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Reforms of Russian orthography, the Glossary

Russian orthography has been reformed officially and unofficially by changing the Russian alphabet over the course of the history of the Russian language.^[1]

64 relations: Aleksey Shakhmatov, Alexander Pushkin, Anatoly Lunacharsky, Apostrophe, Arabic numerals, Bolsheviks, Chrism, Church Slavonic, Council of People's Commissars, Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union, Cyrillic numerals, Cyrillic script, Dotted I (Cyrillic), East Slavic languages, Eastern Christianity, Fita, French language, Grapheme, Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Hard sign, History of Proto-Slavic, Homograph, Homonym, Homophone, IETF language tag, Izhitsa, Izvestia, Jesus, Lev Uspensky, Literary language, Locomotive, Mikhail Lomonosov, Monopoly, October Revolution, Old East Slavic, Orthography, People's Commissariat for Education, Peter the Great, Preface, Prefix, Rail transport in Russia, Rules of Russian Orthography and Punctuation, Russian alphabet, Russian language, Russian orthography, Russian phonology, Russian Revolution, Russian spelling rules, Rybinsk, Saint Petersburg, ... Expand index (14 more) »
Orthography reform
Russian orthography reforms

Aleksey Shakhmatov

Aleksey Aleksandrovich Shakhmatov (Алексе́й Алекса́ндрович Ша́хматов, – 16 August 1920) was a Russian philologist and historian credited with laying the foundations for the science of textology.

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Alexander Pushkin

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era.

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Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky (Анато́лий Васи́льевич Лунача́рский, born Anatoly Aleksandrovich Antonov; – 26 December 1933) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and the first Bolshevik Soviet People's Commissar (Narkompros) responsible for the Ministry of Education as well as an active playwright, critic, essayist, and journalist throughout his career.

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Apostrophe

The apostrophe is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets.

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Arabic numerals

The ten Arabic numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are the most commonly used symbols for writing numbers.

See Reforms of Russian orthography and Arabic numerals

Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Chrism

Chrism, also called myrrh, myron, holy anointing oil, and consecrated oil, is a consecrated oil used in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Nordic Lutheran, Anglican, and Old Catholic churches in the administration of certain sacraments and ecclesiastical functions.

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Church Slavonic

Church Slavonic is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia.

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Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars (CPC) (Sovet narodnykh kommissarov (SNK)), commonly known as the Sovnarkom (Совнарком), were the highest executive authorities of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the Soviet Union (USSR), and the Soviet republics from 1917 to 1946.

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Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union

The Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union was the highest collegial body of executive and administrative authority of the Soviet Union from 1923 to 1946.

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Cyrillic numerals

Cyrillic numerals are a numeral system derived from the Cyrillic script, developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the late 10th century.

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Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.

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Dotted I (Cyrillic)

The dotted i (І і; italics: І і), also called decimal i (и десятеричное, after its former numeric value) or soft-dotted i, is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

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East Slavic languages

The East Slavic languages constitute one of three regional subgroups of the Slavic languages, distinct from the West and South Slavic languages.

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Eastern Christianity

Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean region or locations further east, south or north.

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Fita

Fita (Ѳ ѳ; italics: Ѳ ѳ) is a letter of the Early Cyrillic alphabet.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Grapheme

In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system.

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Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GSE;, BSE) is the largest Soviet Russian-language encyclopedia, published in the Soviet Union from 1926 to 1990.

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Hard sign

The letter Ъ ъ (italics Ъ, ъ) of the Cyrillic script is known as er goläm (ер голям – "big er") in the Bulgarian alphabet, as the hard sign (tvördý znak,, tverdyj znak) in the modern Russian and Rusyn alphabets (although in Rusyn, ъ could also be known as ір), as the debelo jer (дебело їер, "fat er") in pre-reform Serbian orthography, and as ayirish belgisi in the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet.

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History of Proto-Slavic

The Proto-Slavic language, the hypothetical ancestor of the modern-day Slavic languages, developed from the ancestral Proto-Balto-Slavic language (1500 BC), which is the parent language of the Balto-Slavic languages (both the Slavic and Baltic languages, e.g. Latvian and Lithuanian).

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Homograph

A homograph (from the ὁμός, homós 'same' and γράφω, gráphō 'write') is a word that shares the same written form as another word but has a different meaning.

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Homonym

In linguistics, homonyms are words which are either homographs—words that have the same spelling (regardless of pronunciation)—or homophones—words that have the same pronunciation (regardless of spelling)—or both.

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Homophone

A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same (to a varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning.

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IETF language tag

An IETF BCP 47 language tag is a standardized code that is used to identify human languages on the Internet.

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Izhitsa

Izhitsa (Ѵ, ѵ; italics: Ѵ ѵ; OCS: ѷжица, Russian: ижица, Ukrainian: іжиця) is a letter of the early Cyrillic alphabet and several later alphabets, usually the last in the row.

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Izvestia

Izvestia (p, "The News") is a daily broadsheet newspaper in Russia.

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Jesus

Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.

