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Randomized controlled trial, the Glossary

A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control.^[1]

150 relations: Acronym, Acute coronary syndrome, Adverse drug reaction, Age of Enlightenment, Analysis of covariance, Animal magnetism, Antiarrhythmic agent, Atorvastatin, Austin Bradford Hill, Bias, Bias of an estimator, Blinded experiment, Blocking (statistics), Case report, Censoring (statistics), Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Charles Sanders Peirce, Cisplatin, Claude Bernard, Clinical equipoise, Clinical research, Clinical study design, Clinical trial, Cluster-randomised controlled trial, Cochrane (organisation), Cochrane Library, Confidence interval, Conflict of interest, Confounding, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials, Coronary artery disease, Criminology & Criminal Justice, Crossover study, Dependent and independent variables, Diagnosis, Dichotomy, Disruptive innovation, Drug development, Edward Thorndike, Encainide, Ethics, Evidence-based practice, Experiment, Experimental psychology, Factorial experiment, Flecainide, Food and Drug Administration, Frank Angell, Gold standard (test), Gross domestic product, ... Expand index (100 more) »
Causal inference
Experiments

Acronym

An acronym is an abbreviation of a phrase that usually consists of the initial letter of each word in all caps with no punctuation.

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Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) due to decreased blood flow in the coronary arteries such that part of the heart muscle is unable to function properly or dies.

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Adverse drug reaction

An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is a harmful, unintended result caused by taking medication.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Analysis of covariance

Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a general linear model that blends ANOVA and regression.

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Animal magnetism

Animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism, is a theory invented by German doctor Franz Mesmer in the 18th century.

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Antiarrhythmic agent

Antiarrhythmic agents, also known as cardiac dysrhythmia medications, are a class of drugs that are used to suppress abnormally fast rhythms (tachycardias), such as atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia.

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Atorvastatin

Atorvastatin is a statin medication used to prevent cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and to treat abnormal lipid levels.

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Austin Bradford Hill

Sir Austin Bradford Hill (8 July 1897 – 18 April 1991) was an English epidemiologist who pioneered the modern randomised clinical trial and, together with Richard Doll, demonstrated the connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.

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Bias

* Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate, closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.

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Bias of an estimator

In statistics, the bias of an estimator (or bias function) is the difference between this estimator's expected value and the true value of the parameter being estimated.

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Blinded experiment

In a blind or blinded experiment, information which may influence the participants of the experiment is withheld until after the experiment is complete. Randomized controlled trial and blinded experiment are clinical research and design of experiments.

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Blocking (statistics)

In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units that are similar to one another in groups (blocks) based on one or more variables. Randomized controlled trial and blocking (statistics) are design of experiments.

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Case report

In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Randomized controlled trial and case report are clinical research.

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Censoring (statistics)

In statistics, censoring is a condition in which the value of a measurement or observation is only partially known.

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Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine

The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM), based in the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences at the University of Oxford, is an academic-led centre dedicated to the practice, teaching, and dissemination of high quality evidence-based medicine to improve healthcare in everyday clinical practice.

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Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce (September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".

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Cisplatin

Cisplatin is a chemical compound with formula cis-.

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Claude Bernard

Claude Bernard (12 July 1813 – 10 February 1878) was a French physiologist.

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Clinical equipoise

Clinical equipoise, also known as the principle of equipoise, provides the ethical basis for medical research that involves assigning patients to different treatment arms of a clinical trial.

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Clinical research

Clinical research is a branch of medical research that involves people and aims to determine the effectiveness (efficacy) and safety of medications, devices, diagnostic products, and treatment regimens intended for improving human health.

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Clinical study design

Clinical study design is the formulation of trials and experiments, as well as observational studies in medical, clinical and other types of research (e.g., epidemiological) involving human beings. Randomized controlled trial and clinical study design are clinical research and design of experiments.

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Clinical trial

Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Randomized controlled trial and Clinical trial are clinical research and design of experiments.

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Cluster-randomised controlled trial

A cluster-randomised controlled trial is a type of randomised controlled trial in which groups of subjects (as opposed to individual subjects) are randomised. Randomized controlled trial and cluster-randomised controlled trial are clinical research and design of experiments.

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Cochrane (organisation)

Cochrane is a British international charitable organisation formed to synthesize medical research findings to facilitate evidence-based choices about health interventions involving health professionals, patients and policy makers. Randomized controlled trial and Cochrane (organisation) are evidence-based practices.

