Reward system, the Glossary
The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy).[1]
Table of Contents
134 relations: Addiction, Addictive behavior, Affective neuroscience, Agonist, Alogia, AMPA receptor, Amygdala, Anhedonia, Anterior cingulate cortex, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Barry Komisaruk, Basal ganglia, Basolateral amygdala, Behavioral addiction, Brain stimulation reward, Brodmann area 24, Brodmann area 25, Cannabinoid, Carrot and stick, Caudate nucleus, Cerebellum, Classical conditioning, Compliance (psychology), Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop, CREB, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, D1-like receptor, D2-like receptor, Dopamine, Dopamine receptor D1, Dopamine receptor D2, Dopaminergic, Dopaminergic pathways, Dorsal raphe nucleus, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Ecstasy (emotion), Efferent nerve fiber, Electrodermal activity, Emotion, Epigenetics, Euphoria, Evolution, Executive dysfunction, Experience machine, Extended amygdala, External globus pallidus, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases, Facial expression, Flashbulb memory, FOSB, ... Expand index (84 more) »
- Dopamine
Addiction
Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces natural reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences.
See Reward system and Addiction
Addictive behavior
An addictive behavior is a behavior, or a stimulus related to a behavior (e.g., sex or food), that is both rewarding and reinforcing, and is associated with the development of an addiction. Reward system and addictive behavior are addiction.
See Reward system and Addictive behavior
Affective neuroscience
Affective neuroscience is the study of how the brain processes emotions. Reward system and Affective neuroscience are neuropsychology.
See Reward system and Affective neuroscience
Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to produce a biological response.
Alogia
In psychology, alogia (from Greek ἀ-, "without", and λόγος, "speech" + New Latin -ia) is poor thinking inferred from speech and language usage.
AMPA receptor
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate (iGluR) and predominantly Na+ ion channel that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).
See Reward system and AMPA receptor
Amygdala
The amygdala (amygdalae or amygdalas; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'almond', 'tonsil') is a paired nuclear complex present in the cerebral hemispheres of vertebrates. Reward system and amygdala are neuropsychology.
See Reward system and Amygdala
Anhedonia
Anhedonia is a diverse array of deficits in hedonic function, including reduced motivation or ability to experience pleasure.
See Reward system and Anhedonia
Anterior cingulate cortex
In the human brain, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is the frontal part of the cingulate cortex that resembles a "collar" surrounding the frontal part of the corpus callosum.
See Reward system and Anterior cingulate cortex
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by executive dysfunction occasioning symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity and emotional dysregulation that are excessive and pervasive, impairing in multiple contexts, and otherwise age-inappropriate.
See Reward system and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Barry Komisaruk
Barry R. Komisaruk (born 1941) is an American psychologist and Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Rutgers University.
See Reward system and Barry Komisaruk
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia (BG) or basal nuclei are a group of subcortical nuclei found in the brains of vertebrates.
See Reward system and Basal ganglia
Basolateral amygdala
The basolateral amygdala, or basolateral complex, consists of the lateral, basal and accessory-basal nuclei of the amygdala.
See Reward system and Basolateral amygdala
Behavioral addiction
Behavioral addiction, process addiction, or non-substance-related disorder is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-substance-related behavior – sometimes called a natural reward – despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being. Reward system and Behavioral addiction are addiction and behavior modification.
See Reward system and Behavioral addiction
Brain stimulation reward
Brain stimulation reward (BSR) is a pleasurable phenomenon elicited via direct stimulation of specific brain regions, originally discovered by James Olds and Peter Milner. Reward system and brain stimulation reward are addiction.
See Reward system and Brain stimulation reward
Brodmann area 24
Brodmann area 24 is part of the anterior cingulate in the human brain.
See Reward system and Brodmann area 24
Brodmann area 25
Brodmann area 25 (BA25) is the subgenual area, area subgenualis or subgenual cingulate area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics.
See Reward system and Brodmann area 25
Cannabinoid
Cannabinoids are several structural classes of compounds found in the cannabis plant primarily and most animal organisms (although insects lack such receptors) or as synthetic compounds.
