Relations between the Catholic Church and the state, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 398 relations: Abortion, Absolute monarchy, Action Française, Adolf Bertram, Africa, Age of Enlightenment, Al Smith, Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, Alfredo Oriani, Algerian War, Aloysius Stepinac, Ancien régime, Andrej Hlinka, Andrija Artuković, Anglicanism, Anglo-Saxons, Anschluss, Anti-Catholicism, Anti-Sacrilege Act, Antichrist, Antonio Caggiano, Antonio Gramsci, Archbishop, Argentine Law 1420, Aristocracy, Arnaldo Momigliano, Assisted suicide, Augustine of Hippo, Australian Government, Australian Labor Party, Austria, Azione Cattolica, Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo, Éamon de Valera, Baptists, Benito Mussolini, Bible, Biennio Rosso, Bishop, Blackshirts, Bosniaks, Bourbon Restoration in France, British Empire, Caesaropapism, Cahal Daly, Capital punishment, Capitalism, Capture of Rome, Cardinal Mazarin, Cardinal Richelieu, ... Expand index (348 more) »

2. Catholicism and politics
3. History of the Catholic Church
4. Secularism in Ireland

Abortion

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Abortion

Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures or other checks on their authority.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Absolute monarchy

Action Française

Action française (AF; French Action) is a French far-right monarchist political movement.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Action Française

Adolf Bertram

Adolf Bertram (14 March 1859 – 6 July 1945) was archbishop of Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Adolf Bertram

Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Africa

Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Age of Enlightenment

Al Smith

Alfred Emanuel Smith (December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944) was an American politician who served four terms as the 42nd governor of New York and was the Democratic Party's presidential nominee in 1928.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Al Smith

Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster

Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster (born Alfredo Ludovico Schuster; 18 January 1880 – 30 August 1954) was an Italian Catholic prelate and professed member from the Benedictines who served as the Archbishop of Milan from 1929 until his death.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster

Alfredo Oriani

Alfredo Oriani (22 August 1852 in Faenza – 18 October 1909 in Casola Valsenio) was an Italian author, writer and social critic.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Alfredo Oriani

Algerian War

The Algerian War (also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence)الثورة الجزائرية al-Thawra al-Jaza'iriyah; Guerre d'Algérie (and sometimes in Algeria as the War of 1 November) was a major armed conflict between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Algerian War

Aloysius Stepinac

Aloysius Viktor Stepinac (Alojzije Viktor Stepinac, 8 May 1898 – 10 February 1960) was a high-ranking Yugoslav Croat prelate of the Catholic Church.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Aloysius Stepinac

Ancien régime

The ancien régime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France that the French Revolution overturned through its abolition in 1790 of the feudal system of the French nobility and in 1792 through its execution of the king and declaration of a republic.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Ancien régime

Andrej Hlinka

Andrej Hlinka (born 27 September 1864 – 16 August 1938) was a Slovak Catholic priest, journalist, banker, politician, and one of the most important Slovak public activists in Czechoslovakia before World War II.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Andrej Hlinka

Andrija Artuković

Andrija Artuković (19 November 1899 – 16 January 1988) was a Croatian lawyer, politician, and senior member of the ultranationalist and fascist Ustasha movement, who served as the Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of Justice in the Government of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during World War II in Yugoslavia.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Andrija Artuković

Anglicanism

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Anglicanism

Anglo-Saxons

The Anglo-Saxons, the English or Saxons of Britain, were a cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Anglo-Saxons

Anschluss

The Anschluss (or Anschluß), also known as the Anschluß Österreichs (Annexation of Austria), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Anschluss

Anti-Catholicism

Anti-Catholicism, also known as Catholophobia is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Anti-Catholicism

Anti-Sacrilege Act

The Anti-Sacrilege Act (1825–1830) was a French law against blasphemy and sacrilege passed in April 1825 under King Charles X. The death penalty provision of the law was never applied, but a man named François Bourquin was sentenced to perpetual forced labour for the sacrilegious burglary of Eucharistic objects; the law was later revoked at the beginning of the July Monarchy under King Louis-Philippe.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Anti-Sacrilege Act

Antichrist

In Christian eschatology, Antichrist refers to a kind of person prophesied by the Bible to oppose Jesus Christ and falsely substitute themselves as a savior in Christ's place before the Second Coming.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Antichrist

Antonio Caggiano

Antonio Caggiano (30 January 1889 – 23 October 1979) was an archbishop and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in Argentina.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Antonio Caggiano

Antonio Gramsci

Antonio Francesco Gramsci (22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian Marxist philosopher, linguist, journalist, writer, and politician.

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Archbishop

In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Archbishop

Argentine Law 1420

The Law 1420 of General Common Education of Argentina was a landmark national law that dictated public, compulsory, free, and secular education.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Argentine Law 1420

Aristocracy

Aristocracy is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Aristocracy

Arnaldo Momigliano

Arnaldo Dante Momigliano, KBE, FBA (5 September 1908 – 1 September 1987) was an Italian historian of classical antiquity, known for his work in historiography, and characterised by Donald Kagan as "the world's leading student of the writing of history in the ancient world".

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Assisted suicide

Assisted suicide means a procedure in which people take medications to end their own lives with the help of others, usually medical professionals.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Assisted suicide

Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa.

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Australian Government

The Australian Government, also known as the Commonwealth Government or the Federal Government, is the national executive government of the Commonwealth of Australia, a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Australian Government

Australian Labor Party

The Australian Labor Party (ALP), also known simply as Labor or the Labor Party, is the major centre-left political party in Australia and one of two major parties in Australian politics, along with the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Australian Labor Party

Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Austria

Azione Cattolica

The Azione Cattolica Italiana, or Azione Cattolica (Catholic Action) for short, is a widespread Roman Catholic lay association in Italy.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Azione Cattolica

Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo

Angel Ossorio y Gallardo (b. Madrid, 20 June 1873 - d. Buenos Aires, 19 May 1946) was a Spanish lawyer and statesman.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo

Éamon de Valera

Éamon de Valera (first registered as George de Valero; changed some time before 1901 to Edward de Valera; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was an Irish statesman and political leader.

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Baptists

Baptists form a major branch of evangelicalism distinguished by baptizing only professing Christian believers (believer's baptism) and doing so by complete immersion.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Baptists

Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian dictator who founded and led the National Fascist Party (PNF).

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Benito Mussolini

Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.

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Biennio Rosso

The Biennio Rosso (English: "Red Biennium" or "Two Red Years") was a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in Italy, following the First World War.

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Bishop

A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Bishop

Blackshirts

The Voluntary Militia for National Security (Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale, MVSN), commonly called the Blackshirts (Camicie Nere, CCNN, singular: Camicia Nera) or squadristi (singular: squadrista), was originally the paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party, known as the Squadrismo, and after 1923 an all-volunteer militia of the Kingdom of Italy under Fascist rule, similar to the SA.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Blackshirts

Bosniaks

The Bosniaks (Bošnjaci, Cyrillic: Бошњаци,; Bošnjak, Bošnjakinja) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, culture, history and language.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Bosniaks

Bourbon Restoration in France

The Second Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history during which the House of Bourbon returned to power after the fall of the First French Empire in 1815.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Bourbon Restoration in France

British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and British Empire

Caesaropapism

Caesaropapism is the idea of combining the social and political power of secular government with religious power, or of making secular authority superior to the spiritual authority of the Church, especially concerning the connection of the Church with government.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Caesaropapism

Cahal Daly

Cahal Brendan Daly KGCHS (born Charles Brendan Daly, 1 October 1917 – 31 December 2009) was a Roman Catholic prelate, theologian and writer from Northern Ireland.

