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Röhm scandal, the Glossary

The Röhm scandal resulted from the public disclosure of Nazi politician Ernst Röhm's homosexuality by anti-Nazis in 1931 and 1932.^[1]

116 relations: Adolf Brand, Adolf Hitler, Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Beer Hall Putsch, Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, Bernhard Weiß (police executive), Bolivia, Bolivian Army, Brown House, Munich, Cajetan Graf von Spreti, Cambridge University Press, Carl Severing, Central European History, Cold War, Columbia University Press, Communism and LGBT rights, Communist Party of Germany, Criminalization of homosexuality, De Gruyter, Die Rote Fahne, Die Weltbühne, Edmund Heines, Eldorado (Berlin), Erich Ludendorff, Ernst Röhm, Eulenburg affair, Facsimile, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Führerprinzip, Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany), First homosexual movement, Franz Pfeffer von Salomon, Free State of Prussia, Friedrich Ebert Foundation, Friedrich Radszuweit, Fritz Weitzel, Gay Nazis myth, Gender & History, German Empire, German National People's Party, Goebbels Diaries, Harrington Park Press, Heinrich Brüning, Heinrich Himmler, Hermann Göring, Hitler cabinet, Hjalmar Schacht, Homophobia, Homosexuality, Institute of Contemporary History (Munich), ... Expand index (66 more) »
1931 in politics
1932 in politics
LGBT history in Germany
Night of the Long Knives
Political sex scandals in Germany

Adolf Brand

Gustav Adolf Franz Brand (14 November 1874 – 2 February 1945) was a German writer, egoist anarchist, and pioneering campaigner for the acceptance of male bisexuality and homosexuality.

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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

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Adolf Hitler's rise to power

Adolf Hitler's rise to power began in the newly established Weimar Republic in September 1919 when Hitler joined the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (DAP; German Workers' Party).

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Beer Hall Putsch

The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch,Dan Moorhouse, ed.

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Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger

The Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger was a daily newspaper published in Berlin, with one of the highest national circulations of its time.

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Bernhard Weiß (police executive)

Bernhard Weiss (30 July 1880 – 29 July 1951) was a German lawyer and Vice President of the Berlin police during the Weimar Republic.

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Bolivia

Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America.

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Bolivian Army

The Bolivian Army (Ejército Boliviano) is the land force branch of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.

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The Brown House (Braunes Haus) was the name given to the Munich mansion located between the Karolinenplatz and Königsplatz, known before as the Palais Barlow, which was purchased in 1930 for the Nazis.

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Cajetan Graf von Spreti

Cajetan von Spreti (1905–1989) was a German paramilitary activist and functionary of the working regime of the Nazi system.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Carl Severing

Carl Wilhelm Severing (1 June 1875 – 23 July 1952) was a German union organizer and Social Democratic politician during the German Empire, Weimar Republic and the early post-World War II years in West Germany.

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Central European History

Central European History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal on history published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Central European History Society, an affiliate of the American Historical Association.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Communism and LGBT rights

Communist attitudes towards LGBT rights have evolved radically in the 21st century.

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Communist Party of Germany

The Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands,, KPD) was a major far-left political party in the Weimar Republic during the interwar period, an underground resistance movement in Nazi Germany, and a minor party in West Germany during the postwar period until it was banned by the Federal Constitutional Court in 1956.

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Criminalization of homosexuality

Some or all sexual acts between men, and less frequently between women, have been classified as a criminal offense in various regions.

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De Gruyter

Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter, is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.

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Die Rote Fahne

Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag) was a German newspaper originally founded in 1876 by Socialist Worker's Party leader Wilhelm Hasselmann, and which has been since published on and off, at times underground, by German Socialists and Communists.

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Die Weltbühne

Die Weltbühne (‘The World Stage’) was a German weekly magazine for politics, art and the economy.

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Edmund Heines

Edmund Heines (21 July 1897 – 30 June 1934) was a German Nazi politician and Deputy to Ernst Röhm, the Stabschef of the Sturmabteilung (SA).

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Eldorado (Berlin)

The Eldorado was the name of multiple nightclubs and performance venues in Berlin before the Nazi era and World War II.

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Erich Ludendorff

Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German military officer and politician who contributed significantly to the Nazis' rise to power.

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Ernst Röhm

Ernst Julius Günther Röhm (28 November 1887 – 1 July 1934) was a German military officer and a leading member of the Nazi Party.