See Reward system and Cannabinoid
Carrot and stick
The phrase "carrot and stick" is a metaphor for the use of a combination of reward and punishment to induce a desired behaviour.
See Reward system and Carrot and stick
Caudate nucleus
The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the corpus striatum, which is a component of the basal ganglia in the human brain.
See Reward system and Caudate nucleus
Cerebellum
The cerebellum (cerebella or cerebellums; Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates.
See Reward system and Cerebellum
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning (also respondent conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning) is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food, a puff of air on the eye, a potential rival) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g. the sound of a musical triangle). Reward system and Classical conditioning are Behaviorism.
See Reward system and Classical conditioning
Compliance (psychology)
Compliance is a response—specifically, a submission—made in reaction to a request.
See Reward system and Compliance (psychology)
Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop (CBGTC loop) is a system of neural circuits in the brain. Reward system and cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop are Neuroanatomy.
See Reward system and Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop
CREB
CREB-TF (CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein) is a cellular transcription factor. Reward system and CREB are addiction.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes.
See Reward system and Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
D1-like receptor
The D1-like receptors are a subfamily of dopamine receptors that bind the endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine.
See Reward system and D1-like receptor
D2-like receptor
The D2-like receptors are a subfamily of dopamine receptors that bind the endogenous neurotransmitter dopamine.
See Reward system and D2-like receptor
Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells.
See Reward system and Dopamine
Dopamine receptor D1
Dopamine receptor D1, also known as DRD1.
See Reward system and Dopamine receptor D1
Dopamine receptor D2
Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene.
See Reward system and Dopamine receptor D2
Dopaminergic
Dopaminergic means "related to dopamine" (literally, "working on dopamine"), dopamine being a common neurotransmitter. Reward system and Dopaminergic are dopamine.
See Reward system and Dopaminergic
Dopaminergic pathways
Dopaminergic pathways (dopamine pathways, dopaminergic projections) in the human brain are involved in both physiological and behavioral processes including movement, cognition, executive functions, reward, motivation, and neuroendocrine control. Reward system and dopaminergic pathways are dopamine.
See Reward system and Dopaminergic pathways
Dorsal raphe nucleus
The dorsal raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei.
See Reward system and Dorsal raphe nucleus
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC or DL-PFC) is an area in the prefrontal cortex of the primate brain.
See Reward system and Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Ecstasy (emotion)
Ecstasy is a subjective experience of total involvement of the subject with an object of their awareness.
See Reward system and Ecstasy (emotion)
Efferent nerve fiber
Efferent nerve fibers are the axons of efferent neurons that exit a particular region.
See Reward system and Efferent nerve fiber
Electrodermal activity
Electrodermal activity (EDA) is the property of the human body that causes continuous variation in the electrical characteristics of the skin.
See Reward system and Electrodermal activity
Emotion
Emotions are physical and mental states brought on by neurophysiological changes, variously associated with thoughts, feelings, behavioral responses, and a degree of pleasure or displeasure.
Epigenetics
In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence.
See Reward system and Epigenetics
Euphoria
Euphoria is the experience (or affect) of pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness.
See Reward system and Euphoria
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
See Reward system and Evolution
Executive dysfunction
In psychology and neuroscience, executive dysfunction, or executive function deficit, is a disruption to the efficacy of the executive functions, which is a group of cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes. Reward system and executive dysfunction are neuropsychology.
See Reward system and Executive dysfunction
Experience machine
The experience machine or pleasure machine is a thought experiment put forward by philosopher Robert Nozick in his 1974 book Anarchy, State, and Utopia.
See Reward system and Experience machine
Extended amygdala
The extended amygdala is a macrostructure in the brain that is involved in reward cognition and defined by connectivity and neurochemical staining.
See Reward system and Extended amygdala
External globus pallidus
The external globus pallidus (GPe or lateral globus pallidus) combines with the internal globus pallidus (GPi) to form the globus pallidus, an anatomical subset of the basal ganglia.
See Reward system and External globus pallidus
In molecular biology, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells.
See Reward system and Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
Facial expression
A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face.