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Capital punishment

Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Capital punishment

Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Capitalism

Capture of Rome

The Capture of Rome (Presa di Roma) occurred on 20 September 1870, as forces of the Kingdom of Italy took control of the city and of the Papal States.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Capture of Rome

Cardinal Mazarin

Jules Mazarin (born Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino or Mazarini; 14 July 1602 – 9 March 1661), from 1641 known as Cardinal Mazarin, was an Italian Catholic prelate, diplomat and politician who served as the chief minister to the Kings of France Louis XIII and Louis XIV from 1642 to his death. After serving as a papal diplomat for Pope Urban VIII, Mazarin offered his diplomatic services to Cardinal Richelieu and moved to Paris in 1640.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Cardinal Mazarin

Cardinal Richelieu

Armand Jean du Plessis, 1st Duke of Richelieu (9 September 1585 – 4 December 1642), known as Cardinal Richelieu, was a French statesman and prelate of the Catholic Church.

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Catholic bishops in Nazi Germany

Catholic bishops in Nazi Germany differed in their responses to the rise of Nazi Germany, World War II, and the Holocaust during the years 1933–1945.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Catholic bishops in Nazi Germany

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Catholic Church

Catholic Church and politics

The Catholic Church and politics concerns the interplay of Catholicism with religious, and later secular, politics. Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Catholic Church and politics are Catholicism and politics.

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Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše

Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše covers the role of the Croatian Catholic Church in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a Nazi puppet state created on the territory of Axis-occupied Yugoslavia in 1941.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše

Catholic Party (Belgium)

The Catholic Party (Parti catholique; Katholieke Partij) was a Belgian political party established in 1869 as the Confessional Catholic Party (Confessionele Katholieke Partij).

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Catholic Party (Belgium)

Catholic social teaching (CST) is an area of Catholic doctrine which is concerned with human dignity and the common good in society.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Catholic social teaching

Centre Party (Germany)

The Centre Party (Zentrum), officially the German Centre Party (Deutsche Zentrumspartei) and also known in English as the Catholic Centre Party, is a Christian democratic political party in Germany.

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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838), 1st Prince of Benevento, then Prince of Talleyrand, was a French secularized clergyman, statesman, and leading diplomat.

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Charles Maurras

Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Charles Maurras

Christian corporatism

Christian corporatism is a societal, economic, or a modern political application of the Christian doctrine of Paul of Tarsus in I Corinthians 12:12-31 where Paul speaks of an organic form of politics and society where all people and components are functionally united, like the human body.

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Christian democracy

Christian democracy is a political ideology inspired by Christian social teaching to respond to the challenges of contemporary society and politics.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Christian democracy

The Christian Social Party (Christlichsoziale Partei, CS or CSP) was a major conservative political party in the Cisleithanian crown lands of Austria-Hungary and under the First Austrian Republic, from 1891 to 1934.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Christian Social Party (Austria)

Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Christianity

Christianity in the 1st century

Christianity in the 1st century covers the formative history of Christianity from the start of the ministry of Jesus (–29 AD) to the death of the last of the Twelve Apostles and is thus also known as the Apostolic Age.

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Cité catholique

The Cité Catholique is a Traditionalist Catholic organisation created in 1946 by Jean Ousset, originally a follower of Charles Maurras (founder of the monarchist Action Française in 1899) and Jean Masson (1910–1965), not to be confused (as F. Venner did) with Jacques Desoubrie, who also used the pseudonym Jean Masson.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Cité catholique

Civil and political rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Civil and political rights

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (Constitution civile du clergé) was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that sought the complete control over the Catholic Church in France by the French government.

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Class conflict

In political science, the term class conflict, or class struggle, refers to the political tension and economic antagonism that exist among the social classes of society, because of socioeconomic competition for resources among the social classes, between the rich and the poor.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Class conflict

Clergy

Clergy are formal leaders within established religions.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Clergy

Clerical fascism

Clerical fascism (also clero-fascism or clerico-fascism) is an ideology that combines the political and economic doctrines of fascism with clericalism.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Clerical fascism

Cluny

Cluny is a commune in the eastern French department of Saône-et-Loire, in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Cluny

Colony

A colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Colony

Communitarianism

Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Communitarianism

Concordat Prison

The Concordat Prison (in Spanish, Cárcel Concordatoria) refers to the prison that the Francoist State in Spain operated for dissident Catholic priests. Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Concordat Prison are Catholicism and politics.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Concordat Prison

Conscription

Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Conscription

Conservatism in Australia

Conservatism in Australia refers to the political philosophy of conservatism as it has developed in Australia.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Conservatism in Australia

Conservative Party (Chile)

The Conservative Party (in Spanish: Partido Conservador, PCon) of Chile was one of the principal Chilean political parties since its foundation in 1836 until 1948, when it broke apart.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Conservative Party (Chile)

Constantine the Great

Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Constantine the Great

Constitution of Belgium

The Constitution of Belgium (Belgische Grondwet, Constitution belge, Verfassung Belgiens) dates back to 1831.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Constitution of Belgium

Constitutional law

Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in federal countries such as the United States and Canada, the relationship between the central government and state, provincial, or territorial governments.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Constitutional law

Constitutional monarchy

Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Constitutional monarchy

Convention (norm)

A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards, social norms, or other criteria, often taking the form of a custom.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Convention (norm)

Corporatism

Corporatism is a political system of interest representation and policymaking whereby corporate groups, such as agricultural, labour, military, business, scientific, or guild associations, come together on and negotiate contracts or policy (collective bargaining) on the basis of their common interests.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Corporatism

Count

Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility.

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Counter-revolutionary

A counter-revolutionary or an anti-revolutionary is anyone who opposes or resists a revolution, particularly one who acts after a revolution in order to try to overturn it or reverse its course, in full or in part.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Counter-revolutionary

Counterinsurgency

Counterinsurgency (COIN, or NATO spelling counter-insurgency) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces".

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Counterinsurgency

County Kildare

County Kildare (Contae Chill Dara) is a county in Ireland.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and County Kildare

Croatian nationalism

Croatian nationalism is nationalism that asserts the nationality of Croats and promotes the cultural unity of Croats.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Croatian nationalism

Croatian Parliament

The Croatian Parliament (Hrvatski sabor) or the Sabor is the unicameral legislature of Croatia.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Croatian Parliament

Cult of Reason

The Cult of Reason (Culte de la Raison) was France's first established state-sponsored atheistic religion, intended as a replacement for Roman Catholicism during the French Revolution.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Cult of Reason

Cult of the Supreme Being

The Cult of the Supreme Being (Culte de l'Être suprême) was a form of theocratic deism established by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution as the intended state religion of France and a replacement for its rival, the Cult of Reason, and of Roman Catholicism.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Cult of the Supreme Being

Daniel Corkery (Dónall Ó Corcora; 14 February 1878 – 31 December 1964) was an Irish politician, writer and academic.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Daniel Corkery (author)

Daniel Mannix

Daniel Patrick Mannix (4 March 1864 – 6 November 1963) was an Irish-born Catholic bishop.

