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Quisqualic acid, the Glossary

Quisqualic acid is an agonist of the AMPA, kainate, and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors.^[1]

75 relations: Action potential, ADME, Agonist, Agricultural Research Service, AMPA receptor, Ampakine, Anthelmintic, Arachidonic acid, Basal ganglia, Bioavailability, Blood–brain barrier, CAMK, Caudate nucleus, Central nervous system, Combretum, Combretum indicum, CREB, Cytochrome P450, Decoction, Depolarization, Diarrhea, Diglyceride, EGR1, Endoplasmic reticulum, Epilepsy, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Excitotoxicity, G protein-coupled receptor, Glutamic acid, Glutathione S-transferase, Hippocampus, Hydrogen sulfide, Hydroxamic acid, Hypothalamus, Inositol trisphosphate, Ion channel, Japanese beetle, Kainate receptor, L-AP4, Linoleic acid, MAPK/ERK pathway, Metabotropic glutamate receptor, Myopia, Myristic acid, N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid, N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid, Nephritis, Nerve injury, Neuromuscular junction, Neuroprotection, ... Expand index (25 more) »
AMPA receptor agonists
Excitotoxins
Kainate receptor agonists
MGlu1 receptor agonists
MGlu5 receptor agonists
Non-proteinogenic amino acids
Oxadiazolidines
Toxic amino acids

Action potential

An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls.

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ADME

ADME is the four-letter abbreviation (acronym) for ''absorption'', ''distribution'', metabolism, and excretion, and is mainly used in fields such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacology.

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Agonist

An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.

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Agricultural Research Service

The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) is the principal in-house research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

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The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate (iGluR) and predominantly Na+ ion channel that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).

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Ampakine

Ampakines or AMPAkines are a subgroup of AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators with a benzamide or closely related chemical structure.

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Anthelmintic

Anthelmintics or antihelminthics are a group of antiparasitic drugs that expel parasitic worms (helminths) and other internal parasites from the body by either stunning or killing them and without causing significant damage to the host.

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Arachidonic acid

Arachidonic acid (AA, sometimes ARA) is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(ω-6), or 20:4(5,8,11,14).

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Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates.

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Bioavailability

In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

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Blood–brain barrier

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable border of endothelial cells that regulates the transfer of solutes and chemicals between the circulatory system and the central nervous system, thus protecting the brain from harmful or unwanted substances in the blood.

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CAMK

CAMK, also written as CaMK or CCaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes.

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Caudate nucleus

The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the corpus striatum, which is a component of the basal ganglia in the human brain.

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Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.

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Combretum

Combretum, the bushwillows or combretums, make up the type genus of the family Combretaceae.

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Combretum indicum

Combretum indicum, commonly known as the Rangoon creeper or Burma creeper, is a vine with red flower clusters which is native to tropical Asia and grows in thickets, primary and secondary forest, and along river banks in the Indian subcontinent, Malaysia and the Philippines.

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CREB

CREB-TF (CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor.

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Cytochrome P450

Cytochromes P450 (P450s or CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that mostly, but not exclusively, function as monooxygenases.

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Decoction

Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material (which may include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes) to dissolve the chemicals of the material.

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Depolarization

In biology, depolarization or hypopolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside.

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Diarrhea

Diarrhea (American English), also spelled diarrhoea or diarrhœa (British English), is the condition of having at least three loose, liquid, or watery bowel movements in a day.

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Diglyceride

A diglyceride, or diacylglycerol (DAG), is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages.

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EGR1

EGR-1 (Early growth response protein 1) also known as ZNF268 (zinc finger protein 268) or NGFI-A (nerve growth factor-induced protein A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EGR1 gene.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.

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Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a group of non-communicable neurological disorders characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures.

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Excitatory postsynaptic potential

In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

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Excitotoxicity

In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors.

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G protein-coupled receptor

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate cellular responses.

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Glutamic acid

Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Glutathione S-transferase

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, are a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification.

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Hippocampus

The hippocampus (hippocampi; via Latin from Greek ἱππόκαμπος, 'seahorse') is a major component of the brain of humans and other vertebrates.

