Louis Ferdinand; 4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the elder and only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, Queen Marie Leszczyńska.

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Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Maria Amalia of Saxony

Maria Amalia (Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga; 24 November 1724 – 27 September 1760) was Queen of Spain from 10 August 1759 until her death in 1760 as the wife of King Charles III.

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Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain

Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (María Antonia Fernanda; 17 November 1729 – 19 September 1785) was Queen of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

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Maria Carolina of Austria

Maria Carolina of Austria (Maria Carolina Louise Josepha Johanna Antonia; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814) was Queen of Naples and Sicily as the wife of King Ferdinand IV and III, who later became King of the Two Sicilies.

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Maria Josepha of Austria

Maria Josepha of Austria (Maria Josepha Benedikta Antonia Theresia Xaveria Philippine, Maria Józefa; 8 December 1699 – 17 November 1757) was the Queen of Poland and Electress of Saxony by marriage to Augustus III.

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Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France

Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria of Saxony (4 November 1731 – 13 March 1767) was Dauphine of France through her marriage to Louis, the son and heir of Louis XV. Princess Louise d'Artois and Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France are Princesses of France (Bourbon).

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Maria Luisa of Spain

Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain (Spanish: María Luisa, German: Maria Ludovika; 24 November 1745 – 15 May 1792) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor. Princess Louise d'Artois and Maria Luisa of Spain are mothers of Italian monarchs.

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Maria Teresa of Savoy

Maria Teresa of Savoy (Maria Teresa Fernanda Felicitas Gaetana Pia; 19 September 1803 – 16 July 1879) was Duchess consort of Parma and Piacenza by marriage to Charles II, Duke of Parma (Duke Charles I of Lucca). Princess Louise d'Artois and Maria Teresa of Savoy are Duchesses of Parma, mothers of Italian monarchs and Princesses of Bourbon-Parma.

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Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right). Princess Louise d'Artois and Maria Theresa are mothers of Italian monarchs.

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Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of the Two Sicilies

Maria Theresa of Austria (31 July 1816 – 8 August 1867) was the second wife of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies, making her Queen of the Two Sicilies.

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Maria Theresa of Savoy

Maria Theresa of Savoy (Marie Thérèse de Savoie; 31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) was a French princess by marriage to Charles Philippe, Count of Artois. Princess Louise d'Artois and Maria Theresa of Savoy are Princesses of France (Bourbon).

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Marie Antoinette

Marie Antoinette (Maria Antoina Josefa Johanna; 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was the last queen consort of France prior to the French Revolution as the wife of King Louis XVI. Princess Louise d'Artois and Marie Antoinette are Princesses of France (Bourbon).

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Marie Leszczyńska

Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska (23 June 1703 – 24 June 1768), also known as Marie Leczinska, was Queen of France as the wife of King Louis XV from their marriage on 4 September 1725 until her death in 1768.

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Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma

Marie Louise (12 December 1791 – 17 December 1847) was Duchess of Parma from 11 April 1814 until her death in 1847. Princess Louise d'Artois and Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma are 19th-century regents and 19th-century women regents.

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Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry

Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry (Maria Carolina Ferdinanda Luise; 5 November 1798 – 16 April 1870) was an Italian princess of the House of Bourbon who married into the French royal family, and was the mother of Henri, Count of Chambord. Princess Louise d'Artois and Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry are Princesses of France (Bourbon).

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Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême

Marie-Thérèse Charlotte (19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851) was the eldest child of King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette of France, and their only child to reach adulthood. Princess Louise d'Artois and Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême are Princesses of France (Bourbon).

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Marseille

Marseille or Marseilles (Marseille; Marselha; see below) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

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Miguel I of Portugal

Dom Miguel I (English: Michael I; 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866), nicknamed "the Absolutist" (o Absolutista), "the Traditionalist" (o Tradicionalista) and "the Usurper" (o Usurpador), was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834.

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Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

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Modena

Modena (Mòdna; Mutna; Mutina) is a city and comune (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.

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Nantes

Nantes (Gallo: Naunnt or Nantt) is a city in Loire-Atlantique of France on the Loire, from the Atlantic coast.

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Naples

Naples (Napoli; Napule) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's administrative limits as of 2022.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

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Nova Gorica

Nova Gorica is a town in western Slovenia, on the border with Italy.

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Orléanist

Orléanist (Orléaniste) was a 19th-century French political label originally used by those who supported a constitutional monarchy expressed by the House of Orléans.

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Palazzo Giustinian (Dorsoduro)

The Palazzo Giustinian is a palace in Venice, northern Italy, situated in the Dorsoduro district and overlooking the Grand Canal next to Ca' Foscari.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

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Philip V of Spain

Philip V (Felipe; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746.

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Piedmont

Piedmont (Piemonte,; Piemont), located in northwest Italy, is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

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Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg

Princess Polyxena of Hesse-Rheinfels-Rotenburg (Polyxena Christina Johanna; 21 September 1706 – 13 January 1735) was the second wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont whom she married in 1724.

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Portrait of the Duchess of Berry

Portrait of the Duchess of Berry is an 1825 portrait painting by the English artist Sir Thomas Lawrence.