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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Defrocking

Defrocking, unfrocking, degradation, or laicization of clergy is the removal of their rights to exercise the functions of the ordained ministry.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Defrocking

Deism

Deism (or; derived from the Latin term deus, meaning "god") is the philosophical position and rationalistic theology that generally rejects revelation as a source of divine knowledge and asserts that empirical reason and observation of the natural world are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a Supreme Being as the creator of the universe.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Deism

Democracy

Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Democracy

Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Democratic Party (United States)

Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith

The Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith (DDF) is a department of the Roman Curia in charge of the religious discipline of the Catholic Church.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith

Dictator

A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Dictator

Dignitatis humanae

Dignitatis humanae (Of the Dignity of the Human Person) is the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on Religious Freedom.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Dignitatis humanae

Diocletianic Persecution

The Diocletianic or Great Persecution was the last and most severe persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Diocletianic Persecution

Dirty War

The Dirty War (Guerra sucia) is the name used by the military junta or civic-military dictatorship of Argentina (dictadura cívico-militar de Argentina) for the period of state terrorism in Argentina from 1974 to 1983 as a part of Operation Condor, during which military and security forces and death squads in the form of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA, or Triple A) hunted down any political dissidents and anyone believed to be associated with socialism, left-wing Peronism, or the Montoneros movement.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Dirty War

Distributism

Distributism is an economic theory asserting that the world's productive assets should be widely owned rather than concentrated.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Distributism

Divine right of kings

In European Christianity, the divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandation, is a political and religious doctrine of political legitimacy of a monarchy.

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Domenico Tardini

Domenico Tardini (29 February 1888 – 30 July 1961) was a longtime aide to Pope Pius XII in the Secretariat of State.

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Duke

Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility.

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Early Christianity

Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

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Economics of fascism

Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically fascist type of economic policy can be said to exist.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Economics of fascism

Edict of Milan

The Edict of Milan (Edictum Mediolanense; Διάταγμα τῶν Μεδιολάνων, Diatagma tōn Mediolanōn) was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Edict of Milan

Edward Gibbon

Edward Gibbon (8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English essayist, historian, and politician.

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Emilio Gentile

Emilio Gentile (born 1946, Bojano) is an Italian historian and professor, specializing in the history, ideology, and culture of Italian fascism.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Emilio Gentile

Encyclical

An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Encyclical

Engelbert Dollfuss

Engelbert Dollfuß (alternatively: Dolfuss,; 4 October 1892 – 25 July 1934) was an Austrian politician who served as Chancellor and Dictator of Austria between 1932 and 1934.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Engelbert Dollfuss

England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and England

Epistle to the Romans

The Epistle to the Romans is the sixth book in the New Testament, and the longest of the thirteen Pauline epistles.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Epistle to the Romans

Estates General (France)

In France under the Ancien Régime, the Estates General (États généraux) or States-General was a legislative and consultative assembly of the different classes (or estates) of French subjects.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Estates General (France)

Estates of the realm

The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used in Christendom (Christian Europe) from the Middle Ages to early modern Europe.

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Ettore Felici

Ettore Felici (4 March 1881, Segni – 9 May 1951) was the second Apostolic Nuncio to Ireland.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Ettore Felici

Eucharistic congress

In the Catholic Church, a Eucharistic congress is a gathering of clergy, religious, and laity to bear witness to the real presence of Jesus in the Eucharist, which is an important Catholic doctrine.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Eucharistic congress

Euthanasia

Euthanasia (from lit: label + label) is the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Euthanasia

Fascist Manifesto

"The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat" (italics), also referred to as the Fascist Manifesto or the San Sepolcro Programme ("Programma di San Sepolcro") being the political platform developed from statements made during the founding of the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, held in Piazza San Sepolcro in Milan on March 23, 1919.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Fascist Manifesto

Feudalism

Feudalism, also known as the feudal system, was a combination of legal, economic, military, cultural, and political customs that flourished in medieval Europe from the 9th to 15th centuries.

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Fianna Fáil

Fianna Fáil (meaning "Soldiers of Destiny" or "Warriors of Fál"), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a political party in Ireland.

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First seven ecumenical councils

In the history of Christianity, the first seven ecumenical councils include the following: the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the First Council of Constantinople in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, the Third Council of Constantinople from 680 to 681 and finally, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

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Flemish Movement

The Flemish Movement (Vlaamse Beweging) is an umbrella term which encompasses various political groups in the Belgian region of Flanders and, less commonly, in French Flanders.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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Franciscans

The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders of the Catholic Church.

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Francisco Vidal y Barraquer

Francisco de Asís Vidal y Barraquer (Catalan: Francesc d'Assís Vidal i Barraquer, 3 October 1868 – 13 September 1943) was a Spanish Catalan cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Tarragona from 1919 until his death; he was elevated to the rank of cardinal in 1921.

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Frank J. Coppa

Frank John Coppa (July 18, 1937 – January 13, 2021) was an American historian, author, and educator who wrote widely on the Papacy in history as well as on Italian historical topics.

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Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance.

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French Communist Party

The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français,, PCF) is a communist party in France.

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French Republican calendar

The French Republican calendar (calendrier républicain français), also commonly called the French Revolutionary calendar (calendrier révolutionnaire français), was a calendar created and implemented during the French Revolution, and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days by the Paris Commune in 1871, and meant to replace the Gregorian calendar.

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French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.

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French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598.

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Gaelicisation

Gaelicisation, or Gaelicization, is the act or process of making something Gaelic, or gaining characteristics of the Gaels, a sub-branch of celticisation.

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Gallicanism

Gallicanism is the belief that popular secular authority—often represented by the monarch's or the state's authority—over the Catholic Church is comparable to that of the pope.

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Garda Síochána

The italic (meaning "the Guardian(s) of the Peace") is the national police and security service of Ireland.

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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German occupation of Belgium during World War II

The German occupation of Belgium (Occupation allemande, Duitse bezetting) during World War II began on 28 May 1940, when the Belgian army surrendered to German forces, and lasted until Belgium's liberation by the Western Allies between September 1944 and February 1945.

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German resistance to Nazism

Many individuals and groups in Germany that were opposed to the Nazi regime engaged in resistance, including attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler or to overthrow his regime.

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Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette, Marquis de La Fayette (6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), known in the United States as Lafayette, was a French nobleman and military officer who volunteered to join the Continental Army, led by General George Washington, in the American Revolutionary War.

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Giovanni Gentile

Giovanni Gentile (30 May 1875 – 15 April 1944) was an Italian philosopher, fascist politician, and pedagogue.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi (In his native Ligurian language, he is known as Gioxeppe Gaibado. In his particular Niçard dialect of Ligurian, he was known as Jousé or Josep. 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican.

