Proto-Protestantism, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 107 relations: Anabaptism, Anno Domini, Arnold of Brescia, Arnoldists, Augustine's influence on John Calvin, Ælfric of Eynsham, Baptist successionism, Beguines and Beghards, Berengar of Tours, Bogomilism, Bosnian Church, Byzantine Iconoclasm, Catharism, Catholic Church, Christianity, Church invisible, Claudius of Turin, Communion under both kinds, Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism, Cult, Czech language, Donatism, Dualism in cosmology, Edmund Hamer Broadbent, Epistle to the Galatians, Erasmus, Eucharist, Five solae, Franciscans, Fraticelli, Friends of God, Germany, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Girolamo Savonarola, Gottschalk of Orbais, Gregory of Rimini, Henry of Lausanne, Historian, History of Protestantism, Huguenots, Hussites, Icon, Iconoclasm, Indulgence, Infant baptism, Islam, Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, Jan Hus, Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg, Johann Reuchlin, ... Expand index (57 more) »

2. History of Protestantism

Anabaptism

Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά 're-' and βαπτισμός 'baptism'; Täufer, earlier also Wiedertäufer)Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term Wiedertäufer (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased.

See Proto-Protestantism and Anabaptism

Anno Domini

The terms anno Domini. (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

See Proto-Protestantism and Anno Domini

Arnold of Brescia

Arnold of Brescia (1090 – June 1155), also known as Arnaldus (Arnaldo da Brescia), an Italian canon regular from Lombardy, called on the Church to renounce property-ownership and participated in the failed Commune of Rome of 1144–1193.

See Proto-Protestantism and Arnold of Brescia

Arnoldists

Arnoldists were a Proto-Protestant Christian movement in the 12th century, named after Arnold of Brescia, an advocate of ecclesiastical reform who criticized the great wealth and possessions of the Roman Catholic Church, while preaching against infant baptism and transubstantiation.

See Proto-Protestantism and Arnoldists

Augustine's influence on John Calvin

Augustinian soteriology, influenced by Augustine of Hippo early engagements with Stoicism, Neoplatonism, and Manichaeism, played a crucial role in shaping Christian theology.

See Proto-Protestantism and Augustine's influence on John Calvin

Ælfric of Eynsham

Ælfric of Eynsham (Ælfrīc; Alfricus, Elphricus) was an English abbot and a student of Æthelwold of Winchester, and a consummate, prolific writer in Old English of hagiography, homilies, biblical commentaries, and other genres.

See Proto-Protestantism and Ælfric of Eynsham

Baptist successionism

Baptist successionism (or Baptist perpetuity) is one of several theories on the origin and continuation of Baptist churches.

See Proto-Protestantism and Baptist successionism

Beguines and Beghards

The Beguines and the Beghards were Christian lay religious orders that were active in Western Europe, particularly in the Low Countries, in the 13th–16th centuries.

See Proto-Protestantism and Beguines and Beghards

Berengar of Tours

Berengar of Tours (died 6 January 1088), in Latin Berengarius Turonensis, was an 11th-century French Christian theologian and archdeacon of Angers, a scholar whose leadership of the cathedral school at Chartres set an example of intellectual inquiry through the revived tools of dialectic that was soon followed at cathedral schools of Laon and Paris.

See Proto-Protestantism and Berengar of Tours

Bogomilism

Bogomilism (bogomilstvo; bogomilstvo; богумилство) was a Christian neo-Gnostic, dualist sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar Peter I in the 10th century.

See Proto-Protestantism and Bogomilism

Bosnian Church

The Bosnian Church (Црква босанска) was a schismatic Christian church in medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina that was independent from and considered heretical by both the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches.

See Proto-Protestantism and Bosnian Church

Byzantine Iconoclasm

The Byzantine Iconoclasm (lit) were two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities within the Ecumenical Patriarchate (at the time still comprising the Roman-Latin and the Eastern-Orthodox traditions) and the temporal imperial hierarchy.

See Proto-Protestantism and Byzantine Iconoclasm

Catharism

Catharism (from the katharoí, "the pure ones") was a Christian quasi-dualist or pseudo-Gnostic movement which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries.