See Reward system and Facial expression
Flashbulb memory
A flashbulb memory is a vivid, long-lasting memory about a surprising or shocking event that has happened in the past.
See Reward system and Flashbulb memory
FOSB
Protein fosB, also known as FosB and G0/G1 switch regulatory protein 3 (G0S3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (FOSB) gene. Reward system and FOSB are addiction.
Frisson
Frisson (French for "shiver"), also known as aesthetic chills or psychogenic shivers, is a psychophysiological response to rewarding stimuli (including music, films, stories, people, photos, and rituals) that often induces a pleasurable or otherwise positively-valenced affective state and transient paresthesia (skin tingling or chills), sometimes along with piloerection (goose bumps) and mydriasis (pupil dilation).
GABA receptor
The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory compound in the mature vertebrate central nervous system.
See Reward system and GABA receptor
GABAergic
In molecular biology and physiology, something is GABAergic or GABAnergic if it pertains to or affects the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
See Reward system and GABAergic
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.
See Reward system and Gene expression
Globus pallidus
The globus pallidus (GP), also known as paleostriatum or dorsal pallidum, is a subcortical structure of the brain.
See Reward system and Globus pallidus
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
This glossary of cellular and molecular biology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in the study of cell biology, molecular biology, and related disciplines, including molecular genetics, biochemistry, and microbiology.
See Reward system and Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glutamatergic
Glutamatergic means "related to glutamate".
See Reward system and Glutamatergic
Goal
A goal or objective is an idea of the future or desired result that a person or a group of people envision, plan, and commit to achieve.
Habenula
The habenula (diminutive of Latin meaning rein) is a small bilateral neuronal structure in the brain of vertebrates, that has also been called a microstructure since it is no bigger than a pea.
See Reward system and Habenula
Habit
A habit (or wont, as a humorous and formal term) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur subconsciously.
Hippocampus
The hippocampus (hippocampi; via Latin from Greek ἱππόκαμπος, 'seahorse') is a major component of the brain of humans and other vertebrates.
See Reward system and Hippocampus
Histone
In biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaeal phyla.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus (hypothalami) is a small part of the vertebrate brain that contains a number of nuclei with a variety of functions.
See Reward system and Hypothalamus
Immediate early genes (IEGs) are genes which are activated transiently and rapidly in response to a wide variety of cellular stimuli.
See Reward system and Immediate early gene
Insular cortex
The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain.
See Reward system and Insular cortex
Internal globus pallidus
The internal globus pallidus (GPi or medial globus pallidus), and the external globus pallidus (GPe) make up the globus pallidus.
See Reward system and Internal globus pallidus
Interneuron
Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons, relay neurons, association neurons, connector neurons, intermediate neurons or local circuit neurons) are neurons that connect to brain regions, i.e. not direct motor neurons or sensory neurons.
See Reward system and Interneuron
Ivan De Araujo
Ivan De Araujo is a director at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in Tübingen, Germany, along with Peter Dayan.
See Reward system and Ivan De Araujo
Ivan Pavlov
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (Иван Петрович Павлов,; 27 February 1936) was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and physiologist known for his discovery of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.
See Reward system and Ivan Pavlov
James Olds
James Olds (May 30, 1922 – August 21, 1976) was an American psychologist who co-discovered the pleasure center of the brain with Peter Milner while he was a postdoctoral fellow at McGill University in 1954.
See Reward system and James Olds
Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
The Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology was a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association.
See Reward system and Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology
Joy
Joy is the state of being that allows one to experience feelings of intense, long-lasting happiness and satisfaction of life.
KCND2
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily D member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCND2 gene.
Kent C. Berridge
Kent C. Berridge (born 1957) is an American academic, currently working as a professor of psychology (biopsychology) and neuroscience at the University of Michigan.
See Reward system and Kent C. Berridge
L-DOPA
-DOPA, also known as levodopa and -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants and animals, including humans.
Lateral hypothalamus
The lateral hypothalamus (LH), also called the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), contains the primary orexinergic nucleus within the hypothalamus that widely projects throughout the nervous system; this system of neurons mediates an array of cognitive and physical processes, such as promoting feeding behavior and arousal, reducing pain perception, and regulating body temperature, digestive functions, and blood pressure, among many others.