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Giuseppe Pizzardo

Giuseppe Pizzardo (13 July 1877 – 1 August 1970) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church who served as prefect of the Congregation for Seminaries and Universities from 1939 to 1968, and secretary of the Holy Office from 1951 to 1959.

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God

In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith.

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Graves de communi re

Graves de communi re is an encyclical written by Pope Leo XIII in 1901, on Christian Democracy.

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Great Fire of Rome

The Great Fire of Rome (incendium magnum Romae) began on the 18th of July 64 AD.

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Guelphs and Ghibellines

The Guelphs and Ghibellines (guelfi e ghibellini) were factions supporting respectively the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in the Italian city-states of Central Italy and Northern Italy during the Middle Ages.

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Guild

A guild is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory.

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Heimwehr

The Heimwehr or Heimatschutz was a nationalist, initially paramilitary group that operated in the First Austrian Republic from 1920 to 1936.

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Henri Grégoire

Henri Jean-Baptiste Grégoire (4 December 1750 – 28 May 1831), often referred to as the Abbé Grégoire, was a French Catholic priest, constitutional bishop of Blois and a revolutionary leader.

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Henri, Count of Chambord

Henri, Count of Chambord and Duke of Bordeaux (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, duc de Bordeaux, comte de Chambord; 29 September 1820 – 24 August 1883) was the Legitimist pretender to the throne of France as Henri V from 1844 until his death in 1883.

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Hierarchy

A hierarchy (from Greek:, from, 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another.

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History of the Catholic Church

The history of the Catholic Church is the formation, events, and historical development of the Catholic Church through time.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and History of the Catholic Church

History of the Irish language

The history of the Irish language begins with the period from the arrival of speakers of Celtic languages in Ireland to Ireland's earliest known form of Irish, Primitive Irish, which is found in Ogham inscriptions dating from the 3rd or 4th century AD.

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History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)

The history of the Soviet Union from 1982 through 1991 spans the period from the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev's death until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

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Hlinka Guard

The Hlinka Guard (Hlinkova garda; Hlinka-Garde; abbreviated as HG) was the militia maintained by the Slovak People's Party in the period from 1938 to 1945; it was named after Andrej Hlinka.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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Holy See

The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.

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Horacio Verbitsky

Horacio Verbitsky (born February 11, 1942) is an Argentine investigative journalist and author with a history as a leftist guerrilla in the Montoneros.

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Igino Giordani

Igino Giordani (Hyginus Giordani; 24 September 1894 – 18 April 1980) was an Italian politician, writer and journalist, born at Tivoli.

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Independent State of Croatia

The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Independent State of Croatia

Index Librorum Prohibitorum

The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (English: Index of Forbidden Books) was a changing list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia); Catholics were forbidden to print or read them, subject to the local bishop. Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Index Librorum Prohibitorum are history of the Catholic Church.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution, sometimes divided into the First Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution, was a period of global transition of the human economy towards more widespread, efficient and stable manufacturing processes that succeeded the Agricultural Revolution.

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International law

International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards that states and other actors feel an obligation to obey in their mutual relations and generally do obey.

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Irish Catholics

Irish Catholics (Caitlicigh na hÉireann) are an ethnoreligious group native to Ireland whose members are both Catholic and Irish.

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Irish Free State

The Irish Free State (6 December 192229 December 1937), also known by its Irish name i, was a state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921.

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Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922

The Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922 (Session 2) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed in 1922 to enact in UK law the Constitution of the Irish Free State, and to ratify the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty formally.

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Irish nationalism

Irish nationalism is a nationalist political movement which, in its broadest sense, asserts that the people of Ireland should govern Ireland as a sovereign state.

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Irish Rebellion of 1798

The Irish Rebellion of 1798 (Éirí Amach 1798; Ulster-Scots: The Hurries, 1798 Rebellion) was a popular insurrection against the British Crown in what was then the separate, but subordinate, Kingdom of Ireland.

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Irish republicanism

Irish republicanism (poblachtánachas Éireannach) is the political movement for an Irish republic, void of any British rule.

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Iron Curtain

During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain was a political metaphor used to describe the political and later physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

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Italian nationalism

Italian nationalism (Nazionalismo italiano) is a movement which believes that the Italians are a nation with a single homogeneous identity, and therefrom seeks to promote the cultural unity of Italy as a country.

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Italian racial laws

The Italian racial laws, otherwise referred to as the Racial Laws (Leggi Razziali), were a series of laws promulgated by the government of Benito Mussolini in Fascist Italy from 1938 to 1944 in order to enforce racial discrimination and segregation in the Kingdom of Italy.

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The Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana,; RSI), known prior to December 1943 as the National Republican State of Italy (Stato Nazionale Repubblicano d'Italia; SNRI), but more popularly known as the Republic of Salò (Repubblica di Salò), was a German Fascist puppet state with limited diplomatic recognition that was created during the latter part of World War II.

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The Italian Socialist Party (PSI) was a social-democratic and democratic-socialist political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Italian Socialist Party

Ivan Grubišić

Ivan Grubišić (20 June 1936 – 19 March 2017) was a Croatian Roman Catholic priest, sociologist, and politician.

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Jacques Maritain

Jacques Maritain (18 November 1882 – 28 April 1973) was a French Catholic philosopher.

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Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

Jacques-Bénigne Lignel Bossuet (27 September 1627 – 12 April 1704) was a French bishop and theologian.

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James II of England

James VII and II (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685.

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Józef Piłsudski

Józef Klemens Piłsudski (5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (1918–1922) and first Marshal of Poland (from 1920).

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Jean Ousset

Jean Ousset (28 July 1914 – 20 April 1994) was a French ideologist of National Catholicism born in Porto, Portugal.

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Jesuits

The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.

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Joannes Baptista Sproll

Joannes Baptista Sproll (2 October 1870 – 4 March 1949) was a German bishop and prominent opponent of the Nazi regime.

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John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.

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John Mackintosh Foot (born 8 November 1964) is an English academic historian specialising in Italy.

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John Henry Whyte

John Henry Whyte (30 April 1928 in Penang, Malaya – 16 May 1990 in New York, United States) was an Irish historian, political scientist and author of books on Northern Ireland, divided societies and church-state affairs in Ireland.

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John S. Conway (historian)

John Seymour Conway (December 31, 1929 – June 23, 2017) was Professor Emeritus of History at the University of British Columbia, where he taught for almost 40 years.

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José Bergamín

José Bergamín Gutiérrez (Madrid, 1895 – Hondarribia, 28 August 1983) was a Spanish writer, essayist, poet, and playwright.

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José Manuel Gallegos Rocafull

José Manuel Gallegos Rocafull (b. Cádiz, August 21, 1895 - d. Mexico, 1963) was a Spanish priest, canon of the Cathedral of Cordoba, theologian and philosopher.

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Joseph MacRory

Joseph Cardinal MacRory (Seosamh Mac Ruairí; 19 March 1861 – 13 October 1945) was an Irish Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Archbishop of Armagh from 1928 until his death.