See Proto-Protestantism and Catharism

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

See Proto-Protestantism and Catholic Church

Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See Proto-Protestantism and Christianity

Church invisible

The church invisible, invisible church, mystical church or church mystical, is a Christian theological concept of an "invisible" Christian Church of the elect who are known only to God, in contrast to the "visible church"—that is, the institutional body on earth which preaches the gospel and administers the sacraments.

See Proto-Protestantism and Church invisible

Claudius of Turin

Claudius of Turin (or Claude) (fl. 810–827)M.

See Proto-Protestantism and Claudius of Turin

Communion under both kinds

Communion under both kinds in Christianity is the reception under both "species" (i.e., both the consecrated bread and wine) of the Eucharist.

See Proto-Protestantism and Communion under both kinds

Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism

The Cathars or Albigenses have been identified as Proto-Protestants by people such as Jean Duvernoy and John Foxe among others.

See Proto-Protestantism and Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism

Cult

A cult is a group requiring unwavering devotion to a set of beliefs and practices which are considered deviant outside the norms of society, which is typically led by a charismatic and self-appointed leader who tightly controls its members.

See Proto-Protestantism and Cult

Czech language

Czech (čeština), historically also known as Bohemian (lingua Bohemica), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See Proto-Protestantism and Czech language

Donatism

Donatism was a Christian sect leading to a schism in the Church, in the region of the Church of Carthage, from the fourth to the sixth centuries. Proto-Protestantism and Donatism are schisms in Christianity.

See Proto-Protestantism and Donatism

Dualism in cosmology

Dualism in cosmology or dualistic cosmology is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other.

See Proto-Protestantism and Dualism in cosmology

Edmund Hamer Broadbent

Edmund Hamer Broadbent (15 June 1861 – 28 June 1945) was a Christian missionary and author.

See Proto-Protestantism and Edmund Hamer Broadbent

Epistle to the Galatians

The Epistle to the Galatians is the ninth book of the New Testament.

See Proto-Protestantism and Epistle to the Galatians

Erasmus

Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus (English: Erasmus of Rotterdam or Erasmus; 28 October c.1466 – 12 July 1536) was a Dutch Christian humanist, Catholic theologian, educationalist, satirist, and philosopher.

See Proto-Protestantism and Erasmus

Eucharist

The Eucharist (from evcharistía), also known as Holy Communion, the Blessed Sacrament and the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others.

See Proto-Protestantism and Eucharist

Five solae

The five solae (from Latin,, lit. "alone"; occasionally Anglicized to five solas) of the Protestant Reformation are a foundational set of Christian theological principles held by theologians and clergy to be central to the doctrines of justification and salvation as taught by the Calvinism and Lutheranism branches of Protestantism, as well as in some branches of Pentecostalism.

See Proto-Protestantism and Five solae

Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders of the Catholic Church.

See Proto-Protestantism and Franciscans

Fraticelli

The Fraticelli (Italian for "Little Brethren") or Spiritual Franciscans opposed changes to the rule of Saint Francis of Assisi, especially with regard to poverty, and regarded the wealth of the Church as scandalous, and that of individual churchmen as invalidating their status.

See Proto-Protestantism and Fraticelli

Friends of God

The Friends of God (German: Gottesfreunde; or gotesvriunde) was a medieval mystical group of both ecclesiastical and lay persons within the Catholic Church (though it nearly became a separate sect) and a center of German mysticism.

See Proto-Protestantism and Friends of God

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See Proto-Protestantism and Germany

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Giovanni Pico dei conti della Mirandola e della Concordia (24 February 1463 – 17 November 1494), known as Pico della Mirandola, was an Italian Renaissance nobleman and philosopher.

See Proto-Protestantism and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

Girolamo Savonarola

Girolamo Savonarola, OP (21 September 1452 – 23 May 1498) or Jerome Savonarola was an ascetic Dominican friar from Ferrara and a preacher active in Renaissance Florence.

See Proto-Protestantism and Girolamo Savonarola

Gottschalk of Orbais

Gottschalk of Orbais (Godescalc, Gotteschalchus) (c. 808 – 30 October 868) was a Saxon theologian, monk and poet.