See Reward system and Lateral hypothalamus
Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (or lateroposterior tegmental nucleus) is a nucleus situated in the brainstem, spanning the midbrain tegmentum and the pontine tegmentum.
See Reward system and Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus
Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. Reward system and Learning are behavior modification.
See Reward system and Learning
MAPK/ERK pathway
The MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
See Reward system and MAPK/ERK pathway
The medial forebrain bundle (MFB) is a neural pathway containing fibers from the basal olfactory regions, the periamygdaloid region and the septal nuclei, as well as fibers from brainstem regions, including the ventral tegmental area and nigrostriatal pathway. Reward system and medial forebrain bundle are Neuroanatomy.
See Reward system and Medial forebrain bundle
Medium spiny neuron
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), also known as spiny projection neurons (SPNs), are a special type of inhibitory GABAergic neuron representing approximately 90% of neurons within the human striatum, a basal ganglia structure. Reward system and Medium spiny neuron are addiction.
See Reward system and Medium spiny neuron
Mesolimbic pathway
The mesolimbic pathway, sometimes referred to as the reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain. Reward system and mesolimbic pathway are addiction and dopamine.
See Reward system and Mesolimbic pathway
Midbrain tegmentum
The midbrain is anatomically delineated into the tectum (roof) and the tegmentum (floor).
See Reward system and Midbrain tegmentum
Motivation
Motivation is an internal state that propels individuals to engage in goal-directed behavior. Reward system and Motivation are behavior modification.
See Reward system and Motivation
Motivational salience
Motivational salience is a cognitive process and a form of attention that motivates or propels an individual's behavior towards or away from a particular object, perceived event or outcome. Reward system and Motivational salience are addiction, behavior modification, Behaviorism and neuropsychology.
See Reward system and Motivational salience
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity, is the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization.
See Reward system and Neuroplasticity
Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
See Reward system and Neurotransmitter
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and predominantly Ca2+ ion channel found in neurons.
See Reward system and NMDA receptor
Norm of reciprocity
The norm of reciprocity requires that people repay in kind what others have done for them.
See Reward system and Norm of reciprocity
Nucleus accumbens
The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc; also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi, Latin for 'nucleus adjacent to the septum') is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Reward system and nucleus accumbens are addiction.
See Reward system and Nucleus accumbens
Olfactory tubercle
The olfactory tubercle (OT), also known as the tuberculum olfactorium, is a multi-sensory processing center that is contained within the olfactory cortex and ventral striatum and plays a role in reward cognition.
See Reward system and Olfactory tubercle
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning, also called instrumental conditioning, is a learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition (or removal) of reward or aversive stimuli. Reward system and Operant conditioning are Behaviorism.
See Reward system and Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning chamber
An operant conditioning chamber (also known as a Skinner box) is a laboratory apparatus used to study animal behavior. Reward system and operant conditioning chamber are behavioral neuroscience and Behaviorism.
See Reward system and Operant conditioning chamber
Opioid
Opioids are a class of drugs that derive from, or mimic, natural substances found in the opium poppy plant.
Optogenetics
Optogenetics is a biological technique to control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light.
See Reward system and Optogenetics
Orbitofrontal cortex
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is a prefrontal cortex region in the frontal lobes of the brain which is involved in the cognitive process of decision-making.
See Reward system and Orbitofrontal cortex
Orexin
Orexin, also known as hypocretin, is a neuropeptide that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite.
Palatability
Palatability (or palatableness) is the hedonic reward (which is pleasure of taste in this case) provided by foods or fluids that are agreeable to the "palate", which often varies relative to the homeostatic satisfaction of nutritional and/or water needs. Reward system and Palatability are behavioral neuroscience.
See Reward system and Palatability
Parabrachial nuclei
The parabrachial nuclei, also known as the parabrachial complex, are a group of nuclei in the dorsolateral pons that surrounds the superior cerebellar peduncle as it enters the brainstem from the cerebellum.