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Cochrane Library

The Cochrane Library (named after Archie Cochrane) is a collection of databases in medicine and other healthcare specialties provided by Cochrane and other organizations.

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Confidence interval

Informally, in frequentist statistics, a confidence interval (CI) is an interval which is expected to typically contain the parameter being estimated.

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Conflict of interest

A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.

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Confounding

In causal inference, a confounder is a variable that influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, causing a spurious association. Randomized controlled trial and Confounding are causal inference and design of experiments.

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Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) encompasses various initiatives developed by the CONSORT Group to alleviate the problems arising from inadequate reporting of randomized controlled trials. Randomized controlled trial and Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials are design of experiments.

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Coronary artery disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial ischemia, or simply heart disease, involves the reduction of blood flow to the cardiac muscle due to build-up of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the heart.

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Criminology & Criminal Justice

Criminology & Criminal Justice is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the field of criminology.

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Crossover study

In medicine, a crossover study or crossover trial is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). Randomized controlled trial and crossover study are clinical research and design of experiments.

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Dependent and independent variables

A variable is considered dependent if it depends on an independent variable. Randomized controlled trial and dependent and independent variables are design of experiments.

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Diagnosis

Diagnosis (diagnoses) is the identification of the nature and cause of a certain phenomenon.

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Dichotomy

A dichotomy is a partition of a whole (or a set) into two parts (subsets).

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Disruptive innovation

In business theory, disruptive innovation is innovation that creates a new market and value network or enters at the bottom of an existing market and eventually displaces established market-leading firms, products, and alliances.

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Drug development

Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.

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Edward Thorndike

Edward Lee Thorndike (August 31, 1874 – August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University.

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Encainide

Encainide (trade name Enkaid) is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent.

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Ethics

Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.

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Evidence-based practice

Evidence-based practice is the idea that occupational practices ought to be based on scientific evidence. Randomized controlled trial and evidence-based practice are evidence-based practices.

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Experiment

An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Randomized controlled trial and experiment are causal inference, design of experiments and experiments.

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Experimental psychology

Experimental psychology refers to work done by those who apply experimental methods to psychological study and the underlying processes.

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Factorial experiment

In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. Randomized controlled trial and factorial experiment are design of experiments.

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Flecainide

Flecainide is a medication used to prevent and treat abnormally fast heart rates.

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Food and Drug Administration

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services.

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Frank Angell

Frank Angell (July 8, 1857 – November 2, 1939) was an early American psychologist and the former athletic director at Stanford University.

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Gold standard (test)

In medicine and medical statistics, the gold standard, criterion standard, or reference standard is the diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions.

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Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.

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Henry Mann

Henry Berthold Mann (27 October 1905, Vienna – 1 February 2000, Tucson) was a professor of mathematics and statistics at the Ohio State University.

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Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver; it is a type of viral hepatitis.

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Hierarchy of evidence

A hierarchy of evidence, comprising levels of evidence (LOEs), that is, evidence levels (ELs), is a heuristic used to rank the relative strength of results obtained from experimental research, especially medical research. Randomized controlled trial and hierarchy of evidence are clinical research and evidence-based practices.

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Hormone replacement therapy

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause.

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Impact evaluation

Impact evaluation assesses the changes that can be attributed to a particular intervention, such as a project, program or policy, both the intended ones, as well as ideally the unintended ones.

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Imputation (statistics)

In statistics, imputation is the process of replacing missing data with substituted values.

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Informed consent

Informed consent is a principle in medical ethics, medical law and media studies, that a patient must have sufficient information and understanding before making decisions about their medical care.

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Intention-to-treat analysis

In medicine an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis of the results of a randomized controlled trial is based on the initial treatment assignment and not on the treatment eventually received. Randomized controlled trial and intention-to-treat analysis are clinical research and experiments.

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Internal validity

Internal validity is the extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect, within the context of a particular study. Randomized controlled trial and Internal validity are causal inference.

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International Studies of Infarct Survival

The International Studies of Infarct Survival (ISIS) were four randomized controlled trials of several drugs for treating suspected acute myocardial infarction ("heart attack").

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Isis (journal)

Isis is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press.