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Eulenburg affair

The Eulenburg affair (also called the Harden–Eulenburg affair) was a public controversy surrounding a series of courts-martial and five civil trials regarding accusations of homosexual conduct, and accompanying libel trials, among prominent members of Kaiser Wilhelm II's cabinet and entourage during 1907–1909. Röhm scandal and Eulenburg affair are LGBT history in Germany and political sex scandals in Germany.

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Facsimile

A facsimile (from Latin fac simile, "to make alike") is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, art print, or other item of historical value that is as true to the original source as possible.

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Fall of the Western Roman Empire

The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.

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Führerprinzip

In the political history of Germany, the Führerprinzip (Leader Principle) was the basis of executive authority in the Government of Nazi Germany (1933–1945), which meant that the word of the Führer is above all written law, and that government policies, decisions, and offices all work towards the realisation of the will of the Führer.

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Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany)

The Federal Ministry of Justice (Bundesministerium der Justiz), abbreviated BMJ, is a cabinet-level ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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First homosexual movement

The first homosexual movement was a socio-political movement which thrived in Germany from the late nineteenth century until 1933. Röhm scandal and first homosexual movement are LGBT history in Germany.

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Franz Pfeffer von Salomon

Franz Pfeffer von Salomon (19 February 1888 – 12 April 1968) during the Nazi regime known as Franz von Pfeffer, was the first Supreme Leader of the Sturmabteilung (SA) after its re-establishment in 1925.

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Free State of Prussia

The Free State of Prussia (Freistaat Preußen) was one of the constituent states of Germany from 1918 to 1947.

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Friedrich Ebert Foundation

The Friedrich Ebert Foundation (German: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung e.V.; Abbreviation: FES) is a German political party foundation associated with, but independent from, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

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Friedrich Radszuweit

Friedrich Radszuweit (15 April 1876 – 15 March 1932) was a German manager, publisher, and author and LGBT activist, who was of major importance to the first homosexual movement.

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Fritz Weitzel

Friedrich "Fritz" Philip Weitzel (27 April 1904 – 19 June 1940) was a German SS-Obergruppenführer and Nazi Party politician during the Nazi era.

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Gay Nazis myth

There is a widespread and long-lasting myth alleging that homosexuals were numerous and prominent as a group in the Nazi Party or the identification of Nazism with homosexuality more generally.

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Gender & History

Gender & History is an international academic journal.

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German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

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German National People's Party

The German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP) was a national-conservative and monarchist political party in Germany during the Weimar Republic.

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Goebbels Diaries

The Goebbels Diaries are a collection of writings by Joseph Goebbels, a leading member of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) and the Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda in Adolf Hitler's government from 1933 to 1945.

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Harrington Park Press

Harrington Park Press (HPP) is an academic/scholarly book publisher based in New York City, specializing in LGBTQ topics such as diversity, inclusivity, and equality.

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Heinrich Brüning

Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German Centre Party politician and academic, who served as the chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932.

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Heinrich Himmler

Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was a German politician who was the 4th Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany, and one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany, primarily known for being a main architect of the Holocaust.

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Hermann Göring

Hermann Wilhelm Göring (or Goering;; 12 January 1893 – 15 October 1946) was a German politician, military leader, and convicted war criminal.

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Hitler cabinet

The Hitler cabinet was the government of Nazi Germany between 30 January 1933 and 30 April 1945 upon the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of the German Reich by President Paul von Hindenburg.

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Hjalmar Schacht

Hjalmar Schacht (born Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht; 22 January 1877 – 3 June 1970) was a German economist, banker, politician, and co-founder of the German Democratic Party.

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Homophobia

Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian, gay or bisexual.

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Homosexuality

Homosexuality is sexual attraction, romantic attraction, or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender.

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Institute of Contemporary History (Munich)

The Institute of Contemporary History (Institut für Zeitgeschichte) in Munich was conceived in 1947 under the name Deutsches Institut für Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Zeit ("German Institute of the History of the National Socialist Era").

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Joseph Goebbels

Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and philologist who was the Gauleiter (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945.

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Journal of Contemporary History

The Journal of Contemporary History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of history in all parts of the world since 1930.

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Journal of Homosexuality

The Journal of Homosexuality is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research into sexual practices and gender roles in their cultural, historical, interpersonal, and modern social contexts.

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Journal of the History of Sexuality

The Journal of the History of Sexuality is a peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1990 and published by the University of Texas Press.

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July 1932 German federal election

Federal elections were held in Germany on 31 July 1932, following the premature dissolution of the Reichstag.

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Karl Ernst

Karl Ernst (1 September 1904 – 30 June 1934) was an SA-Gruppenführer who, from March 1933, was the SA Commander in Berlin.