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Lev Uspensky

Lev Vasilyevich Uspensky (Лев Васильевич Успенский, 8 February 1900 – 18 December 1978) was a Russian writer and philologist, known for his popular science books in linguistics.

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Literary language

Literary language is the form (register) of a language used when writing in a formal, academic, or particularly polite tone; when speaking or writing in such a tone, it can also be known as formal language.

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Locomotive

A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train.

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Mikhail Lomonosov

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (ləmɐˈnosəf|a.

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Monopoly

A monopoly (from Greek label and label), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular thing.

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October Revolution

The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.

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Old East Slavic

Old East Slavic (traditionally also Old Russian) was a language (or a group of dialects) used by the East Slavs from the 7th or 8th century to the 13th or 14th century, until it diverged into the Russian and Ruthenian languages.

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Orthography

An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word boundaries, emphasis, and punctuation.

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People's Commissariat for Education

The People's Commissariat for Education (or Narkompros; Народный комиссариат просвещения, Наркомпрос, directly translated as the "People's Commissariat for Enlightenment") was the Soviet agency charged with the administration of public education and most other issues related to culture.

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Peter the Great

Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.

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Preface

A preface or proem is an introduction to a book or other literary work written by the work's author.

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Prefix

A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word.

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Rail transport in Russia

Rail transport in Russia runs on one of the biggest railway networks in the world.

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Rules of Russian Orthography and Punctuation

The Rules of Russian Orthography and Punctuation (italic, tr.) of 1956 is the current reference to regulate the modern Russian language.

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Russian alphabet

The Russian alphabet (label, or label, more traditionally) is the script used to write the Russian language.

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Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.

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Russian orthography

Russian orthography is an orthographic tradition formally considered to encompass spelling (p) and punctuation (p).

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Russian phonology

This article discusses the phonological system of standard Russian based on the Moscow dialect (unless otherwise noted).

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

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Russian spelling rules

In Russian, the term spelling rule is used to describe a number of rules relating to the spelling of words in the language that would appear in most cases to deviate from a strictly phonetic transcription.

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Rybinsk

Rybinsk (Рыбинск) is the second-largest city of Yaroslavl Oblast in Russia.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.

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Slavs

The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.

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South Slavic languages

The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages.

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The Bronze Horseman (poem)

The Bronze Horseman: A Petersburg Tale (Mednyy vsadnik: Peterburgskaya povest) is a narrative poem written by Alexander Pushkin in 1833 about the equestrian statue of Peter the Great in Saint Petersburg and the great flood of 1824.

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Title page

The title page of a book, thesis or other written work is the page at or near the front which displays its title, subtitle, author, publisher, and edition, often artistically decorated.

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Typesetting

Typesetting is the composition of text for publication, display, or distribution by means of arranging physical ''type'' (or sort) in mechanical systems or glyphs in digital systems representing characters (letters and other symbols).

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Vasily Trediakovsky

Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky (Василий Кириллович Тредиаковский; &ndash) was a Russian poet, essayist and playwright who helped lay the foundations of classical Russian literature.

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Voiceless dental fricative

The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.

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White émigré

White Russian émigrés were Russians who emigrated from the territory of the former Russian Empire in the wake of the Russian Revolution (1917) and Russian Civil War (1917–1923), and who were in opposition to the revolutionary Bolshevik communist Russian political climate.

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Ya (Cyrillic)

Ya, Ia or Ja (Я я; italics: Я я) is a letter of the Cyrillic script, the civil script variant of Old Cyrillic Little Yus, and possibly Iotated A.

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Yakov Grot

Yakov Karlovich Grot (Яков Карлович Грот; &ndash) was a Russian philologist of German extraction who worked at the University of Helsinki.

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Yat

Yat or jat (Ѣ ѣ; italics: Ѣ ѣ) is the thirty-second letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet.

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Yo (Cyrillic)

Yo, Jo or Io (Ё ё; italics: Ё ё) is a letter of the Cyrillic script.

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Yoficator

A yoficator or joficator (Ёфикатор) is a computer program or extension for a text editor that restores the Cyrillic letter Yo ⟨Ё⟩ in Russian texts in places where the letter Ye ⟨Е⟩ was used instead.

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Yus

Little yus (Ѧ, ѧ; italics: Ѧ, ѧ) and big yus (Ѫ, ѫ; italics: Ѫ, ѫ), or jus, are letters of the Cyrillic script representing two Common Slavonic nasal vowels in the early Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography

Also known as Civil Script, Grazhdanka, Hrazhdanka, Pre-reform orthography, Reforms in Russian orthography, Reforms of Russian, Russian alphabet reforms, Russian orthography reform, Russian orthography reform of 1918, Russian spelling reform of 1917, Russian spelling reforms, Гражданский шрифт.

, Slavs, South Slavic languages, The Bronze Horseman (poem), Title page, Typesetting, Vasily Trediakovsky, Voiceless dental fricative, White émigré, Ya (Cyrillic), Yakov Grot, Yat, Yo (Cyrillic), Yoficator, Yus.

Reforms of Russian orthography, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Orthography reform

Russian orthography reforms

References