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Proto-Norse language, the Glossary

Proto-Norse (also called Ancient Nordic, Ancient Scandinavian, Ancient Norse, Primitive Norse, Proto-Nordic, Proto-Scandinavian and Proto-North Germanic) was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic in the first centuries CE.^[1]

67 relations: Algiz, Allophone, Alveolar consonant, Approximant, Archaeology of Northern Europe, Attested language, Øvre Stabu spearhead, Back vowel, Beowulf, Bilabial consonant, Björketorp Runestone, Bohuslän, Close vowel, Danish language, Diphthong, Einang stone, Elder Futhark, Elfdalian, Ergi, Faroese language, Finnic languages, First Grammatical Treatise, Fricative, Front vowel, Gemination, Germanic a-mutation, Germanic kingship, Germanic languages, Germanic umlaut, Golden Horns of Gallehus, Gothic language, Hail, I-mutation, Icelandic language, Indo-European languages, Interdental consonant, Kragehul I, Labial–velar consonant, Lateral consonant, Menhir, Mid vowel, Nasal consonant, North Germanic languages, Old Norse, Open vowel, Palatal consonant, Pitch-accent language, Plosive, Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Indo-European language, ... Expand index (17 more) »
2nd-century establishments
8th-century disestablishments in Europe
Languages attested from the 2nd century
Languages extinct in the 8th century
North Germanic languages
Prehistoric Scandinavia

Algiz

Algiz (also Elhaz) is the name conventionally given to the "z-rune" of the Elder Futhark runic alphabet.

See Proto-Norse language and Algiz

Allophone

In phonology, an allophone (from the Greek ἄλλος,, 'other' and φωνή,, 'voice, sound') is one of multiple possible spoken soundsor phonesused to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language.

See Proto-Norse language and Allophone

Alveolar consonant

Alveolar (UK also) consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the upper teeth.

See Proto-Norse language and Alveolar consonant

Approximant

Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.

See Proto-Norse language and Approximant

Archaeology of Northern Europe

The archaeology of Northern Europe studies the prehistory of Scandinavia and the adjacent North European Plain, roughly corresponding to the territories of modern Sweden, Norway, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland and the Netherlands. Proto-Norse language and archaeology of Northern Europe are Prehistoric Scandinavia.

See Proto-Norse language and Archaeology of Northern Europe

Attested language

In linguistics, attested languages are languages (living or dead) that have been documented and for which the evidence (“attestation”) has survived to the present day.

See Proto-Norse language and Attested language

Øvre Stabu spearhead

The Øvre Stabu spearhead is an iron spearhead which bears an Elder Futhark inscription dated to 210–240 AD, making it one of the oldest runic inscriptions preserved.

See Proto-Norse language and Øvre Stabu spearhead

Back vowel

A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Back vowel

Beowulf

Beowulf (Bēowulf) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines.

See Proto-Norse language and Beowulf

Bilabial consonant

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips.

See Proto-Norse language and Bilabial consonant

Björketorp Runestone

The Björketorp Runestone (DR 360 U) in Blekinge, Sweden, is part of a grave field which includes menhirs, both solitary and forming stone circles.

See Proto-Norse language and Björketorp Runestone

Bohuslän

Bohuslän is a Swedish province in Götaland, on the northernmost part of the country's west coast.

See Proto-Norse language and Bohuslän

Close vowel

A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in U.S. terminology), is any in a class of vowel sounds used in many spoken languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Close vowel

Danish language

Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about six million people, principally in and around Denmark. Proto-Norse language and Danish language are north Germanic languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Danish language

Diphthong

A diphthong, also known as a gliding vowel or a vowel glide, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.

See Proto-Norse language and Diphthong

Einang stone

The Einang stone (Einangsteinen, N KJ63) is a runestone located east of the Einang Sound near Fagernes, in Oppland, Norway, notable for the age of its runic inscription.

See Proto-Norse language and Einang stone

Elder Futhark

The Elder Futhark (or Fuþark), also known as the Older Futhark, Old Futhark, or Germanic Futhark, is the oldest form of the runic alphabets.