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Jadad scale

The Jadad scale, sometimes known as Jadad scoring or the Oxford quality scoring system, is a procedure to assess the methodological quality of a clinical trial by objective criteria. Randomized controlled trial and Jadad scale are clinical research and design of experiments.

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JAMA

JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association) is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association.

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James Lind

James Lind (4 October 1716 – 13 July 1794) was a Scottish physician. Randomized controlled trial and James Lind are clinical research.

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Jerzy Neyman

Jerzy Neyman (April 16, 1894 – August 5, 1981; born Jerzy Spława-Neyman) was a Polish mathematician and statistician who first introduced the modern concept of a confidence interval into statistical hypothesis testing and revised Ronald Fisher's null hypothesis testing with Egon Pearson.

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John Edgar Coover

John Edgar Coover (March 16, 1872 – February 19, 1938), also known as J. E. Coover was an American psychologist and parapsychologist known for his experiments into extrasensory perception.

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Joseph Jastrow

Joseph Jastrow (January 30, 1863 – January 8, 1944) was a Polish-born American psychologist notorious for inventions in experimental psychology, design of experiments, and psychophysics.

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Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Education.

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Journal of Experimental Criminology

The Journal of Experimental Criminology is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering experimental research in the field of criminology.

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Kaplan–Meier estimator

The Kaplan–Meier estimator, also known as the product limit estimator, is a non-parametric statistic used to estimate the survival function from lifetime data.

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Logistic regression

In statistics, the logistic model (or logit model) is a statistical model that models the log-odds of an event as a linear combination of one or more independent variables.

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Mean

A mean is a numeric quantity representing the center of a collection of numbers and is intermediate to the extreme values of a set of numbers.

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Medical device

A medical device is any device intended to be used for medical purposes.

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Medical guideline

A medical guideline (also called a clinical guideline, standard treatment guideline, or clinical practice guideline) is a document with the aim of guiding decisions and criteria regarding diagnosis, management, and treatment in specific areas of healthcare.

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Medical history

The medical history, case history, or anamnesis (from Greek: ἀνά, aná, "open", and μνήσις, mnesis, "memory") of a patient is a set of information the physicians collect over medical interviews.

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Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)

The Medical Research Council (MRC) is responsible for co-coordinating and funding medical research in the United Kingdom.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.

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Meta-analysis is the statistical combination of the results of multiple studies addressing a similar research question. Randomized controlled trial and Meta-analysis are clinical research and evidence-based practices.

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Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor.

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Minimisation (clinical trials)

Minimisation is a method of adaptive stratified sampling that is used in clinical trials, as described by Pocock and Simon. Randomized controlled trial and Minimisation (clinical trials) are clinical research and design of experiments.

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Multicenter trial

A multicenter research trial is a clinical trial that involves more than one independent medical institutions in enrolling and following trial participants. Randomized controlled trial and multicenter trial are clinical research.

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Multiple comparisons problem

In statistics, the multiple comparisons, multiplicity or multiple testing problem occurs when one considers a set of statistical inferences simultaneously or estimates a subset of parameters selected based on the observed values.

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Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord are damaged.

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Myocardial infarction

A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart, causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle.

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National Health and Medical Research Council

The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) is the main statutory authority of the Australian Government responsible for medical research.

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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) is a part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH).

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Null hypothesis

In scientific research, the null hypothesis (often denoted H0) is the claim that the effect being studied does not exist. Randomized controlled trial and null hypothesis are design of experiments.

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Observational error

Observational error (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its unknown true value.

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Observational study

In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. Randomized controlled trial and observational study are design of experiments.

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Observer-expectancy effect

The observer-expectancy effect is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment. Randomized controlled trial and observer-expectancy effect are design of experiments.

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Open-label trial

An open-label trial, or open trial, is a type of clinical trial in which information is not withheld from trial participants. Randomized controlled trial and open-label trial are design of experiments and research methods.

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Parallel study

A parallel study is a type of clinical study where two groups of treatments, A and B, are given so that one group receives only A while another group receives only B. Other names for this type of study include "between patient" and "non-crossover". Randomized controlled trial and parallel study are research methods.

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Patient and public involvement

Public involvement (or public and patient involvement, PPI) in medical research refers to the practice where people with health conditions (patients), carers and members of the public work together with researchers and influence what is researched and how. Randomized controlled trial and patient and public involvement are research methods.

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Peer review

Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers).

