Pronoun, the Glossary
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (glossed) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase.[1]
Table of Contents
123 relations: Adjective, Adposition, Affirmation and negation, American English, Anaphora (linguistics), Antecedent (grammar), Arabana language, Australian Aboriginal kinship, Australian Aboriginal languages, Binding (linguistics), Bulgarian pronouns, C-command, Cantonese pronouns, Cataphora, Chinese pronouns, Clause, Clusivity, Complement (linguistics), Complementizer, Czech language, Deixis, Demonstrative, Determiner, Determiner phrase, Dionysius Thrax, Disjunctive pronoun, Distributive pronoun, Dummy pronoun, Early Modern English, English personal pronouns, Epicenity, French language, French personal pronouns, French pronouns, Function word, Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns, Generic antecedent, Generic you, German pronouns, Government and binding theory, Grammar, Grammatical case, Grammatical gender, Grammatical number, Grammatical person, He (pronoun), Head (linguistics), I (pronoun), Inalienable possession, Indefinite pronoun, ... Expand index (73 more) »
- Pronouns
Adjective
An adjective (abbreviated adj.) is a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.
Adposition
Adpositions are a class of words used to express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, behind, ago, etc.) or mark various semantic roles (of, for). Pronoun and Adposition are parts of speech.
Affirmation and negation
In linguistics and grammar, affirmation (abbreviated) and negation are ways in which grammar encodes positive and negative polarity into verb phrases, clauses, or other utterances.
See Pronoun and Affirmation and negation
American English
American English (AmE), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.
See Pronoun and American English
Anaphora (linguistics)
In linguistics, anaphora is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (its antecedent).
See Pronoun and Anaphora (linguistics)
Antecedent (grammar)
In grammar, an antecedent is one or more words that establish the meaning of a pronoun or other pro-form.
See Pronoun and Antecedent (grammar)
Arabana language
Arabana or Arabuna is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Pama–Nyungan family, spoken by the Wongkanguru and Arabana people.
See Pronoun and Arabana language
Australian Aboriginal kinship
Aboriginal Australian kinship comprises the systems of Aboriginal customary law governing social interaction relating to kinship in traditional Aboriginal cultures.
See Pronoun and Australian Aboriginal kinship
Australian Aboriginal languages
The Indigenous languages of Australia number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363.
See Pronoun and Australian Aboriginal languages
Binding (linguistics)
In linguistics, binding is the phenomenon in which anaphoric elements such as pronouns are grammatically associated with their antecedents.
See Pronoun and Binding (linguistics)
Bulgarian pronouns
Bulgarian pronouns change according to gender, number, definiteness and case.
See Pronoun and Bulgarian pronouns
C-command
In generative grammar and related frameworks, a node in a parse tree c-commands its sister node and all of its sister's descendants.
Cantonese pronouns
Pronouns in Cantonese are less numerous than their Indo-European languages counterparts.
See Pronoun and Cantonese pronouns
Cataphora
In linguistics, cataphora (from Greek, καταφορά, kataphora, "a downward motion" from κατά, kata, "downwards" and φέρω, pherō, "I carry") is the use of an expression or word that co-refers with a later, more specific expression in the discourse.
Chinese pronouns
Chinese pronouns differ somewhat from pronouns in English and other Indo-European languages.
See Pronoun and Chinese pronouns
Clause
In language, a clause is a constituent or phrase that comprises a semantic predicand (expressed or not) and a semantic predicate.
Clusivity
In linguistics, clusivity is a grammatical distinction between inclusive and exclusive first-person pronouns and verbal morphology, also called inclusive "we" and exclusive "we".
Complement (linguistics)
In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression.
See Pronoun and Complement (linguistics)
Complementizer
In linguistics (especially generative grammar), a complementizer or complementiser (glossing abbreviation) is a functional category (part of speech) that includes those words that can be used to turn a clause into the subject or object of a sentence. Pronoun and complementizer are parts of speech.
See Pronoun and Complementizer
Czech language
Czech (čeština), historically also known as Bohemian (lingua Bohemica), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.
See Pronoun and Czech language
Deixis
In linguistics, deixis is the use of words or phrases to refer to a particular time (e.g. then), place (e.g. here), or person (e.g. you) relative to the context of the utterance.
Demonstrative
Demonstratives (abbreviated) are words, such as this and that, used to indicate which entities are being referred to and to distinguish those entities from others. Pronoun and Demonstrative are parts of speech.