See Proto-Protestantism and Gottschalk of Orbais

Gregory of Rimini

Gregory of Rimini (c. 1300 – November 1358), also called Gregorius de Arimino or Ariminensis, was one of the great scholastic philosophers and theologians of the Middle Ages.

See Proto-Protestantism and Gregory of Rimini

Henry of Lausanne

Henry of Lausanne (variously known as of Bruys, of Cluny, of Toulouse, of Le Mans and as the Deacon, sometimes referred to as Henry the Monk or Henry the Petrobrusian) was a French heresiarch of the first half of the 12th century.

See Proto-Protestantism and Henry of Lausanne

Historian

A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it.

See Proto-Protestantism and Historian

History of Protestantism

Protestantism originated from the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century.

See Proto-Protestantism and History of Protestantism

Huguenots

The Huguenots were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism.

See Proto-Protestantism and Huguenots

Hussites

Catholic crusaders in the 15th century The Lands of the Bohemian Crown during the Hussite Wars. The movement began in Prague and quickly spread south and then through the rest of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Eventually, it expanded into the remaining domains of the Bohemian Crown as well. The Hussites (Czech: Husité or Kališníci, "Chalice People"; Latin: Hussitae) were a Czech proto-Protestant Christian movement that followed the teachings of reformer Jan Hus (fl.

See Proto-Protestantism and Hussites

Icon

An icon is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, in the cultures of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Catholic churches.

See Proto-Protestantism and Icon

Iconoclasm

Iconoclasm (from Greek: label + label)From lit.

See Proto-Protestantism and Iconoclasm

Indulgence

In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence (from indulgeo, 'permit') is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for (forgiven) sins".

See Proto-Protestantism and Indulgence

Infant baptism

Infant baptism (or paedobaptism) is the practice of baptizing infants or young children.

See Proto-Protestantism and Infant baptism

Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

See Proto-Protestantism and Islam

Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples

Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples (Latinized as Jacobus Faber Stapulensis; c. 1455 – c. 1536) was a French theologian and a leading figure in French humanism.

See Proto-Protestantism and Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples

Jan Hus

Jan Hus (1370 – 6 July 1415), sometimes anglicized as John Hus or John Huss, and referred to in historical texts as Iohannes Hus or Johannes Huss, was a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the inspiration of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism, and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation.

See Proto-Protestantism and Jan Hus

Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg

Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg (16 March 1445 – 10 March 1510) was a priest, considered one of the greatest of the popular preachers of the 15th century.

See Proto-Protestantism and Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg

Johann Reuchlin

Johann Reuchlin (29 January 1455 – 30 June 1522), sometimes called Johannes, was a German Catholic humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew, whose work also took him to modern-day Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and France.

See Proto-Protestantism and Johann Reuchlin

Johann Ruchrat von Wesel

Johann Ruchrat von Wesel (died 1481) was a German Scholastic theologian.

See Proto-Protestantism and Johann Ruchrat von Wesel

Johann von Staupitz

Johann von Staupitz (1460 – 28 December 1524) was a German Catholic priest and theologian, university preacher, and Vicar General of the Augustinian friars in Germany, who supervised Martin Luther during a critical period in his spiritual life.

See Proto-Protestantism and Johann von Staupitz

Johannes von Goch

Johannes von Goch (born Johann Pupper) (– 1475) was a German Augustinian friar, thought by some to be a precursor of the Reformation, because of his views on scripture, justification and monasticism.

See Proto-Protestantism and Johannes von Goch

John Calvin

John Calvin (Jehan Cauvin; Jean Calvin; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

See Proto-Protestantism and John Calvin

John Foxe

John Foxe (1516/1517 – 18 April 1587) was an English clergyman, theologian, and historian, notable for his martyrology Actes and Monuments (otherwise Foxe's Book of Martyrs), telling of Christian martyrs throughout Western history, but particularly the sufferings of English Protestants and proto-Protestants from the 14th century and in the reign of Mary I.

See Proto-Protestantism and John Foxe

John Wycliffe

John Wycliffe (also spelled Wyclif, Wickliffe, and other variants; 1328 – 31 December 1384) was an English scholastic philosopher, Christian reformer, Catholic priest, and a theology professor at the University of Oxford.