See Reward system and Parabrachial nuclei
Parental investment
Parental investment, in evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology, is any parental expenditure (e.g. time, energy, resources) that benefits offspring.
See Reward system and Parental investment
Pars compacta
The pars compacta (SNpc) is one of two subdivisions of the substantia nigra of the midbrain (the other being the pars reticulata); it is situated medial to the pars reticulata. Reward system and pars compacta are dopamine.
See Reward system and Pars compacta
Pars reticulata
The pars reticulata (SNpr) is a portion of the substantia nigra and is located lateral to the pars compacta.
See Reward system and Pars reticulata
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer
Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS, also known as a "cue") that has been associated with rewarding or aversive stimuli via classical conditioning alters motivational salience and operant behavior. Reward system and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer are addiction, behavioral neuroscience and Behaviorism.
See Reward system and Pavlovian-instrumental transfer
Pedunculopontine nucleus
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT or PPTg) is a collection of neurons located in the upper pons in the brainstem.
See Reward system and Pedunculopontine nucleus
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is one of two components that make up the nervous system of bilateral animals, with the other part being the central nervous system (CNS). Reward system and peripheral nervous system are Neuroanatomy.
See Reward system and Peripheral nervous system
Pleasure
Pleasure is experience that feels good, that involves the enjoyment of something.
See Reward system and Pleasure
Positive affectivity
Positive affectivity (PA) is a human characteristic that describes how much people experience positive affects (sensations, emotions, sentiments); and as a consequence how they interact with others and with their surroundings.
See Reward system and Positive affectivity
PPP1R1B
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1B (PPP1R1B), also known as dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein (DARPP-32), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R1B gene.
Prefrontal cortex
In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) covers the front part of the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
See Reward system and Prefrontal cortex
Projection fiber
The projection fibers consist of efferent and afferent fibers uniting the cortex with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord.
See Reward system and Projection fiber
Protein c-Fos
Protein c-Fos is a proto-oncogene that is the human homolog of the retroviral oncogene v-fos. Reward system and Protein c-Fos are addiction.
See Reward system and Protein c-Fos
Protein kinase A
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKA) is a family of serine-threonine kinase whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
See Reward system and Protein kinase A
Putamen
The putamen (from Latin, meaning "nutshell") is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon).
Reinforcement
In behavioral psychology, reinforcement refers to consequences that increase the likelihood of an organism's future behavior, typically in the presence of a particular antecedent stimulus. Reward system and reinforcement are addiction and Behaviorism.
See Reward system and Reinforcement
Reward system
The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and ecstasy). Reward system and reward system are addiction, behavior modification, behavioral neuroscience, Behaviorism, cognitive neuroscience, dopamine, Neuroanatomy and neuropsychology.
See Reward system and Reward system
Risperidone
Risperidone, sold under the brand name Risperdal among others, is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
See Reward system and Risperidone
The rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), also known as the tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA), is a GABAergic nucleus which functions as a "master brake" for the midbrain dopamine system.
See Reward system and Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by reoccurring episodes of psychosis that are correlated with a general misperception of reality.
See Reward system and Schizophrenia
Self-administration
Self-administration is, in its medical sense, the process of a subject administering a pharmacological substance to themself. Reward system and Self-administration are addiction.
See Reward system and Self-administration
Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.
See Reward system and Serotonin
Sexual intercourse
Sexual intercourse (also coitus or copulation) is a sexual activity involving the insertion and thrusting of the male penis inside the female vagina for sexual pleasure, reproduction, or both.
See Reward system and Sexual intercourse
Sine qua non
A sine qua non or conditio sine qua non (plural: conditiones sine quibus non) is an indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient.
See Reward system and Sine qua non
Striatum
The striatum (striata) or corpus striatum is a cluster of interconnected nuclei that make up the largest structure of the subcortical basal ganglia. Reward system and striatum are addiction.
See Reward system and Striatum
Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.
See Reward system and Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a small lens-shaped nucleus in the brain where it is, from a functional point of view, part of the basal ganglia system.
See Reward system and Subthalamic nucleus
Thalamus
The thalamus (thalami; from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter on the lateral walls of the third ventricle forming the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain).