Determiner
Determiner, also called determinative (abbreviated), is a term used in some models of grammatical description to describe a word or affix belonging to a class of noun modifiers. Pronoun and Determiner are parts of speech.
Determiner phrase
In linguistics, a determiner phrase (DP) is a type of phrase headed by a determiner such as many.
See Pronoun and Determiner phrase
Dionysius Thrax
Dionysius Thrax (Διονύσιος ὁ Θρᾷξ Dionýsios ho Thrâix, 170–90 BC) was a Greek grammarian and a pupil of Aristarchus of Samothrace.
See Pronoun and Dionysius Thrax
Disjunctive pronoun
A disjunctive pronoun is a stressed form of a personal pronoun reserved for use in isolation or in certain syntactic contexts.
See Pronoun and Disjunctive pronoun
Distributive pronoun
A distributive pronoun considers members of a group separately, rather than collectively. Pronoun and distributive pronoun are pronouns.
See Pronoun and Distributive pronoun
Dummy pronoun
A dummy pronoun, also known as an expletive pronoun, is a deictic pronoun that fulfills a syntactical requirement without providing a contextually explicit meaning of its referent. Pronoun and dummy pronoun are pronouns.
Early Modern English
Early Modern English (sometimes abbreviated EModEFor example, or EMnE) or Early New English (ENE) is the stage of the English language from the beginning of the Tudor period to the English Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century.
See Pronoun and Early Modern English
English personal pronouns
The English personal pronouns are a subset of English pronouns taking various forms according to number, person, case and grammatical gender.
See Pronoun and English personal pronouns
Epicenity
Epicenity is the lack of gender distinction, often reducing the emphasis on the masculine to allow the feminine.
French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
See Pronoun and French language
French personal pronouns
French personal pronouns (analogous to English I, you, he/she, we, and they) reflect the person and number of their referent, and in the case of the third person, its gender as well (much like the English distinction between him and her, except that French lacks an inanimate third person pronoun it or a gender neutral they and thus draws this distinction among all third person nouns, singular and plural).
See Pronoun and French personal pronouns
French pronouns
In French, pronouns are inflected to indicate their role in the sentence (subject, direct object, and so on), as well as to reflect the person, gender, and number of their referents.
See Pronoun and French pronouns
Function word
In linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Pronoun and function word are parts of speech.
Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
A third-person pronoun is a pronoun that refers to an entity other than the speaker or listener.
See Pronoun and Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns
Generic antecedent
Generic antecedents are representatives of classes, referred to in ordinary language by another word (most often a pronoun), in a situation in which gender is typically unknown or irrelevant. Pronoun and Generic antecedent are pronouns.
See Pronoun and Generic antecedent
Generic you
In English grammar, the personal pronoun you can often be used in the place of one, the singular impersonal pronoun, in colloquial speech.
German pronouns
German pronouns are German words that function as pronouns.
See Pronoun and German pronouns
Government and binding theory
Government and binding (GB, GBT) is a theory of syntax and a phrase structure grammar in the tradition of transformational grammar developed principally by Noam Chomsky in the 1980s.
See Pronoun and Government and binding theory
Grammar
In linguistics, a grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers.
Grammatical case
A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording.
See Pronoun and Grammatical case
Grammatical gender
In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a specific form of a noun class system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns.
See Pronoun and Grammatical gender
Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more").
See Pronoun and Grammatical number
Grammatical person
In linguistics, grammatical person is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically, the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).
See Pronoun and Grammatical person
He (pronoun)
In Modern English, he is a singular, masculine, third-person pronoun.
Head (linguistics)
In linguistics, the head or nucleus of a phrase is the word that determines the syntactic category of that phrase.
See Pronoun and Head (linguistics)
I (pronoun)
In Modern English, I is the singular, first-person pronoun.
Inalienable possession
In linguistics, inalienable possession (abbreviated) is a type of possession in which a noun is obligatorily possessed by its possessor.
See Pronoun and Inalienable possession
Indefinite pronoun
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun which does not have a specific, familiar referent. Pronoun and indefinite pronoun are pronouns.
See Pronoun and Indefinite pronoun
Intensive pronoun
An intensive pronoun (or self-intensifier) adds emphasis to a statement; for example, "I did it myself." While English intensive pronouns (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves) use the same form as reflexive pronouns, an intensive pronoun is different from a reflexive pronoun because it functions as an adverbial or adnominal modifier, not as an argument of a verb.