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Josip Ujčić

Josip Ujčić (10 February 1880 - 24 March 1964) was a Croatian (and later Yugoslavian) prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Jozef Tiso

Jozef Gašpar Tiso (13 October 1887 – 18 April 1947) was a Slovak politician and Catholic priest who served as president of the First Slovak Republic, a client state of Nazi Germany during World War II, from 1939 to 1945.

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Juan Perón

Juan Domingo Perón (8 October 1895 – 1 July 1974) was an Argentine lieutenant general, politician and statesman who served as the 35th President of Argentina from 1946 to his overthrow in 1955, and again as the 45th President from October 1973 to his death in July 1974.

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Jules Ferry laws

The Jules Ferry Laws are a set of French laws which established free education in 1881, then mandatory and ''laic'' (secular) education in 1882.

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Julian (emperor)

Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus; Ἰουλιανός; 331 – 26 June 363) was the Caesar of the West from 355 to 360 and Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.

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Julio Argentino Roca

Alejo Julio Argentino Roca Paz (July 17, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was an army general and statesman who served as President of Argentina from 1880 to 1886 and from 1898 to 1904.

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July Revolution

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Second French Revolution, or Trois Glorieuses ("Three Glorious "), was a second French Revolution after the first in 1789.

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Just price

The just price is a theory of ethics in economics that attempts to set standards of fairness in transactions.

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Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 886, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom.

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Kingdom of Great Britain

The Kingdom of Great Britain was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1707 to the end of 1800.

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Kingdom of Ireland

The Kingdom of Ireland (Ríoghacht Éireann; Ríocht na hÉireann) was a dependent territory of England and then of Great Britain from 1542 to the end of 1800.

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Kingdom of Italy

The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.

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Kingdom of Scotland

The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe, traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England. During the Middle Ages, Scotland engaged in intermittent conflict with England, most prominently the Wars of Scottish Independence, which saw the Scots assert their independence from the English.

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Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941.

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Kulturkampf

In the history of Germany, the Kulturkampf (Cultural Struggle) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany, led by Pope Pius IX; and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by chancellor Otto von Bismarck.

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La Civiltà Cattolica

La Civiltà Cattolica (Italian for Catholic Civilization) is a periodical published by the Jesuits in Rome, Italy.

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Labour movement

The labour movement is the collective organisation of working people to further their shared political and economic interests.

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Laissez-faire

Laissez-faire (or, from laissez faire) is a type of economic system in which transactions between private groups of people are free from any form of economic interventionism (such as subsidies or regulations).

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Lateran Treaty

The Lateran Treaty (Patti Lateranensi; Pacta Lateranensia) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III (with his Prime Minister Benito Mussolini) and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Lay apostolate

The lay apostolate is made up of laypersons, who are neither consecrated religious nor in Holy Orders, who exercise a ministry within the Catholic Church.

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Léon Degrelle

Léon Joseph Marie Ignace Degrelle (15 June 1906 – 31 March 1994) was a Belgian Walloon politician and Nazi collaborator.

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League of Polish Families

The League of Polish Families (Polish: Liga Polskich Rodzin, LPR) is a social conservative political party in Poland, with many far-right elements in the past.

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Left-wing politics

Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole or certain social hierarchies.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Left-wing politics

Legitimists

The Legitimists (Légitimistes) are royalists who adhere to the rights of dynastic succession to the French crown of the descendants of the eldest branch of the Bourbon dynasty, which was overthrown in the 1830 July Revolution.

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Liberation theology

Liberation theology is a theological approach emphasizing the "liberation of the oppressed".

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List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII

This article contains encyclicals issued by Pope Leo XIII during his twenty-five-year reign as Pope in 1878–1903.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII

Livia Rothkirchen

Livia Rothkirchen (1922 – March 2013) was a Czechoslovak-born Israeli historian and archivist.

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London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Lord

Lord is an appellation for a person or deity who has authority, control, or power over others, acting as a master, chief, or ruler.

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Louis XIV

LouisXIV (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), also known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.

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Louis XVI

Louis XVI (Louis Auguste;; 23 August 175421 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution.

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Louisiana

Louisiana (Louisiane; Luisiana; Lwizyàn) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States.

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Ludwig Maria Hugo

Ludwig Maria Hugo (19 January 1871, Arzheim district, Landau in der Pfalz – 30 March 1935, Mainz) was a German Roman Catholic clergyman.

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Luigi Maglione

Luigi Maglione (2 March 1877 – 22 August 1944) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

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Luigi Sturzo

Luigi Sturzo (26 November 1871 – 8 August 1959) was an Italian Catholic priest and prominent politician.

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March on Rome

The March on Rome (Marcia su Roma) was an organized mass demonstration in October 1922 which resulted in Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) ascending to power in the Kingdom of Italy.

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Martin Bormann

Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945) was a German Nazi Party official and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery, private secretary to Adolf Hitler, and a war criminal.

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Marxism

Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis.

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Mass in the Catholic Church

The Mass is the central liturgical service of the Eucharist in the Catholic Church, in which bread and wine are consecrated and become the body and blood of Christ.

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Massachusetts

Massachusetts (script), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is a state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States.

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Maurice Thorez

Maurice Thorez (28 April 1900 – 11 July 1964) was a French politician and longtime leader of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1930 until his death.

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Maximiliano Arboleya

Maximiliano Arboleya (1870–1951) was a Spanish sociologist, priest, and activist.

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Michael von Faulhaber

Michael Ritter von Faulhaber (5 March 1869 – 12 June 1952) was a German Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Munich for 35 years, from 1917 to his death in 1952.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Middle class

The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.

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Minister for Education (Ireland)

The Minister for Education (An tAire Oideachais) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Education.

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Missionary

A missionary is a member of a religious group who is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development.

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Missus dominicus

A missus dominicus (plural missi dominici), Latin for "envoy of the lord " or palace inspector, also known in Dutch as Zendgraaf (German: Sendgraf), meaning "sent Graf", was an official commissioned by the Frankish king or Holy Roman Emperor to supervise the administration, mainly of justice, in parts of his dominions too remote for frequent personal visits.

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Mit brennender Sorge

Mit brennender Sorge (in English "With deep anxiety") is an encyclical of Pope Pius XI, issued during the Nazi era on 10 March 1937 (but bearing a date of Passion Sunday, 14 March).

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Modern paganism

Modern paganism, also known as contemporary paganism and neopaganism, spans a range of new religious movements variously influenced by the beliefs of pre-modern peoples across Europe, North Africa, and the Near East.

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Monarch

A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College Dictionary.

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Monarchomachs

The Monarchomachs (Monarchomaques) were originally French Huguenot theorists who opposed monarchy at the end of the 16th century, known in particular for having theoretically justified tyrannicide.

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Monsignor

Monsignor (monsignore) is a form of address or title for certain members of the clergy in the Catholic Church.

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Morality

Morality is the categorization of intentions, decisions and actions into those that are proper (right) and those that are improper (wrong).

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Mores

Mores (sometimes;, plural form of singular mōs, meaning "manner, custom, usage, or habit") are social norms that are widely observed within a particular society or culture.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Napoleon III

Napoleon III (Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first president of France from 1848 to 1852, and the last monarch of France as the second Emperor of the French from 1852 until he was deposed on 4 September 1870.