See Proto-Protestantism and John Wycliffe

Joseph of Arimathea

Joseph of Arimathea (Ἰωσὴφ ὁ ἀπὸ Ἀριμαθαίας) is a Biblical figure who assumed responsibility for the burial of Jesus after his crucifixion.

See Proto-Protestantism and Joseph of Arimathea

Jovinian

Jovinian (Iovinianus; died c. 405) was an opponent of Christian asceticism in the 4th century and was condemned as a heretic at synods convened in Rome under Pope Siricius and in Milan by Ambrose in 393 because of his views.

See Proto-Protestantism and Jovinian

Jovinianism

Jovinianism refers to an anti-ascetic movement that has its origins in the 4th-century theologian Jovinian, who criticized the monastic movement and argued for the equality of marriage and celibacy.

See Proto-Protestantism and Jovinianism

Landmarkism

Landmarkism, sometimes called Baptist bride theology, is a Baptist ecclesiology that emerged in the mid-19th century in the American South.

See Proto-Protestantism and Landmarkism

Leo III the Isaurian

Leo III the Isaurian (Leōn ho Isauros; Leo Isaurus; 685 – 18 June 741), also known as the Syrian, was Byzantine Emperor from 717 until his death in 741 and founder of the Isaurian dynasty.

See Proto-Protestantism and Leo III the Isaurian

Lollardy

Lollardy, also known as Lollardism or the Lollard movement, was a proto-Protestant Christian religious movement that was active in England from the mid-14th century until the 16th-century English Reformation. Proto-Protestantism and Lollardy are schisms in Christianity.

See Proto-Protestantism and Lollardy

Lorenzo Valla

Lorenzo Valla (also Latinized as Laurentius; 14071 August 1457) was an Italian Renaissance humanist, rhetorician, educator and scholar.

See Proto-Protestantism and Lorenzo Valla

Marsilius of Padua

Marsilius of Padua (Italian: Marsilio da Padova; born Marsilio Mainardi, Marsilio de i Mainardini or Marsilio Mainardini; c. 1270 – c. 1342) was an Italian scholar, trained in medicine, who practiced a variety of professions.

See Proto-Protestantism and Marsilius of Padua

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.

See Proto-Protestantism and Martin Luther

Montanism

Montanism, known by its adherents as the New Prophecy, was an early Christian movement of the late 2nd century, later referred to by the name of its founder, Montanus.

See Proto-Protestantism and Montanism

Mysticism

Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning.

See Proto-Protestantism and Mysticism

Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

See Proto-Protestantism and Netherlands

Novatianism

Novatianism or Novationism was an early Christian sect devoted to the theologian Novatian (200–258) that held a strict view that refused readmission to communion of lapsi (those baptized Christians who had denied their faith or performed the formalities of a ritual sacrifice to the pagan gods under the pressures of the persecution sanctioned by Emperor Decius in AD 250). Proto-Protestantism and Novatianism are schisms in Christianity.

See Proto-Protestantism and Novatianism

Novum Instrumentum omne

Novum Instrumentum Omne, later called Novum Testamentum Omne, was a bilingual Latin-Greek New Testament with substantial scholarly annotations, and the first printed New Testament of the Greek to be published.

See Proto-Protestantism and Novum Instrumentum omne

Order of Saint Augustine

The Order of Saint Augustine (Ordo Fratrum Sancti Augustini), abbreviated OSA, is a religious mendicant order of the Catholic Church.

See Proto-Protestantism and Order of Saint Augustine

Pataria

The pataria was an eleventh-century Catholic movement focused on the city of Milan in northern Italy, which aimed to reform the clergy and ecclesiastic government within the city and its ecclesiastical province, in support of papal sanctions against simony and clerical marriage.

See Proto-Protestantism and Pataria

Patristics

Patristics or patrology is the study of the early Christian writers who are designated Church Fathers.

See Proto-Protestantism and Patristics

Paulicianism

Paulicianism (Classical Armenian: Պաւղիկեաններ,; Παυλικιανοί, "The followers of Paul"; Arab sources: Baylakānī, al Bayāliqa البيالقة)Nersessian, Vrej (1998).