See Pronoun and Intensive pronoun
Interlinear gloss
In linguistics and pedagogy, an interlinear gloss is a gloss (series of brief explanations, such as definitions or pronunciations) placed between lines, such as between a line of original text and its translation into another language.
See Pronoun and Interlinear gloss
Interrogative word
An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question, such as what, which, when, where, who, whom, whose, why, whether and how.
See Pronoun and Interrogative word
It (pronoun)
In Modern English, it is a singular, neuter, third-person pronoun.
Japanese pronouns
Japanese pronouns are words in the Japanese language used to address or refer to present people or things, where present means people or things that can be pointed at.
See Pronoun and Japanese pronouns
Kinship terminology
Kinship terminology is the system used in languages to refer to the persons to whom an individual is related through kinship.
See Pronoun and Kinship terminology
Korean pronouns
Korean pronouns pose some difficulty to speakers of English due to their complexity.
See Pronoun and Korean pronouns
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
Logophoricity
Logophoricity is a phenomenon of binding relation that may employ a morphologically different set of anaphoric forms, in the context where the referent is an entity whose speech, thoughts, or feelings are being reported.
Macedonian pronouns
A pronoun (заменка) is a substitute for a noun or a noun phrase, or things previously mentioned or understood from the context.
See Pronoun and Macedonian pronouns
Middle French
Middle French (moyen français) is a historical division of the French language that covers the period from the mid-14th to the early 17th century.
Moiety (kinship)
In the anthropological study of kinship, a moiety is a descent group that coexists with only one other descent group within a society.
See Pronoun and Moiety (kinship)
Monarch
A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College Dictionary.
Murrinh-patha language
Murrinh-patha (or Murrinhpatha, literally 'language-good'), called by the Jaminjung, is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by over 2,000 people, most of whom live in Wadeye in the Northern Territory, where it is the dominant language of the community.
See Pronoun and Murrinh-patha language
Neopronoun
Neopronouns are neologistic third-person personal pronouns beyond those that already exist in a language.
Non-binary gender
Non-binary and genderqueer are umbrella terms for gender identities that are outside the male/female gender binary.
See Pronoun and Non-binary gender
Nosism
Nosism, from Latin nos 'we', is the practice of using the pronoun we to refer to oneself when expressing a personal opinion.
Noun
In grammar, a noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. Pronoun and noun are parts of speech.
See Pronoun and Noun
Noun phrase
A noun phrase – or NP or nominal (phrase) – is a phrase that usually has a noun or pronoun as its head, and has the same grammatical functions as a noun.
Object (grammar)
In linguistics, an object is any of several types of arguments.
See Pronoun and Object (grammar)
Object pronoun
In linguistics, an object pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used typically as a grammatical object: the direct or indirect object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.
See Pronoun and Object pronoun
Old English grammar
The grammar of Old English differs greatly from Modern English, predominantly being much more inflected.
See Pronoun and Old English grammar
One (pronoun)
One is an English language, gender-neutral, indefinite pronoun that means, roughly, "a person".
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Pronoun and Oxford University Press
Part of speech
In grammar, a part of speech or part-of-speech (abbreviated as POS or PoS, also known as word class or grammatical category) is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) that have similar grammatical properties. Pronoun and part of speech are parts of speech.
See Pronoun and Part of speech
Paul Postal
Paul Martin Postal (born November 10, 1936, in Weehawken, New Jersey) is an American linguist.
Personal pronoun
Personal pronouns are pronouns that are associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person (as I), second person (as you), or third person (as he, she, it, they).
See Pronoun and Personal pronoun
Personal pronouns in Portuguese
The Portuguese personal pronouns and possessives display a higher degree of inflection than other parts of speech.
See Pronoun and Personal pronouns in Portuguese
Phi features
In linguistics, especially within generative grammar, phi features (denoted with the Greek letter φ 'phi') are the morphological expression of a semantic process in which a word or morpheme varies with the form of another word or phrase in the same sentence.
Phrase
In grammar, a phrasecalled expression in some contextsis a group of words or singular word acting as a grammatical unit.
Possession (linguistics)
In linguistics, possession is an asymmetric relationship between two constituents, the referent of one of which (the possessor) in some sense possesses (owns, has as a part, rules over, etc.) the referent of the other (the possessed).