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Karl-Günther Heimsoth

Karl-Günther Heimsoth, also known as Karl-Guenter Heimsoth (4 December 1899, Charlottenburg – July 1934, Berlin), was a German physician, polygraph, and politician.

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Konstantin Hierl

Konstantin Hierl (24 February 1875 – 23 September 1955) was a major figure in the administration of Nazi Germany.

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Kurt Lüdecke

Kurt Lüdecke (5 February 1890, in Berlin – 1960, in Prien am Chiemsee) was an ardent German nationalist and international traveler who joined the Nazi party in the early 1920s and who used his social connections to raise money for the NSDAP.

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Kurt Tucholsky

Kurt Tucholsky (9 January 1890 – 21 December 1935) was a German journalist, satirist, and writer.

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Laurie Marhoefer

Laurie Marhoefer is a historian of queer and trans politics who is employed as the Jon Bridgman Endowed Professor of History at the University of Washington.

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LIT Verlag

LIT Verlag is a German academic publisher founded in 1980.

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Marinus van der Lubbe

Marinus van der Lubbe (13 January 1909 – 10 January 1934) was a Dutch communist who was tried, convicted, and executed by the government of Nazi Germany for setting fire to the Reichstag building—the national parliament of Germany—on 27 February 1933.

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Maxim Gorky

Alexei Maximovich Peshkov (Алексей Максимович Пешков; – 18 June 1936), popularly known as Maxim Gorky (Максим Горький), was a Russian and Soviet writer and socialism proponent.

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Münchener Post

The Münchener Post (Engl. Munich Post) was a socialist newspaper published in Munich, Germany, from 1888 to 1933.

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Militarism

Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values.

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Military advisor

Military advisors or combat advisors are military personnel deployed to advise on military matters.

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Minister President of Prussia

The office of Minister-President (Ministerpräsident), or Prime Minister, of Prussia existed from 1848, when it was formed by King Frederick William IV during the 1848–49 Revolution, until the abolition of Prussia in 1947 by the Allied Control Council.

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Minister without portfolio

A minister without portfolio is a government minister without specific responsibility as head of a government department.

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Mohr Siebeck

Mohr Siebeck Verlag is a long-established academic publisher focused on the humanities and social sciences and based in Tübingen, Germany.

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Nazi Party

The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.

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Nazi salute

The Nazi salute, also known as the Hitler salute, or the Sieg Heil salute, is a gesture that was used as a greeting in Nazi Germany.

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Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.

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New German Critique

The New German Critique is a contemporary academic journal in German studies.

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Night of the Long Knives

The Night of the Long Knives (Nacht der langen Messer), also called the Röhm purge or Operation Hummingbird (Unternehmen Kolibri), was a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from 30 June to 2 July 1934.

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Otto Braun

Otto Braun (28 January 1872 – 15 December 1955) was a politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) during the Weimar Republic.

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Otto Strasser

Otto Johann Maximilian Strasser (also Straßer, see ß; 10 September 1897 – 27 August 1974) was a German politician and an early member of the Nazi Party.

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Otto Wels

Otto Wels (15 September 1873 – 16 September 1939) was a German politician who served as a member of the Reichstag from 1912 to 1933 and as the chairman of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from 1919 until his death in 1939.

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Outing

Outing is the act of disclosing an LGBT person's sexual orientation or gender identity without that person's consent.

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Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.

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Paragraph 175

Paragraph 175 (known formally as; also known as Section 175 in English) was a provision of the German Criminal Code from 15 May 1871 to 10 March 1994. Röhm scandal and Paragraph 175 are LGBT history in Germany.

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Paramilitary

A paramilitary is a military that is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces.

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Paul Löbe

Paul Gustav Emil Löbe (14 December 1875 – 3 August 1967) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), a member and president of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic, and member of the Bundestag of West Germany.

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Paul Schulz

Paul Schulz (5 February 1898 – 31 August 1963) was a German military officer and Nazi Party official perhaps best known as a leader of the Black Reichswehr in the 1920s.

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Paul von Hindenburg

Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (abbreviated; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German field marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I. He later became president of Germany from 1925 until his death.

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Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany

Before 1933, male homosexual acts were illegal in Germany under Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code.

See Röhm scandal and Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany

Propaganda in Nazi Germany

The propaganda used by the German Nazi Party in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship of Germany from 1933 to 1945 was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Nazi policies.

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Rechtsstaat

Rechtsstaat (lit. "state of law"; "legal state") is a doctrine in continental European legal thinking, originating in German jurisprudence.

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Reichstag (Weimar Republic)

The Reichstag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) was the lower house of Germany's parliament; the upper house was the Reichsrat, which represented the states.