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Peginterferon alfa-2a

Pegylated interferon alfa-2a, sold under the brand name Pegasys among others, is medication used to treat hepatitis C and hepatitis B. For hepatitis C it is typically used together with ribavirin and cure rates are between 24 and 92%.

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Per capita

Per capita is a Latin phrase literally meaning "by heads" or "for each head", and idiomatically used to mean "per person".

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Pharmaceutical industry

The pharmaceutical industry is an industry involved in medicine that discovers, develops, produces, and markets pharmaceutical goods for use as drugs that function by being administered to (or self-administered by) patients using such medications with the goal of curing and/or preventing disease (as well as possibly alleviating symptoms of illness and/or injury).

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Phases of clinical research

The phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. Randomized controlled trial and phases of clinical research are clinical research and design of experiments.

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Physical examination

In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition.

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Physical therapy

Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is a healthcare profession, as well as the care provided by physical therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health through patient education, physical intervention, disease prevention, and health promotion.

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Pipeline planning

Pipeline planning is a social audit that incorporates stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trials.

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Placebo

A placebo is a substance or treatment which is designed to have no therapeutic value. Randomized controlled trial and placebo are clinical research.

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Power (statistics)

In frequentist statistics, power is a measure of the ability of an experimental design and hypothesis testing setup to detect a particular effect if it is truly present.

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Proportional hazards model

Proportional hazards models are a class of survival models in statistics.

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Protocol (science)

In natural and social science research, a protocol is most commonly a predefined procedural method in the design and implementation of an experiment. Randomized controlled trial and protocol (science) are design of experiments.

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The psychosocial approach looks at individuals in the context of the combined influence that psychological factors and the surrounding social environment have on their physical and mental wellness and their ability to function.

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Public Culture

Public Culture is a peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary academic journal of cultural studies published by Duke University Press.

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Public health intervention

A public health intervention is any effort or policy that attempts to improve mental and physical health on a population level.

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Publication bias

In published academic research, publication bias occurs when the outcome of an experiment or research study biases the decision to publish or otherwise distribute it.

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PubMed

PubMed is a free database including primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics.

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Quality-adjusted life year

The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived.

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Quasi-experiment

A quasi-experiment is an empirical interventional study used to estimate the causal impact of an intervention on target population without random assignment. Randomized controlled trial and quasi-experiment are design of experiments.

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Random assignment

Random assignment or random placement is an experimental technique for assigning human participants or animal subjects to different groups in an experiment (e.g., a treatment group versus a control group) using randomization, such as by a chance procedure (e.g., flipping a coin) or a random number generator. Randomized controlled trial and random assignment are causal inference, design of experiments and experiments.

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Randomized experiment

In science, randomized experiments are the experiments that allow the greatest reliability and validity of statistical estimates of treatment effects. Randomized controlled trial and randomized experiment are design of experiments and experiments.

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Restricted randomization

In statistics, restricted randomization occurs in the design of experiments and in particular in the context of randomized experiments and randomized controlled trials. Randomized controlled trial and restricted randomization are design of experiments.

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Return on investment

Return on investment (ROI) or return on costs (ROC) is the ratio between net income (over a period) and investment (costs resulting from an investment of some resources at a point in time).

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Robert S. Woodworth

Robert Sessions Woodworth (October 17, 1869 – July 4, 1962) was an American psychologist and the creator of the personality test which bears his name.

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Robust statistics

Robust statistics are statistics that maintain their properties even if the underlying distributional assumptions are incorrect.

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Ronald Fisher

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was a British polymath who was active as a mathematician, statistician, biologist, geneticist, and academic.

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Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism

The Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism involved two entirely separate and independent French Royal Commissions, each appointed by Louis XVI in 1784, that were conducted simultaneously by a committee composed of four physicians from the Paris Faculty of Medicine (''Faculté de médecine de Paris'') and five scientists from the Royal Academy of Sciences (''Académie des sciences'') (i.e., the "Franklin Commission", named for Benjamin Franklin), and a second committee composed of five physicians from the Royal Society of Medicine (''Société Royale de Médecine'') (i.e., the "Society Commission"). Randomized controlled trial and Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism are design of experiments.

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Sample size determination

Sample size determination or estimation is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample.

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School of education

In the United States and Canada, a school of education (or college of education; ed school) is a division within a university that is devoted to scholarship in the field of education, which is an interdisciplinary branch of the social sciences encompassing sociology, psychology, linguistics, economics, political science, public policy, history, and others, all applied to the topic of elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education.