See Proto-Norse language and Elder Futhark

Elfdalian

Elfdalian or Övdalian (övdalsk or övdalską, in Elfdalian, älvdalska or älvdalsmål in Swedish) is a North Germanic language spoken by up to 3,000 people who live or have grown up in the locality of Älvdalen (Övdaln), which is located in the southeastern part of Älvdalen Municipality in northern Dalarna, Sweden. Proto-Norse language and Elfdalian are north Germanic languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Elfdalian

Ergi

Ergi (noun) and argr (adjective) are two Old Norse terms of insult, denoting effeminacy or other unmanly behaviour.

See Proto-Norse language and Ergi

Faroese language

Faroese is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 69,000 Faroe Islanders, of which 21,000 reside mainly in Denmark and elsewhere. Proto-Norse language and Faroese language are north Germanic languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Faroese language

Finnic languages

The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Finnic peoples.

See Proto-Norse language and Finnic languages

First Grammatical Treatise

The First Grammatical Treatise (Fyrsta málfræðiritgerðin) is a 12th-century work on the phonology of the Old Norse or Old Icelandic language.

See Proto-Norse language and First Grammatical Treatise

Fricative

A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

See Proto-Norse language and Fricative

Front vowel

A front vowel is a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would otherwise make it a consonant.

See Proto-Norse language and Front vowel

Gemination

In phonetics and phonology, gemination (from Latin 'doubling', itself from gemini 'twins'), or consonant lengthening, is an articulation of a consonant for a longer period of time than that of a singleton consonant.

See Proto-Norse language and Gemination

Germanic a-mutation

A-mutation is a metaphonic process supposed to have taken place in late Proto-Germanic (c. 200).

See Proto-Norse language and Germanic a-mutation

Germanic kingship

Germanic kingship is a thesis regarding the role of kings among the pre-Christianized Germanic tribes of the Migration period (c. 300–700 AD) and Early Middle Ages (c. 700–1000 AD).

See Proto-Norse language and Germanic kingship

Germanic languages

The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.

See Proto-Norse language and Germanic languages

Germanic umlaut

The Germanic umlaut (sometimes called i-umlaut or i-mutation) is a type of linguistic umlaut in which a back vowel changes to the associated front vowel (fronting) or a front vowel becomes closer to (raising) when the following syllable contains,, or.

See Proto-Norse language and Germanic umlaut

Golden Horns of Gallehus

The Golden Horns of Gallehus were two horns made of sheet gold, discovered in Gallehus, north of Møgeltønder in Southern Jutland, Denmark. Proto-Norse language and Golden Horns of Gallehus are north Germanic languages and Prehistoric Scandinavia.

See Proto-Norse language and Golden Horns of Gallehus

Gothic language

Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.

See Proto-Norse language and Gothic language

Hail

Hail is a form of solid precipitation.

See Proto-Norse language and Hail

I-mutation

I-mutation (also known as umlaut, front mutation, i-umlaut, i/j-mutation or i/j-umlaut) is a type of sound change in which a back vowel is fronted or a front vowel is raised if the following syllable contains, or (a voiced palatal approximant, sometimes called yod, the sound of English in yes).

See Proto-Norse language and I-mutation

Icelandic language

Icelandic (íslenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 314,000 people, the vast majority of whom live in Iceland, where it is the national language. Proto-Norse language and Icelandic language are north Germanic languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Icelandic language

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

See Proto-Norse language and Indo-European languages

Interdental consonant

Interdental consonants are produced by placing the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower front teeth.

See Proto-Norse language and Interdental consonant

Kragehul I

Kragehul I (DR 196 U) is a migration period lance-shaft found on Funen, Denmark.

See Proto-Norse language and Kragehul I

Labial–velar consonant

Labial–velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips, such as.

See Proto-Norse language and Labial–velar consonant

Lateral consonant

A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth.

See Proto-Norse language and Lateral consonant

Menhir

A menhir (from Brittonic languages: maen or men, "stone" and hir or hîr, "long"), standing stone, orthostat, or lith is a large upright stone, emplaced in the ground by humans, typically dating from the European middle Bronze Age.

See Proto-Norse language and Menhir

Mid vowel

A mid vowel (or a true-mid vowel) is any in a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Mid vowel

Nasal consonant

In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.

See Proto-Norse language and Nasal consonant

North Germanic languages

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.

See Proto-Norse language and North Germanic languages

Old Norse

Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Proto-Norse language and Old Norse are north Germanic languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Old Norse

Open vowel

An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.

See Proto-Norse language and Open vowel

Palatal consonant

Palatals are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).