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National Falange

The National Falange (Falange Nacional, FN) was a Chilean Christian political party that existed between 1935 and 1957.

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National University of Ireland

The National University of Ireland (NUI) (Ollscoil na hÉireann) is a federal university system of constituent universities (previously called constituent colleges) and recognised colleges set up under the Irish Universities Act 1908, and significantly amended by the Universities Act, 1997.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

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Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.

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Nero

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68.

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New England

New England is a region comprising six states in the Northeastern United States: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.

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Nobility

Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy.

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Non abbiamo bisogno

Non abbiamo bisogno (Italian for "We do not need") is a Roman Catholic encyclical published on 29 June 1931 by Pope Pius XI.

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Non Expedit

Non Expedit (Latin for "It is not expedient") were the words with which the Holy See enjoined upon Italian Catholics the policy of boycott from the polls in parliamentary elections.

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Nuncio

An apostolic nuncio (nuntius apostolicus; also known as a papal nuncio or simply as a nuncio) is an ecclesiastical diplomat, serving as an envoy or a permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or to an international organization.

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Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.

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One true church

The expression "one true church" refers to an ecclesiological position asserting that Jesus gave his authority in the Great Commission solely to a particular visible Christian institutional church—what is commonly called a denomination.

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One-party state

A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.

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OpenDemocracy

openDemocracy is an independent media platform and news website based in the United Kingdom.

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Organisation armée secrète

The Organisation armée secrète (OAS, "Secret Army Organisation") was a far-right French dissident paramilitary and terrorist organisation during the Algerian War.

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Pacem in terris

Pacem in terris is a papal encyclical issued by Pope John XXIII on 11 April 1963, on the rights and obligations of people and their states, as well as proper interstate relations.

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Paganism

Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.

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Papal States

The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.

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Patrick Morrisroe

Patrick Morrisroe (16 February 1869 – 28 May 1946) was an Irish Catholic priest and Bishop of Achonry.

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Paul Blanshard

Paul Beecher Blanshard (August 27, 1892 – January 27, 1980) was an American author, assistant editor of The Nation magazine, lawyer, socialist, secular humanist, and from 1949 an outspoken critic of Catholicism.

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Penal laws (Ireland)

In Ireland, the penal laws (Na Péindlíthe) were a series of legal disabilities imposed in the seventeenth, and early eighteenth, centuries on the kingdom's Roman Catholic majority and, to a lesser degree, on Protestant "Dissenters".

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Peter McKeefry

Peter Thomas Bertram Cardinal McKeefry (3 July 1899 – 18 November 1973) was the third Archbishop of Wellington (1954–73) and Metropolitan of New Zealand and its first Cardinal.

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Pierre Claude François Daunou

Pierre Claude François Daunou (18 August 176120 June 1840) was a French statesman of the French Revolution and Empire.

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Pio Laghi

Pio Laghi (21 May 1922 – 10 January 2009) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Pluralism (political philosophy)

Pluralism as a political philosophy is the diversity within a political body, which is seen to permit the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, and lifestyles.

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Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

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Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland.

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Politics of Argentina

The politics of Argentina take place in the framework of what the Constitution defines as a federal presidential representative democratic republic, where the President of Argentina is both Head of State and Head of Government.

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Ponte Milvio

The Milvian (or Mulvian) Bridge (Ponte Milvio or Ponte Molle; Pons Milvius or Pons Mulvius) is a bridge over the Tiber in northern Rome, Italy.

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Pope

The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.

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Pope Francis

Pope Francis (Franciscus; Francesco; Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State.

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Pope John Paul II

Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Jan Paweł II; Giovanni Paolo II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła,; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005.

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Pope John XXIII

Pope John XXIII (Ioannes XXIII; Giovanni XXIII; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 1963.

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Pope Leo XIII

Pope Leo XIII (Leone XIII; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903.

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Pope Pius IX

Pope Pius IX (Pio IX, Pio Nono; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878.

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Pope Pius X

Pope Pius X (Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914.

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Pope Pius XI

Pope Pius XI (Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was the Bishop of Rome and supreme pontiff of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to 10 February 1939.

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Pope Pius XII

Pope Pius XII (born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli,; 2 March 18769 October 1958) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958.

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Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust

The papacy of Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli) began on 2 March 1939 and continued to 9 October 1958, covering the period of the Second World War and the Holocaust, during which millions of Jews were murdered by Adolf Hitler's Germany.

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Popular democracy

Popular democracy is a notion of direct democracy based on referendums and other devices of empowerment and concretization of popular will.

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Popular Front (Spain)

The Popular Front (Frente Popular) was an electoral alliance and pact formed in January 1936 to contest that year's general election by various left-wing political organizations during the Second Spanish Republic.

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Popular sovereignty

Popular sovereignty is the principle that the leaders of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, who are the source of all political legitimacy.

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Presbyterianism

Presbyterianism is a Reformed (Calvinist) Protestant tradition named for its form of church government by representative assemblies of elders.

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Prince-elector

The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Prisoner in the Vatican

A prisoner in the Vatican (Prigioniero nel Vaticano; Captivus Vaticani) or prisoner of the Vatican described the situation of the pope with respect to the Kingdom of Italy during the period from the capture of Rome by the Royal Italian Army on 20 September 1870 until the Lateran Treaty of 11 February 1929.

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Progressive Christianity

Progressive Christianity represents a postmodern theological approach, which developed out of the liberal Christianity of the modern era, itself rooted in the Enlightenment's thinking.

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Property

Property is a system of rights that gives people legal control of valuable things, and also refers to the valuable things themselves.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Quadragesimo anno

Quadragesimo anno (Latin for "In the 40th Year") is an encyclical issued by Pope Pius XI on 15 May 1931, 40 years after Leo XIII's encyclical Rerum novarum, further developing Catholic social teaching.

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Quas primas

Quas primas (from Latin: "In the first") was an encyclical of Pope Pius XI.

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Ratlines (World War II)

The ratlines (Rattenlinien) were systems of escape routes for German Nazis and other fascists fleeing Europe from 1945 onwards in the aftermath of World War II.

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Referendum

A referendum (referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue.

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Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

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Reich Security Main Office

The Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, RSHA) was an organization under Heinrich Himmler in his dual capacity as Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police) and, the head of the Nazi Party's Schutzstaffel (SS).

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Reichskonkordat

The Reichskonkordat ("Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany.

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Reinhard Heydrich

Reinhard Tristan Eugen Heydrich (7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942) was a high-ranking German SS and police official during the Nazi era and a principal architect of the Holocaust.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Republicanism

Republicanism is a Western political ideology that encompasses a range of ideas from civic virtue, political participation, harms of corruption, positives of mixed constitution, rule of law, and others.

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Rerum novarum

Rerum novarum (from its incipit, with the direct translation of the Latin meaning "of revolutionary change"), or Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor, is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 15 May 1891.

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Revolución Libertadora

Revolución Libertadora (Liberating Revolution) was the coup d'état that ended the second presidential term of Juan Perón in Argentina, on 16 September 1955.