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Scientific literature

Scientific literature encompasses a vast body of academic papers that spans various disciplines within the natural and social sciences.

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Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.

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Screening (medicine)

Screening, in medicine, is a strategy used to look for as-yet-unrecognised conditions or risk markers.

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Scurvy

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

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Selection bias

Selection bias is the bias introduced by the selection of individuals, groups, or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby failing to ensure that the sample obtained is representative of the population intended to be analyzed. Randomized controlled trial and selection bias are causal inference.

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SIDS

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sometimes known as cot death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age.

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Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland

The Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland (SSISI) is a learned society which analyses the major changes that have taken place in population, employment, legal and administrative systems and social services in Ireland.

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Statistical hypothesis test

A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data sufficiently support a particular hypothesis. Randomized controlled trial and statistical hypothesis test are design of experiments.

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Statistical inference

Statistical inference is the process of using data analysis to infer properties of an underlying distribution of probability.

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Statistical Methods for Research Workers

Statistical Methods for Research Workers is a classic book on statistics, written by the statistician R. A. Fisher.

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Statistical significance

In statistical hypothesis testing, a result has statistical significance when a result at least as "extreme" would be very infrequent if the null hypothesis were true.

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Stratified randomization

In statistics, stratified randomization is a method of sampling which first stratifies the whole study population into subgroups with same attributes or characteristics, known as strata, then followed by simple random sampling from the stratified groups, where each element within the same subgroup are selected unbiasedly during any stage of the sampling process, randomly and entirely by chance.

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Streptomycin

Streptomycin is an antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, ''Mycobacterium avium'' complex, endocarditis, brucellosis, ''Burkholderia'' infection, plague, tularemia, and rat bite fever.

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Subgroup analysis

Subgroup analysis refers to repeating the analysis of a study within subgroups of subjects defined by a subgrouping variable. Randomized controlled trial and subgroup analysis are design of experiments.

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Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)

The distinction between subjectivity and objectivity is a basic idea of philosophy, particularly epistemology and metaphysics.

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Survival analysis

Survival analysis is a branch of statistics for analyzing the expected duration of time until one event occurs, such as death in biological organisms and failure in mechanical systems.

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Systematic review

A systematic review is a scholarly synthesis of the evidence on a clearly presented topic using critical methods to identify, define and assess research on the topic. Randomized controlled trial and systematic review are clinical research, evidence-based practices and research methods.

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Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.

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The New England Journal of Medicine

The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Therapeutic misconception

Therapeutic misconception is a common ethical problem encountered in human subjects research.

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Treatment and control groups

In the design of experiments, hypotheses are applied to experimental units in a treatment group. Randomized controlled trial and treatment and control groups are clinical research and design of experiments.

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Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.

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Type I and type II errors

In statistical hypothesis testing, a type I error, or a false positive, is the rejection of the null hypothesis when it is actually true. Randomized controlled trial and type I and type II errors are design of experiments.

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United States Preventive Services Task Force

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is "an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention that systematically reviews the evidence of effectiveness and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services".

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W. H. R. Rivers

William Halse Rivers Rivers (12 March 1864 – 4 June 1922) was an English anthropologist, neurologist, ethnologist and psychiatrist known for treatment of First World War officers suffering shell shock, so they could be returned to combat.

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Women's Health Initiative

The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was a series of clinical studies initiated by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1991, to address major health issues causing morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women.

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Zelen's design

Zelen's design is an experimental design for randomized clinical trials proposed by Harvard School of Public Health statistician Marvin Zelen (1927-2014). Randomized controlled trial and Zelen's design are clinical research and design of experiments.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial

Also known as Controlled trial, DbRCT, Double-blind placebo controlled trial, Double-blind placebo-controlled trial, Open trial (medical), Placebo controlled double blind trial, Randomised clinical trial, Randomised comparative trial, Randomised control trial, Randomised controlled trial, Randomised controlled trials, Randomised trial, Randomised, controlled study, Randomised-controlled trial, Randomized clinical trial, Randomized clinical trials, Randomized comparative trial, Randomized control trial, Randomized control trials, Randomized controled trial, Randomized controlled experiments, Randomized controlled studies, Randomized controlled study, Randomized controlled trials, Randomized evaluation, Randomized evaluations, Randomized study.

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