See Proto-Norse language and Palatal consonant

Pitch-accent language

A pitch-accent language is a type of language that, when spoken, has certain syllables in words or morphemes that are prominent, as indicated by a distinct contrasting pitch (linguistic tone) rather than by loudness or length, as in some other languages like English.

See Proto-Norse language and Pitch-accent language

Plosive

In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

See Proto-Norse language and Plosive

Proto-Germanic language

Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Proto-Germanic language

Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.

See Proto-Norse language and Proto-Indo-European language

Rö runestone

The Rö runestone, designated under Rundata as Bo KJ73 U, is one of Sweden's oldest and most notable runestones.

See Proto-Norse language and Rö runestone

Rhotacism

Rhotacism or rhotacization is a sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant:,,, or) to a rhotic consonant in a certain environment.

See Proto-Norse language and Rhotacism

Sámi languages

Sámi languages, in English also rendered as Sami and Saami, are a group of Uralic languages spoken by the Indigenous Sámi people in Northern Europe (in parts of northern Finland, Norway, Sweden, and extreme northwestern Russia).

See Proto-Norse language and Sámi languages

Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.

See Proto-Norse language and Scandinavia

Sievers's law

Sievers's law in Indo-European linguistics accounts for the pronunciation of a consonant cluster with a glide before a vowel as it was affected by the phonetics of the preceding syllable.

See Proto-Norse language and Sievers's law

Sowilō (rune)

Sowilo (*sōwilō), meaning "sun", is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic language name of the s-rune (ᛊ, ᛋ).

See Proto-Norse language and Sowilō (rune)

Stød

Stød (also occasionally spelled stod in English) is a suprasegmental unit of Danish phonology (represented in non-standard IPA as), which in its most common form is a kind of creaky voice (laryngealization), but it may also be realized as a glottal stop, especially in emphatic pronunciation.

See Proto-Norse language and Stød

Stress (linguistics)

In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is the relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.

See Proto-Norse language and Stress (linguistics)

Swedes (tribe)

The Swedes (svear; Old Norse: svíar; probably from the PIE reflexive pronominal root *s(w)e, "one's own ";Bandle, Oskar. 2002. The Nordic languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages. 2002. P.391 Swēon) were a North Germanic tribe who inhabited Svealand ("land of the Swedes") in central Sweden and one of the progenitor groups of modern Swedes, along with Geats and Gutes.

See Proto-Norse language and Swedes (tribe)

Swedish language

Swedish (svenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family, spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland. Proto-Norse language and Swedish language are north Germanic languages.

See Proto-Norse language and Swedish language

Syncope (phonology)

In phonology, syncope (from συγκοπή||cutting up) is the loss of one or more sounds from the interior of a word, especially the loss of an unstressed vowel.

See Proto-Norse language and Syncope (phonology)

Tone (linguistics)

Tone is the use of pitch in language to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words.

See Proto-Norse language and Tone (linguistics)

Trill consonant

In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator.

See Proto-Norse language and Trill consonant

Tune stone

The Tune stone is an important runestone from about 200–450 AD.

See Proto-Norse language and Tune stone

Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (also known as the "velum").

See Proto-Norse language and Velar consonant

Viking Age

The Viking Age (about) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonising, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America.

See Proto-Norse language and Viking Age

Vowel breaking

In historical linguistics, vowel breaking, vowel fracture, or diphthongization is the sound change of a monophthong into a diphthong or triphthong.

See Proto-Norse language and Vowel breaking

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Norse_language

Also known as Ancient Nordic, Ancient Scandinavian, North Proto-Germanic, Old Nordic language, Old Scandinavian language, Primitive Norse, Proto Norse, Proto-Nordic, Proto-Norse, Proto-North Germanic, Proto-Scandinavian, Proto-Scandinavian language, Protonorse.

, Rö runestone, Rhotacism, Sámi languages, Scandinavia, Sievers's law, Sowilō (rune), Stød, Stress (linguistics), Swedes (tribe), Swedish language, Syncope (phonology), Tone (linguistics), Trill consonant, Tune stone, Velar consonant, Viking Age, Vowel breaking.

Proto-Norse language, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

2nd-century establishments

8th-century disestablishments in Europe

Languages attested from the 2nd century

Languages extinct in the 8th century

North Germanic languages

Prehistoric Scandinavia

References