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Rexist Party

The Rex Popular Front (Front populaire de Rex), Rexist Party, or simply Rex, was a far-right Catholic authoritarian and corporatist political party active in Belgium from 1935 until 1945.

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Right-wing politics

Right-wing politics is the range of political ideologies that view certain social orders and hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this position based on natural law, economics, authority, property, religion, biology, or tradition.

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Robert A. Krieg

Robert Anthony Krieg (born February 8, 1946, in Hackensack, New Jersey) is a professor of theology at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana.

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Robert Drinan

Robert Frederick Drinan (November 15, 1920 – January 28, 2007) was a Jesuit priest, lawyer, human rights activist, and Democratic U.S. Representative from Massachusetts.

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Roberto Farinacci

Roberto Farinacci (16 October 1892 – 28 April 1945) was a leading Italian fascist politician and important member of the National Fascist Party before and during World War II, as well as one of its ardent antisemitic proponents.

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Roger Griffin

Roger David Griffin (born 31 January 1948) is a British professor of modern history and political theorist at Oxford Brookes University, England.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Belgrade

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Belgrade (Archidioecesis Belogradensis; Beogradska nadbiskupija; Belgrádi főegyházmegye) is an archdiocese located in the city of Belgrade in Serbia.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Buenos Aires

The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Buenos Aires (Archidioecesis Metropolitae Bonaerensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Argentina.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb

The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Zagreb (Archidioecesis Metropolitae Zagrebiensis; Zagrebačka nadbiskupija i metropolija) is the central Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Croatia, centered in the capital city Zagreb.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman question

The Roman question (Questione romana; Quaestio Romana) was a dispute regarding the temporal power of the popes as rulers of a civil territory in the context of the Italian Risorgimento.

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Sabbath in Christianity

Many Christians observe a weekly day set apart for rest and worship called a Sabbath in obedience to Gods commandment to remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy, usually on Sunday, the Lord's Day.

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Same-sex marriage

Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same legal sex.

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San Ginés, Madrid

The church of San Ginés (Spanish: iglesia de San Ginés de Arlés) in Madrid, is one of the oldest churches in that city.

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San Marino

San Marino (San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Republic of San Marino (Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a European microstate and enclave within Italy.

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Sanation

Sanation (Sanacja) was a Polish political movement that was created in the interwar period, prior to Józef Piłsudski's May 1926 ''Coup d'État'', and came to power in the wake of that coup.

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Seán T. O'Kelly

Seán Thomas O'Kelly (Seán Tomás Ó Ceallaigh; 25 August 1882 – 23 November 1966), originally John T. O'Kelly, was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as the second president of Ireland from June 1945 to June 1959.

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Second Italo-Ethiopian War

The Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a war of aggression waged by Italy against Ethiopia, which lasted from October 1935 to February 1937.

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Second Spanish Republic

The Spanish Republic, commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic, was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939.

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Second Vatican Council

The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the or, was the 21st and most recent ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

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Secretariat of State (Holy See)

The Secretariat of State (Latin: Secretaria Status; Italian: Segreteria di Stato) is the oldest dicastery in the Roman Curia, the central papal governing bureaucracy of the Catholic Church.

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Secular religion

A secular religion is a communal belief system that often rejects or neglects the metaphysical aspects of the supernatural, commonly associated with traditional religion, instead placing typical religious qualities in earthly, or material, entities.

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Secular state

A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion.

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Secularism

Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion.

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Secularism in France

('secularism') is the constitutional principle of secularism in France.

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Separation of church and state

The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state.

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Sermon

A sermon is a religious discourse or oration by a preacher, usually a member of clergy.

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Sicherheitsdienst

Sicherheitsdienst ("Security Service"), full title Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers-SS ("Security Service of the Reichsführer-SS"), or SD, was the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany.

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Slovak National Uprising

The Slovak National Uprising (Slovenské národné povstanie, abbreviated SNP) was a military uprising organized by the Slovak resistance movement during World War II in central Slovakia.

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Slovak People's Party

Hlinka's Slovak People's Party (Hlinkova slovenská ľudová strana), also known as the Slovak People's Party (Slovenská ľudová strana, SĽS) or the Hlinka Party, was a far-right clerico-fascist political party with a strong Catholic fundamentalist and authoritarian ideology.

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Slovak Republic (1939–1945)

The (First) Slovak Republic ((Prvá) Slovenská republika), otherwise known as the Slovak State (Slovenský štát), was a partially-recognized clerical fascist client state of Nazi Germany which existed between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945 in Central Europe.

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Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Social justice is justice in relation to the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society where individuals' rights are recognized and protected.

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Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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Solidarity (Polish trade union)

Solidarity („Solidarność”), full name Independent Self-Governing Trade Union "Solidarity" (Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność”, abbreviated NSZZ „Solidarność”), is a Polish trade union founded in August 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland.

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Solidarity Electoral Action

Solidarity Electoral Action (Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność, AWS) was a coalition of political parties in Poland, active from 1996 to 2001.

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Southern United States

The Southern United States, sometimes Dixie, also referred to as the Southern States, the American South, the Southland, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States.

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Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española) was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republicans and the Nationalists.

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St Patrick's Pontifical University, Maynooth

St Patrick's Pontifical University, Maynooth (Coláiste Naoimh Phádraig, Maigh Nuad), is a pontifical Catholic university in the town of Maynooth near Dublin, Ireland.

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Staf De Clercq

Staf De Clercq (16 September 1884 – 22 October 1942) was a Flemish nationalist collaborator, co-founder and leader of the Flemish nationalist Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond (Flemish National League, or VNV).

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Statolatry

Statolatry is a term formed from the word "state" and a suffix derived from the Latin and Greek word latria, meaning "worship".

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Storming of the Bastille

The Storming of the Bastille (Prise de la Bastille) occurred in Paris, France, on 14 July 1789, when revolutionary insurgents attempted to storm and seize control of the medieval armoury, fortress and political prison known as the Bastille.

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Subversion

Subversion refers to a process by which the values and principles of a system in place are contradicted or reversed in an attempt to sabotage the established social order and its structures of power, authority, tradition, hierarchy, and social norms.

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The City of God

On the City of God Against the Pagans (De civitate Dei contra paganos), often called The City of God, is a book of Christian philosophy written in Latin by Augustine of Hippo in the early 5th century AD.

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The Doctrine of Fascism

"The Doctrine of Fascism" (italics) is an essay attributed to Benito Mussolini.

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The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, sometimes shortened to Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is a six-volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon.

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The Sewanee Review

The Sewanee Review is an American literary magazine established in 1892.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and The Sewanee Review

Theocracy

Theocracy is a form of government in which one or more deities are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the government's daily affairs.

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Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas (Aquino; – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in the Kingdom of Sicily.

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Thomas Derrig

Thomas Derrig (Tomás Ó Deirg; 26 November 1897 – 19 November 1956) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Minister for Lands from 1939 to 1943 and 1951 to 1954, Minister for Education from 1932 to 1939 and 1940 to 1948 and Minister for Posts and Telegraphs in September 1939.

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Thomas More

Sir Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), venerated in the Catholic Church as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, judge, social philosopher, author, statesman, amateur theologian, and noted Renaissance humanist.