See Reward system and Thalamus
The Journal of Neuroscience
The Journal of Neuroscience is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Society for Neuroscience.
See Reward system and The Journal of Neuroscience
Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
See Reward system and Transcription factor
Tyrosine
-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
See Reward system and Tyrosine
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Tyrosine hydroxylase or tyrosine 3-monooxygenase is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of the amino acid L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA).
See Reward system and Tyrosine hydroxylase
Valence (psychology)
Valence, also known as hedonic tone, is a characteristic of emotions that determines their emotional affect (intrinsic appeal or repulsion).
See Reward system and Valence (psychology)
Ventral pallidum
The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure within the basal ganglia of the brain.
See Reward system and Ventral pallidum
Ventral tegmental area
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum is Latin for covering), also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, or simply ventral tegmentum, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain. Reward system and ventral tegmental area are addiction and dopamine.
See Reward system and Ventral tegmental area
Wirehead (science fiction)
Wireheading is a term associated with fictional or futuristic applications of brain stimulation reward, the act of directly triggering the brain's reward center by electrical stimulation of an inserted wire, for the purpose of 'short-circuiting' the brain's normal reward process and artificially inducing pleasure.
See Reward system and Wirehead (science fiction)
See also
Dopamine
- Dopamine
- Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
- Dopamine hypothesis of stuttering
- Dopamine receptors
- Dopamine releasing agents
- Dopamine reuptake inhibitors
- Dopamine transporter
- Dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome
- Dopaminergic
- Dopaminergic cell groups
- Dopaminergic pathways
- Mesocortical pathway
- Mesolimbic pathway
- N-Acetyldopamine
- Nigrostriatal pathway
- Pars compacta
- Reward system
- Salsolinol
- Tuberoinfundibular pathway
- Ventral tegmental area
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reward_system
Also known as Anti-reward system, Appetitive behavior, Appetitive behaviour, Approach behavior, Approach behaviour, Consummatory behavior, Consummatory behaviour, Extrinsic reward, Hedonic hotspot, Hedonic hotspots, Intrinsic reward, Mesocorticolimbic circuit, Pleasure center, Pleasure centers, Pleasure centre, Primary reward, Reward (neuroscience), Reward (psychology), Reward circuit, Reward circuitry, Reward cognition, Reward neuron, Reward neurons, Reward system of brain, Reward system sensitization, Rewarding, Rewarding stimuli, Rewarding stimulus, Seeking system, The pleasure center.
, Frisson, GABA receptor, GABAergic, Gene expression, Globus pallidus, Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z), Glutamatergic, Goal, Habenula, Habit, Hippocampus, Histone, Hypothalamus, Immediate early gene, Insular cortex, Internal globus pallidus, Interneuron, Ivan De Araujo, Ivan Pavlov, James Olds, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, Joy, KCND2, Kent C. Berridge, L-DOPA, Lateral hypothalamus, Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, Learning, MAPK/ERK pathway, Medial forebrain bundle, Medium spiny neuron, Mesolimbic pathway, Midbrain tegmentum, Motivation, Motivational salience, Neuroplasticity, Neurotransmitter, NMDA receptor, Norm of reciprocity, Nucleus accumbens, Olfactory tubercle, Operant conditioning, Operant conditioning chamber, Opioid, Optogenetics, Orbitofrontal cortex, Orexin, Palatability, Parabrachial nuclei, Parental investment, Pars compacta, Pars reticulata, Pavlovian-instrumental transfer, Pedunculopontine nucleus, Peripheral nervous system, Pleasure, Positive affectivity, PPP1R1B, Prefrontal cortex, Projection fiber, Protein c-Fos, Protein kinase A, Putamen, Reinforcement, Reward system, Risperidone, Rostromedial tegmental nucleus, Schizophrenia, Self-administration, Serotonin, Sexual intercourse, Sine qua non, Striatum, Substantia nigra, Subthalamic nucleus, Thalamus, The Journal of Neuroscience, Transcription factor, Tyrosine, Tyrosine hydroxylase, Valence (psychology), Ventral pallidum, Ventral tegmental area, Wirehead (science fiction).