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Roman art, the Glossary

The art of Ancient Rome, and the territories of its Republic and later Empire, includes architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work.^[1]

225 relations: Acrolith, Aldobrandini Wedding, Alexander Mosaic, Allegory, Ancient furniture, Ancient Greece, Ancient Roman architecture, Ancient Roman pottery, Ancient Rome, Apollodorus (painter), Aqueduct of Segovia, Ara Pacis, Arch, Arch of Constantine, Arch of Titus, Art collection in ancient Rome, Art of ancient Egypt, August Mau, Augustus, Augustus of Prima Porta, Baroque, Basilica, Basilica of San Vitale, Baths of Caracalla, Baths of Diocletian, Battlement, Bireme, Blacas Cameo, Bollingen Foundation, Brescia, British Museum, Byzantine art, Cage cup, Caligula, Cameo (carving), Cameo glass, Campana reliefs, Capitoline Brutus, Capitoline Museums, Caricature, Catacombs of Rome, Cengage Group, Chiaroscuro, Christianity, Cicero, Claudius, Colosseum, Colossus of Barletta, Colossus of Constantine, Colossus of Nero, ... Expand index (175 more) »
Ancient Roman art
Roman Empire art

Acrolith

An acrolith is a composite sculpture made of stone together with other materials such as wood or inferior stone such as limestone, as in the case of a figure whose clothed parts are made of wood, while the exposed flesh parts such as head, hands, and feet are made of marble.

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Aldobrandini Wedding

The so-called Aldobrandini Wedding (Nozze Aldobrandini) fresco is an influential Ancient Roman painting, of the second half of the 1st century BC, on display in the Vatican Museum.

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Alexander Mosaic

The Alexander Mosaic, also known as the Battle of Issus Mosaic, is a Roman floor mosaic originally from the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy.

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Allegory

As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a meaning with moral or political significance.

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Ancient furniture

Ancient furniture was made from many different materials, including reeds, wood, stone, metals, straws, and ivory. Roman art and Ancient furniture are ancient Roman art.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

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Ancient Roman architecture

Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical ancient Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style.

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Ancient Roman pottery

Pottery was produced in enormous quantities in ancient Rome, mostly for utilitarian purposes. Roman art and ancient Roman pottery are ancient Roman art.

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Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

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Apollodorus (painter)

Apollodorus Skiagraphos (Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ σκιαγράφος) was an influential Ancient Greek painter of the 5th century BC whose work has since been entirely lost.

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Aqueduct of Segovia

The Aqueduct of Segovia is a Roman aqueduct in Segovia, Spain.

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Ara Pacis

The (Latin, "Altar of Augustan Peace"; commonly shortened to) is an altar in Rome dedicated to the Pax Romana.

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Arch

An arch is a curved vertical structure spanning an open space underneath it.

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Arch of Constantine

The Arch of Constantine (Arco di Costantino) is a triumphal arch in Rome dedicated to the emperor Constantine the Great.

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Arch of Titus

The Arch of Titus (Arco di Tito; Arcus Titi) is a 1st-century CE honorific arch, located on the Via Sacra, Rome, just to the south-east of the Roman Forum.

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Art collection in ancient Rome

Art collection in ancient Rome was a common practice amongst the ancient Romans. Roman art and Art collection in ancient Rome are ancient Roman art.

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Art of ancient Egypt

Ancient Egyptian art refers to art produced in ancient Egypt between the 6th millennium BC and the 4th century AD, spanning from Prehistoric Egypt until the Christianization of Roman Egypt.

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August Mau

August Mau (15 October 1840 – 6 March 1909) was a German art historian and archaeologist who worked with the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut while studying and classifying the Roman paintings at Pompeii, which was destroyed with the town of Herculaneum by volcanic eruption in 79 AD.

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Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

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Augustus of Prima Porta

The Augustus of Prima Porta (Augusto di Prima Porta) is a full-length portrait statue of Augustus, the first Roman emperor.

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Baroque

The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.

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Basilica

In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica was a large public building with multiple functions that was typically built alongside the town's forum.

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Basilica of San Vitale

The Basilica of San Vitale is a late antique church in Ravenna, Italy.

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Baths of Caracalla

The Baths of Caracalla (Terme di Caracalla) in Rome, Italy, were the city's second largest Roman public baths, or thermae, after the Baths of Diocletian.