See Proto-Protestantism and Paulicianism

Perpetual virginity of Mary

The perpetual virginity of Mary is a Christian doctrine that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was a virgin "before, during and after" the birth of Christ.

See Proto-Protestantism and Perpetual virginity of Mary

Peter Abelard

Peter Abelard (Pierre Abélard; Petrus Abaelardus or Abailardus; – 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, leading logician, theologian, poet, composer and musician.

See Proto-Protestantism and Peter Abelard

Peter of Bruys

Peter of Bruys (also known as Pierre De Bruys or Peter de Bruis; fl. 1117 – c.1131) was a medieval French religious teacher. Proto-Protestantism and Peter of Bruys are Christian radicalism.

See Proto-Protestantism and Peter of Bruys

Peter Waldo

Peter Waldo (c. 1140 – c. 1205; also Valdo, Valdes, Waldes) was the leader of the Waldensians, a Christian spiritual movement of the Middle Ages.

See Proto-Protestantism and Peter Waldo

Petrarch

Francis Petrarch (20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374; Franciscus Petrarcha; modern Francesco Petrarca), born Francesco di Petracco, was a scholar from Arezzo and poet of the early Italian Renaissance and one of the earliest humanists.

See Proto-Protestantism and Petrarch

Petrobrusians

Petrobrusians were a 12th century sect that rejected infant baptism, Catholic mass, veneration of the cross and prayers for the dead.

See Proto-Protestantism and Petrobrusians

Philip Melanchthon

Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and influential designer of educational systems.

See Proto-Protestantism and Philip Melanchthon

Piagnoni

The Piagnoni were a group of Christians who followed the teachings of Girolamo Savonarola.

See Proto-Protestantism and Piagnoni

Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

See Proto-Protestantism and Pope

Preachership

A preachership was the title originally given to the Catholic congregations of men with superior education endowed (by laity or clergy) to give about a hundred sermons to the public as a result of local dissatisfaction with poor-quality sermons of the medieval church.

See Proto-Protestantism and Preachership

Predestination

Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul.

See Proto-Protestantism and Predestination

Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

See Proto-Protestantism and Protestantism

Proto-orthodox Christianity

The term proto-orthodox Christianity or proto-orthodoxy describes the early Christian movement that was the precursor of Christian orthodoxy.

See Proto-Protestantism and Proto-orthodox Christianity

Ratramnus

Ratramnus (died) was a Frankish monk of the monastery of Corbie, near Amiens in northern France, and a Carolingian theologian known best for his writings on the Eucharist and predestination.

See Proto-Protestantism and Ratramnus

Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist

The real presence of Christ in the Eucharist is the Christian doctrine that Jesus Christ is present in the Eucharist, not merely symbolically or metaphorically, but in a true, real and substantial way.

See Proto-Protestantism and Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist

Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church. Proto-Protestantism and Reformation are schisms in Christianity.

See Proto-Protestantism and Reformation

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

See Proto-Protestantism and Russia

Saxons

The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons, were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony (Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany.

See Proto-Protestantism and Saxons

Sect

A sect is a subgroup of a religious, political, or philosophical belief system, usually an offshoot of a larger group.

See Proto-Protestantism and Sect

Sociological classifications of religious movements

Various sociological classifications of religious movements have been proposed by scholars.

See Proto-Protestantism and Sociological classifications of religious movements

Sola fide

Justificatio sola fide (or simply sola fide), meaning justification by faith alone, is a soteriological doctrine in Christian theology commonly held to distinguish the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Protestantism, among others, from the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian and Anabaptist churches.

See Proto-Protestantism and Sola fide

Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.

See Proto-Protestantism and Strasbourg

Strigolniki

The strigolniki (стригольники; label) were followers of a Russian religious sect which appeared in the mid-14th century, known as strigolnichestvo (стригольничество).

See Proto-Protestantism and Strigolniki

Taborites

The Taborites (Táborité, singular Táborita), known by their enemies as the Picards, were a faction within the Hussite movement in the medieval Lands of the Bohemian Crown.