See Pronoun and Possession (linguistics)
Possessive
A possessive or ktetic form (abbreviated or; from possessivus; translit) is a word or grammatical construction indicating a relationship of possession in a broad sense. Pronoun and possessive are pronouns.
Possessive determiner
Possessive determiners are determiners which express possession.
See Pronoun and Possessive determiner
Preferred gender pronoun
Preferred gender pronouns (also called personal gender pronouns, often abbreviated as PGP) are the set of pronouns (in English, third-person pronouns) that an individual wants others to use to reflect that person's own gender identity. Pronoun and Preferred gender pronoun are pronouns.
See Pronoun and Preferred gender pronoun
Prepositional pronoun
A prepositional pronoun is a special form of a personal pronoun that is used as the object of a preposition.
See Pronoun and Prepositional pronoun
Pro-form
In linguistics, a pro-form is a type of function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context. Pronoun and pro-form are parts of speech.
Pronoun
In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (glossed) is a word or a group of words that one may substitute for a noun or noun phrase. Pronoun and pronoun are parts of speech and pronouns.
Pronoun avoidance
Pronoun avoidance is the use of kinship terms, titles and other complex nominal expressions instead of personal pronouns in speech. Pronoun and pronoun avoidance are pronouns.
See Pronoun and Pronoun avoidance
Pronoun game
"Playing the pronoun game" is the act of concealing sexual orientation in conversation by not using a gender-specific pronoun for a partner or a lover, which would reveal the sexual orientation of the person speaking. Pronoun and pronoun game are pronouns.
Proper noun
A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (Africa; Jupiter; Sarah; Walmart) as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities (continent, planet, person, corporation) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a continent, another planet, these persons, our corporation).
Proto-Indo-European pronouns
Proto-Indo-European pronouns have been reconstructed by modern linguists, based on similarities found across all Indo-European languages.
See Pronoun and Proto-Indo-European pronouns
Reciprocal pronoun
A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that indicates a reciprocal relationship. Pronoun and reciprocal pronoun are pronouns.
See Pronoun and Reciprocal pronoun
Referent
A referent is a person or thing to which a name – a linguistic expression or other symbol – refers.
Reflexive pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that refers to another noun or pronoun (its antecedent) within the same sentence.
See Pronoun and Reflexive pronoun
Relative clause
A relative clause is a clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase and uses some grammatical device to indicate that one of the arguments in the relative clause refers to the noun or noun phrase.
See Pronoun and Relative clause
Relative pronoun
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause. Pronoun and relative pronoun are pronouns.
See Pronoun and Relative pronoun
Resumptive pronoun
A resumptive pronoun is a personal pronoun appearing in a relative clause, which restates the antecedent after a pause or interruption (such as an embedded clause, series of adjectives, or a wh-island), as in This is the girli that whenever it rains shei cries. Resumptive pronouns have been described as "ways of salvaging a sentence that a speaker has started without realizing that it is impossible or at least difficult to finish it grammatically". Pronoun and resumptive pronoun are pronouns.
See Pronoun and Resumptive pronoun
Royal we
The royal we, majestic plural (pluralis majestatis), or royal plural is the use of a plural pronoun (or corresponding plural-inflected verb forms) used by a single person who is a monarch or holds a high office to refer to themselves.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning.
Sentence (linguistics)
In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog." In traditional grammar, it is typically defined as a string of words that expresses a complete thought, or as a unit consisting of a subject and predicate.
See Pronoun and Sentence (linguistics)
She (pronoun)
In Modern English, she is a singular, feminine, third-person pronoun.
Singular they
Singular they, along with its inflected or derivative forms, them, their, theirs, and themselves (also ''themself'' and theirself), is a gender-neutral third-person pronoun.
Slovene pronouns
The Slovene language has a range of pronouns that in some ways work quite differently from English ones.
See Pronoun and Slovene pronouns
Southern American English
Southern American English or Southern U.S. English is a regional dialect or collection of dialects of American English spoken throughout the Southern United States, though concentrated increasingly in more rural areas, and spoken primarily by White Southerners.
See Pronoun and Southern American English
Spanish pronouns
Spanish pronouns in some ways work quite differently from their English counterparts.