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Hydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula.

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Hydroxamic acid

In organic chemistry, hydroxamic acids are a class of organic compounds having a general formula bearing the functional group, where R and R' are typically organyl groups (e.g., alkyl or aryl) or hydrogen.

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Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus (hypothalami) is a small part of the vertebrate brain that contains a number of nuclei with a variety of functions.

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Inositol trisphosphate

Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3 is an inositol phosphate signaling molecule.

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Ion channel

Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.

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Japanese beetle

The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) is a species of scarab beetle.

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Kainate receptor

Kainate receptors, or kainic acid receptors (KARs), are ionotropic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate.

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L-AP4

L-AP4 (L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid) is a drug used in scientific research, which acts as a group-selective agonist for the group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4/6/7/8).

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Linoleic acid

Linoleic acid (LA) is an organic compound with the formula.

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MAPK/ERK pathway

The MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.

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The metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are a type of glutamate receptor that are active through an indirect metabotropic process.

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Myopia

Myopia, also known as near-sightedness and short-sightedness, is an eye disease where light from distant objects focuses in front of, instead of on, the retina.

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Myristic acid

Myristic acid (IUPAC name: tetradecanoic acid) is a common saturated fatty acid with the molecular formula.

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N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid

N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid (N-acetylaspartylglutamate or NAAG) is a peptide neurotransmitter and the third-most-prevalent neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system.

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N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid

N-methyl--aspartic acid or N-methyl--aspartate (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative that acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor.

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Nephritis

Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial tissue surrounding the glomeruli and tubules.

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Nerve injury

Nerve injury is an injury to a nerve.

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Neuromuscular junction

A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.

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Neuroprotection

Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function.

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Neurotoxicity

Neurotoxicity is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system.

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Neurotransmitter

A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.

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NMDA receptor

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and predominantly Ca2+ ion channel found in neurons.

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Non-proteinogenic amino acids

In biochemistry, non-coded or non-proteinogenic amino acids are distinct from the 22 proteinogenic amino acids (21 in eukaryotesplus formylmethionine in eukaryotes with prokaryote organelles like mitochondria), which are naturally encoded in the genome of organisms for the assembly of proteins.

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O-Acetylserine

O-Acetylserine is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2OC(O)CH3.

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Oleic acid

Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils.

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Palmitic acid

Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain.

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Pelargonium

Pelargonium is a genus of flowering plants that includes about 280 species of perennials, succulents, and shrubs, commonly called geraniums, pelargoniums, or storksbills.

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Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration.

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Phospholipase C

Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of membrane-associated enzymes that cleave phospholipids just before the phosphate group (see figure).

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Quinolinic acid

Quinolinic acid (abbreviated QUIN or QA), also known as pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, is a dicarboxylic acid with a pyridine backbone. Quisqualic acid and Quinolinic acid are Neurotoxins.

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Quisqualamine

Quisqualamine is the α-decarboxylated analogue of quisqualic acid, as well as a relative of the neurotransmitters glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Quisqualic acid and Quisqualamine are Carbamates, Oxadiazolidines and Ureas.

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Rheumatism

Rheumatism or rheumatic disorders are conditions causing chronic, often intermittent pain affecting the joints or connective tissue.

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Rutin

Rutin (rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside or sophorin) is the glycoside combining the flavonol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose (α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranose).

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Seizure

A seizure is a period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

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Serine

Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

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Sodium–potassium pump

The sodium–potassium pump (sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase, also known as -ATPase, pump, or sodium–potassium ATPase) is an enzyme (an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase) found in the membrane of all animal cells.

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Spinal cord injury

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function.

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Stearic acid

Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid with an 18-carbon chain.

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Stroke

Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death.

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Synaptic plasticity

In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

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Tannin

Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.

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Thalamus

The thalamus (thalami; from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter on the lateral walls of the third ventricle forming the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain).

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United States Department of Agriculture

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is an executive department of the United States federal government that aims to meet the needs of commercial farming and livestock food production, promotes agricultural trade and production, works to assure food safety, protects natural resources, fosters rural communities and works to end hunger in the United States and internationally.

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