See Proto-Protestantism and Taborites

Tanchelm

Tanchelm (approx. 1070 - Antwerp, 1115), also known as Tanchelm of Antwerp, Tanchelijn, Tanquelin or Tanchelin, was an itinerant preacher critical of the established Roman Catholic church, active in the Low Countries around the beginning of the 12th century.

See Proto-Protestantism and Tanchelm

The Trail of Blood

The Trail of Blood is a 1931 book by American Southern Baptist minister James Milton Carroll, comprising a collection of five lectures he gave on the history of Baptist churches, which he presented as a succession from the first Christians.

See Proto-Protestantism and The Trail of Blood

Thomas Bradwardine

Thomas Bradwardine (c. 1300 – 26 August 1349) was an English cleric, scholar, mathematician, physicist, courtier and, very briefly, Archbishop of Canterbury.

See Proto-Protestantism and Thomas Bradwardine

Transubstantiation

Transubstantiation (Latin: transubstantiatio; Greek: μετουσίωσις metousiosis) is, according to the teaching of the Catholic Church, "the change of the whole substance of bread into the substance of the Body of Christ and of the whole substance of wine into the substance of the Blood of Christ".

See Proto-Protestantism and Transubstantiation

Unconditional election

Unconditional election (also called sovereign election or unconditional grace) is a Calvinist doctrine relating to predestination that describes the actions and motives of God prior to his creation of the world, when he predestined some people to receive salvation, the elect, and the rest he left to continue in their sins and receive the just punishment, eternal damnation, for their transgressions of God's law as outlined in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible.

See Proto-Protestantism and Unconditional election

Utraquism

Utraquism (from the Latin sub utraque specie, meaning "under both kinds"), also called Calixtinism (from chalice; Latin: calix, borrowed from Greek kalyx, shell, husk; Czech: kališníci), was a belief amongst Hussites, a reformist Christian movement, that communion under both kinds (both bread and wine, as opposed to the bread alone) should be administered to the laity during the celebration of the Eucharist.

See Proto-Protestantism and Utraquism

Waldensians

The Waldensians, also known as Waldenses, Vallenses, Valdesi, or Vaudois, are adherents of a church tradition that began as an ascetic movement within Western Christianity before the Reformation. Proto-Protestantism and Waldensians are Christian radicalism.

See Proto-Protestantism and Waldensians

Wessel Gansfort

Wessel Harmensz Gansfort (1419 – 4 October 1489) was a theologian and early humanist of the northern Low Countries.

See Proto-Protestantism and Wessel Gansfort

William of Ockham

William of Ockham or Occam (Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 10 April 1347) was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, apologist, and Catholic theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.

See Proto-Protestantism and William of Ockham

See also

History of Protestantism

• Catholic–Protestant relations
• Confessional state
• Confessional subscription
• Confessionalism (religion)
• Convergence Movement
• Great Awakening
• History of Protestantism
• History of Protestantism in Sichuan
• Indigenous church mission theory
• Persecution of Protestants
• Pietism
• Protestant Reformation
• Protestantism and Islam
• Proto-Protestantism
• Restorationism
• The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
• Three-self formula

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Protestantism

Also known as Pre-Protestant, Pre-Protestantism, Pre-Reformation movements, Proto-Protestant, Proto-Protestants.

, Johann Ruchrat von Wesel, Johann von Staupitz, Johannes von Goch, John Calvin, John Foxe, John Wycliffe, Joseph of Arimathea, Jovinian, Jovinianism, Landmarkism, Leo III the Isaurian, Lollardy, Lorenzo Valla, Marsilius of Padua, Martin Luther, Montanism, Mysticism, Netherlands, Novatianism, Novum Instrumentum omne, Order of Saint Augustine, Pataria, Patristics, Paulicianism, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Peter Abelard, Peter of Bruys, Peter Waldo, Petrarch, Petrobrusians, Philip Melanchthon, Piagnoni, Pope, Preachership, Predestination, Protestantism, Proto-orthodox Christianity, Ratramnus, Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, Reformation, Russia, Saxons, Sect, Sociological classifications of religious movements, Sola fide, Strasbourg, Strigolniki, Taborites, Tanchelm, The Trail of Blood, Thomas Bradwardine, Transubstantiation, Unconditional election, Utraquism, Waldensians, Wessel Gansfort, William of Ockham.