See Pronoun and Spanish pronouns
Standard Chinese
Standard Chinese is a modern standard form of Mandarin Chinese that was first codified during the republican era (1912‒1949).
See Pronoun and Standard Chinese
Subcategorization
In linguistics, subcategorization denotes the ability/necessity for lexical items (usually verbs) to require/allow the presence and types of the syntactic arguments with which they co-occur.
See Pronoun and Subcategorization
Subject (grammar)
A subject is one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the predicate, which modifies the subject).
See Pronoun and Subject (grammar)
Subject pronoun
In linguistics, a subject pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used as the subject of a verb.
See Pronoun and Subject pronoun
Syntactic movement
Syntactic movement is the means by which some theories of syntax address discontinuities.
See Pronoun and Syntactic movement
T–V distinction
The T–V distinction is the contextual use of different pronouns that exists in some languages and serves to convey formality or familiarity.
See Pronoun and T–V distinction
The Art of Grammar
The Art of Grammar (Τέχνη Γραμματική - or romanized, Téchnē Grammatikḗ) is a treatise on Greek grammar, attributed to Dionysius Thrax, who wrote in the 2nd century BC.
See Pronoun and The Art of Grammar
They
In Modern English, they is a third-person pronoun relating to a grammatical subject.
See Pronoun and They
Thou
The word thou is a second-person singular pronoun in English.
See Pronoun and Thou
Transitivity (grammar)
Transitivity is a linguistics property that relates to whether a verb, participle, or gerund denotes a transitive object.
See Pronoun and Transitivity (grammar)
Valency (linguistics)
In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments and complements controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates.
See Pronoun and Valency (linguistics)
Verb phrase
In linguistics, a verb phrase (VP) is a syntactic unit composed of a verb and its arguments except the subject of an independent clause or coordinate clause.
Vietnamese pronouns
In general, a Vietnamese pronoun (translation, or Đại từ xưng hô) can serve as a noun phrase.
See Pronoun and Vietnamese pronouns
We
In Modern English, we is a plural, first-person pronoun.
See Pronoun and We
Who (pronoun)
The pronoun who, in English, is an interrogative pronoun and a relative pronoun, used primarily to refer to persons.
Word
A word is a basic element of language that carries meaning, can be used on its own, and is uninterruptible.
See Pronoun and Word
You
In Modern English, the word "you" is the second-person pronoun.
See Pronoun and You
See also
Pronouns
- Bound variable pronoun
- Distributive pronoun
- Donkey sentence
- Dummy pronoun
- Generic antecedent
- Illeism
- Indefinite pronoun
- Indeterminate pronoun
- Null subject parameter
- Personal pronouns
- Possessive
- Preferred gender pronoun
- Pronoun
- Pronoun avoidance
- Pronoun game
- Pronoun reversal
- Reciprocal pronoun
- Relative pronoun
- Resumptive pronoun
- Winograd schema challenge
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun
Also known as Nonpronominal, Pronomen, Pronominal, Pronominalization, Prononmial, Pronouns, Prop word, Prop-noun, Prop-word, Propword.
, Intensive pronoun, Interlinear gloss, Interrogative word, It (pronoun), Japanese pronouns, Kinship terminology, Korean pronouns, Latin, Linguistics, Logophoricity, Macedonian pronouns, Middle French, Moiety (kinship), Monarch, Murrinh-patha language, Neopronoun, Non-binary gender, Nosism, Noun, Noun phrase, Object (grammar), Object pronoun, Old English grammar, One (pronoun), Oxford University Press, Part of speech, Paul Postal, Personal pronoun, Personal pronouns in Portuguese, Phi features, Phrase, Possession (linguistics), Possessive, Possessive determiner, Preferred gender pronoun, Prepositional pronoun, Pro-form, Pronoun, Pronoun avoidance, Pronoun game, Proper noun, Proto-Indo-European pronouns, Reciprocal pronoun, Referent, Reflexive pronoun, Relative clause, Relative pronoun, Resumptive pronoun, Royal we, Semantics, Sentence (linguistics), She (pronoun), Singular they, Slovene pronouns, Southern American English, Spanish pronouns, Standard Chinese, Subcategorization, Subject (grammar), Subject pronoun, Syntactic movement, T–V distinction, The Art of Grammar, They, Thou, Transitivity (grammar), Valency (linguistics), Verb phrase, Vietnamese pronouns, We, Who (pronoun), Word, You.