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Thomas Wolsey

Thomas Wolsey (– 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and Catholic cardinal.

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Treaties between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See

The Government of Croatia and the Holy See have signed four bilateral agreements (also known as concordats or The Vatican agreements) and a protocol. Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Treaties between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See are Catholicism and politics.

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Tyrannicide

Tyrannicide or tyrannomachia is the killing or assassination of a tyrant or unjust ruler, purportedly for the common good, and usually by one of the tyrant's subjects.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Tyrannicide

Ultra-royalist

The Ultra-royalists (ultraroyalistes, collectively Ultras) were a French political faction from 1815 to 1830 under the Bourbon Restoration.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Ultra-royalist

Ultramontanism

Ultramontanism is a clerical political conception within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope. Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Ultramontanism are history of the Catholic Church.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Ultramontanism

Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without Habsburgs' multi-ethnic Austria or its German-speaking part).

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Unification of Germany

Unification of Italy

The unification of Italy (Unità d'Italia), also known as the Risorgimento, was the 19th century political and social movement that in 1861 resulted in the consolidation of various states of the Italian Peninsula and its outlying isles into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Unification of Italy

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and United Nations

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and United States

University of Hull

The University of Hull is a public research university in Kingston upon Hull, a city in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and University of Hull

Ustaše

The Ustaše, also known by anglicised versions Ustasha or Ustashe, was a Croatian, fascist and ultranationalist organization active, as one organization, between 1929 and 1945, formally known as the Ustaša – Croatian Revolutionary Movement (Ustaša – Hrvatski revolucionarni pokret).

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Ustaše

Vatican City

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Vatican City

Verdinaso

Verdinaso (Verbond van Dietsche Nationaal-Solidaristen), sometimes rendered as Dinaso, was a small fascist political movement active in Belgium and, to a lesser extent, the Netherlands between 1931 and 1941.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Verdinaso

Vidkun Quisling

Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was a Norwegian military officer, politician and Nazi collaborator who nominally headed the government of Norway during the country's occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II.

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Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond

The (Dutch for "Flemish National Union" or "Flemish National League"), widely known by its acronym VNV, was a Flemish nationalist political party active in Belgium between 1933 and 1945.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond

Vojtech Tuka

Vojtech Lázar "Béla" Tuka (4 July 1880 – 20 August 1946) was a Slovak politician who served as prime minister and minister of Foreign Affairs of the First Slovak Republic between 1939 and 1945.

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Waiblingen

Waiblingen (Swabian: Woeblinge) is a town in the southwest of Germany, located in the center of the densely populated Stuttgart region, directly neighboring Stuttgart.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Waiblingen

Waldemar Gurian

Waldemar Gurian (February 13, 1902 – May 26, 1954) was a Russian-born German-American political scientist, author, and professor at the University of Notre Dame.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Waldemar Gurian

War in the Vendée

The War in the Vendée (Guerre de Vendée) was a counter-revolution from 1793 to 1796 in the Vendée region of France during the French Revolution.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and War in the Vendée

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Weimar Republic

Welfare

Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Welfare

Welfare state

A welfare state is a form of government in which the state (or a well-established network of social institutions) protects and promotes the economic and social well-being of its citizens, based upon the principles of equal opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for citizens unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Welfare state

William III of England

William III (William Henry;; 4 November 16508 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and William III of England

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and World War I

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and World War II

Yugoslav government-in-exile

The Government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Exile (Влада Краљевине Југославије у егзилу) was an official government-in-exile of Yugoslavia, headed by King Peter II.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Yugoslav government-in-exile

Zagreb

Zagreb is the capital and largest city of Croatia.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and Zagreb

1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (French) was passed by the Chamber of Deputies on 3 July 1905.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

1928 United States presidential election

The 1928 United States presidential election was the 36th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1928.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and 1928 United States presidential election

1936 Belgian general election

General elections were held in Belgium on 24 May 1936.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and 1936 Belgian general election

1939 Belgian general election

General elections were held in Belgium on 2 April 1939.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and 1939 Belgian general election

2003 invasion of Iraq

The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and 2003 invasion of Iraq

6 January Dictatorship

The 6 January Dictatorship (Šestojanuarska diktatura; Šestosiječanjska diktatura; Šestojanuarska diktatura) was a royal dictatorship established in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia after 1929) by King Alexander I (r. 1921–34) with the ultimate goal to create a Yugoslav ideology and a single Yugoslav nation.

See Relations between the Catholic Church and the state and 6 January Dictatorship

See also

Catholicism and politics

• Blaine Amendment
• Canon 915
• Catholic Church and Nazi Germany
• Catholic Church and Nazi Germany during World War II
• Catholic Church and abortion politics
• Catholic Church and politics
• Catholic Church and politics in the United States
• Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery
• Catholic emancipation
• CatholicVote.org
• Church and state in medieval Europe
• Concordat Prison
• Consistent life ethic
• Croatian Catholic movement
• Donation of Sutri
• Eileen Flynn case
• Eucharist denial to Catholic politicians over abortion
• Gremialismo
• Guelph Raid
• Hierocracy (medieval)
• Immortale Dei
• Integralism
• Integrism (Spain)
• Joseph McCarthy
• Liberalism Is a Sin
• Liberty of Religious Worship Act 1855
• National Catholic Prayer Breakfast
• National church
• Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560
• Papal Zouaves
• Political activity of the Catholic Church on LGBT issues
• Political activity of the Knights of Columbus
• Red Mass
• Relations between the Catholic Church and the state
• Religious peace of Kutná Hora
• Royal veto of the appointment of bishops
• Secularization movement in the Philippines
• Stjepan Razum
• Temporal power of the Holy See
• The Myth of Hitler's Pope
• The clash between the Church and the Empire
• Treaties between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See

History of the Catholic Church

• Acts of Sylvester
• Barque of Saint Peter
• Black Catholic Movement
• Catholic Church and Islam
• Catholic Church and Judaism
• Catholic Church in Tibet
• Catholic Marian music
• Catholic congregations in France
• Concordat of Worms
• Constitutum Silvestri
• Criticism of the Catholic Church
• Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
• Feria
• Frequens
• Haec sancta synodus
• History of the Catholic Church
• History of the Catholic Church and homosexuality
• History of the Catholic Church in Sichuan
• History of the papacy
• Index Librorum Prohibitorum
• Inquisition
• King James Bible for Catholics
• Regionarius
• Relations between the Catholic Church and the state
• Res publica Christiana
• Right of Option
• Roman Inquisition
• Timeline of the Catholic Church
• Ultramontanism
• Vulgate
• Zelanti

Secularism in Ireland

• Atheist Ireland
• Blasphemy law in Ireland
• Blasphemy law in the Republic of Ireland
• CountMeOut.ie
• Democratic Socialist Party (Ireland)
• Good Friday closure controversy
• Irreligion in Ireland
• Relations between the Catholic Church and the state
• Secularism in the Republic of Ireland
• Thirty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state

Also known as Church-State relations (Catholic Church), Relations between the Catholic Church & the state, Roman Catholicism's links with democracy and dictatorships, Roman Catholicism's links with political authorities.

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