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Prince Henry, Count of Bardi

Prince Henry of Bourbon-Parma, Count of Bardi (Enrico Carlo Luigi Giorgio, Principe di Parma, Conte di Bardi) (12 February 1851 in Parma, Duchy of Parma – 14 April 1905 in Menton, France) was the youngest son and child of Charles III, Duke of Parma and his wife Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France, the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry and Princess Caroline Ferdinande Louise of the Two Sicilies.

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Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma

Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma (Margherita Maria Teresa Enrichetta, Principessa di Parma; 1 January 1847 – 29 January 1893) was the eldest child and daughter of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France, the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry and Princess Caroline Ferdinande Louise of the Two Sicilies. Princess Louise d'Artois and Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma are Princesses of Bourbon-Parma.

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Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (full Italian name: Maria Luisa Immacolata di Borbone, Principessa di Borbone delle Due Sicilie) (21 January 1855, Naples, Two SiciliesSpillmann, 9 – 23 August 1874, Pau, Armagnac, France) was the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and his wife Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria. Princess Louise d'Artois and Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies are Princesses of Bourbon-Parma.

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Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies

Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies (2 August 1849 – 29 September 1882) was a Princess of the Two Sicilies and titular Duchess consort of Parma as the wife of Robert I, Duke of Parma. Princess Louise d'Artois and Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies are Duchesses of Parma and Princesses of Bourbon-Parma.

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Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge

Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (Mary Adelaide Wilhelmina Elizabeth; 27 November 1833 – 27 October 1897), later known as the Duchess of Teck, was a member of the British royal family.

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Regent

In a monarchy, a regent is a person appointed to govern a state for the time being because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined.

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Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states

The 1848 Revolutions in the Italian states, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 in Europe, were organized revolts in the states of the Italian peninsula and Sicily, led by intellectuals and agitators who desired a liberal government.

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Robert I, Duke of Parma

Robert I (Italian: Roberto Carlo Luigi Maria) (French: Robert Charles Louis Marie); 9 July 1848 – 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento. He was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and descended from Philip, Duke of Parma, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Queen Elisabeth Farnese.

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Romagna

Romagna (Rumâgna) is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy.

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Salic law

The Salic law (or; Lex salica), also called the was the ancient Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis.

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Schloss Frohsdorf

Schloss Frohsdorf is a castle-like complex in Lanzenkirchen in Niederösterreich and was built 1547–50 out of the ruins of the so-called "Krotenhof".

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Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Second Italian War of Independence

The Second Italian War of Independence, also called the Sardinian War, the Austro-Sardinian War, the Franco-Austrian War, or the Italian War of 1859 (Italian: Seconda guerra d'indipendenza italiana; German: Sardinischer Krieg; French: Campagne d'Italie), was fought by the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of Italian Unification.

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Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.

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Sophie of Württemberg

Sophie of Württemberg (Sophie Friederike Matilda; 17 June 1818 – 3 June 1877) was Queen of the Netherlands as the first wife of King William III.

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The Month

The Month was a monthly review, published from 1864 to 2001, which, for almost all of its history, was owned by the English Province of the Society of Jesus and was edited by its members.

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Thomas Lawrence

Sir Thomas Lawrence (13 April 1769 – 7 January 1830) was an English portrait painter and the fourth president of the Royal Academy.

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Tuscany

Italian: toscano | citizenship_it.

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Typhus

Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus.

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Vendée

Vendée (Vande) is a department in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France, on the Atlantic coast.

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Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

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Victor Amadeus III

Victor Amadeus III (Vittorio Amadeo Maria; 26 June 1726 – 16 October 1796) was King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard states from 20 February 1773 to his death in 1796.

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Vienna

Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.

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See also

Duchesses of Parma

Hereditary princesses of Parma

Princesses of Bourbon-Parma

Regents of Parma

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_d'Artois

Also known as Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois, Louise Marie Thérèse de Bourbon, Louise Marie Thérèse of France, Louise Marie Thérèse de Bourbon-Artois, Louise Marie Thérèse de France, Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois, Louise Marie of Berry, Louise d'Artois, Louise du Berry, Louise of Artois, Louise of Bourbon-Artois, Louise of Bourbon-Berry, Louise of Bourbon-Berry, Duchess of Parma, Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of Artois, Princess Louise Marie Thérèse of France, Princess Louise of Artois.

, List of Parmese consorts, Livorno, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, Louis Philippe I, Louis Pierre Louvel, Louis XV, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII, Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765), Malta, Maria Amalia of Saxony, Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain, Maria Carolina of Austria, Maria Josepha of Austria, Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France, Maria Luisa of Spain, Maria Teresa of Savoy, Maria Theresa, Maria Theresa of Austria, Queen of the Two Sicilies, Maria Theresa of Savoy, Marie Antoinette, Marie Leszczyńska, Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry, Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême, Marseille, Miguel I of Portugal, Milan, Modena, Nantes, Naples, Netherlands, Nova Gorica, Orléanist, Palazzo Giustinian (Dorsoduro), Paris, Philip V of Spain, Piedmont, Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg, Portrait of the Duchess of Berry, Prince Henry, Count of Bardi, Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma, Princess Maria Luisa of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, Regent, Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, Robert I, Duke of Parma, Romagna, Salic law, Schloss Frohsdorf, Scotland, Second Italian War of Independence, Slovenia, Sophie of Württemberg, The Month, Thomas Lawrence, Tuscany, Typhus, Vendée, Venice, Victor Amadeus III, Vienna.