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Reichstag building

The Reichstag (officially: Plenarbereich Reichstagsgebäude; Imperial Assembly), a historic legislative government building on Platz der Republik in Berlin, is the seat of the German Bundestag.

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Reichstag fire

The Reichstag fire (Reichstagsbrand) was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.

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Revolutionary

A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution.

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Scientific-Humanitarian Committee

The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (WhK) was founded by Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin in May 1897, to campaign for social recognition of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, and against their legal persecution.

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The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands,; SPD) is a social democratic political party in Germany.

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Sopade reports

The Sopade reports, officially Germany reports of the Sopade (Deutschland-Berichte der Sopade.), were a series of reports published by the executive committee of the Social Democratic Party of Germany in exile (Sopade) between 1934 and 1940 about the situation in Nazi Germany.

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State violence

State violence is the use of force, intimidation, or oppression by a government or ruling body against the citizens within the jurisdiction of said state.

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Stennes revolt

The Stennes revolt was a revolt within the Nazi Party in 1930 through 1931 led by Walter Stennes, the Berlin commandant of the Sturmabteilung (SA), the Nazi's "brownshirt" storm troops.

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Stormtrooper Families

Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement (2015) is a book by the American historian Andrew Wackerfuss.

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Sturmabteilung

The Sturmabteilung (SA; literally "Storm Division" or Storm Troopers) was the original paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party.

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The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror

The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror (German: Braunbuch über Reichstagsbrand und Hitlerterror) is a book published in Paris, France in August 1933.

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Triple Alliance (1882)

The Triple Alliance was a defensive military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

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University of Toronto Press

The University of Toronto Press is a Canadian university press.

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Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (V&R) is a scholarly publishing house based in Göttingen, Germany.

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Völkischer Beobachter

The Völkischer Beobachter ("Völkisch Observer") was the newspaper of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) from 25 December 1920.

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Volk

The German noun Volk translates to people, both uncountable in the sense of people as in a crowd, and countable (plural Völker) in the sense of a people as in an ethnic group or nation (compare the English term folk).

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Vorwärts

Vorwärts ("Forward") is a newspaper published by the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

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Walter Buch

Walter Buch (24 October 1883 – 12 September 1949) was a German jurist as well as an SA and SS official during the Nazi era.

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Walter Stennes

Walter Franz Maria Stennes (12 April 1895 – 19 May 1983) was a leader of the Sturmabteilung (SA, stormtroopers, or "brownshirts") of the Nazi Party in Berlin and the surrounding area.

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Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.

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Werner Best

Karl Rudolf Werner Best (10 July 1903 – 23 June 1989) was a German jurist, police chief, SS-Obergruppenführer, Nazi Party leader, and theoretician from Darmstadt.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until the reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. The Cold War-era country is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) after its capital city of Bonn. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc.

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Wilhelm Frick

Wilhelm Frick (12 March 1877 – 16 October 1946) was a convicted war criminal and prominent German politician of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) who served as Minister of the Interior in Adolf Hitler's cabinet from 1933 to 1943 and as the last governor of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Röhm_scandal

, Joseph Goebbels, Journal of Contemporary History, Journal of Homosexuality, Journal of the History of Sexuality, July 1932 German federal election, Karl Ernst, Karl-Günther Heimsoth, Konstantin Hierl, Kurt Lüdecke, Kurt Tucholsky, Laurie Marhoefer, LIT Verlag, Marinus van der Lubbe, Maxim Gorky, Münchener Post, Militarism, Military advisor, Minister President of Prussia, Minister without portfolio, Mohr Siebeck, Nazi Party, Nazi salute, Nazism, New German Critique, Night of the Long Knives, Otto Braun, Otto Strasser, Otto Wels, Outing, Palgrave Macmillan, Paragraph 175, Paramilitary, Paul Löbe, Paul Schulz, Paul von Hindenburg, Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany, Propaganda in Nazi Germany, Rechtsstaat, Reichstag (Weimar Republic), Reichstag building, Reichstag fire, Revolutionary, Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Sopade reports, State violence, Stennes revolt, Stormtrooper Families, Sturmabteilung, The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror, Triple Alliance (1882), University of Toronto Press, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Völkischer Beobachter, Volk, Vorwärts, Walter Buch, Walter Stennes, Weimar Republic, Werner Best, West Germany, Wilhelm Frick, Willi Münzenberg, World War II, Yale University Press, 1932 German presidential election.

Röhm scandal, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

1931 in politics

1932 in politics

LGBT history in Germany

Night of the Long Knives

Political sex scandals in Germany

References