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Baths of Diocletian

The Baths of Diocletian (Latin: Thermae Diocletiani, Italian: Terme di Diocleziano) were public baths in ancient Rome.

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Battlement

A battlement, in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at intervals to allow for the launch of arrows or other projectiles from within the defences.

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Bireme

A bireme is an ancient oared warship (galley) with two superimposed rows of oars on each side.

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Blacas Cameo

The Blacas Cameo is an unusually large Ancient Roman cameo, high, carved from a piece of sardonyx with four alternating layers of white and brown.

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Bollingen Foundation

The Bollingen Foundation was an educational foundation set up along the lines of a university press in 1945.

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Brescia

Brescia (locally; Brèsa,; Brixia; Bressa) is a city and comune (municipality) in the region of Lombardy, in northern Italy.

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British Museum

The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London.

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Byzantine art

Byzantine art comprises the body of artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire.

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Cage cup

A cage cup, also vas diatretum, plural diatreta, or "reticulated cup" is a type of luxury late Roman glass vessel, found from roughly the 4th century, and "the pinnacle of Roman achievements in glass-making".

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Caligula

Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula, was Roman emperor from AD 37 until his assassination in AD 41.

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Cameo (carving)

Cameo is a method of carving an object such as an engraved gem, item of jewellery or vessel.

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Cameo glass

Cameo glass is a luxury form of glass art produced by cameo glass engraving or etching and carving through fused layers of differently colored glass to produce designs, usually with white opaque glass figures and motifs on a dark-colored background.

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Campana reliefs

Campana reliefs (also Campana tiles) are Ancient Roman terracotta reliefs made from the middle of the first century BC until the first half of the second century AD.

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Capitoline Brutus

The Capitoline Brutus is an ancient Roman bronze bust traditionally but probably wrongly thought to be an imagined portrait of the Roman consul Lucius Junius Brutus (d. 509 BC).

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Capitoline Museums

The Capitoline Museums are a group of art and archaeological museums in Piazza del Campidoglio, on top of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, Italy.

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Caricature

A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to: cartoon).

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Catacombs of Rome

The Catacombs of Rome (Catacombe di Roma) are ancient catacombs, underground burial places in and around Rome, of which there are at least forty, some rediscovered only in recent decades.

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Cengage Group

Cengage Group is an American educational content, technology, and services company for higher education, K–12, professional, and library markets.

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Chiaroscuro

In art, chiaroscuro is the use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Cicero

Marcus Tullius Cicero (3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire.

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Claudius

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (1 August – 13 October) was a Roman emperor, ruling from to 54.

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Colosseum

The Colosseum (Colosseo) is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, just east of the Roman Forum.

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Colossus of Barletta

The Colossus of Barletta is a large bronze statue of a Roman emperor, nearly three times life size (5.11 meters, or about 16 feet 7 inches), in Barletta, Apulia, Italy.

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Colossus of Constantine

The Colossus of Constantine (Statua Colossale di Costantino I) was a many times life-size acrolithic early-4th-century statue depicting the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (c. 280–337), commissioned by himself, which originally occupied the west apse of the Basilica of Maxentius on the Via Sacra, near the Forum Romanum in Rome.

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Colossus of Nero

The Colossus of Nero (Colossus Neronis) was a bronze statue that the Emperor Nero (37–68 AD) created in the vestibule of his Domus Aurea, the imperial villa complex which spanned a large area from the north side of the Palatine Hill, across the Velian ridge to the Esquiline Hill in Rome.

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Column of Antoninus Pius

The Column of Antoninus Pius (Colonna di Antonino Pio) is a Roman honorific column in Rome, Italy, devoted in AD 161 to the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius, in the Campus Martius, on the edge of the hill now known as Monte Citorio, and set up by his successors, the co-emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.

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Column of Marcus Aurelius

The Column of Marcus Aurelius (Columna Centenaria Divorum Marci et Faustinae, Colonna di Marco Aurelio) is a Roman victory column in Piazza Colonna, Rome, Italy.

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Commodus

Commodus (31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 until his assassination in 192.

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Concrete

Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Consular diptych

In Late Antiquity, a consular diptych was a type of diptych intended as a de-luxe commemorative object.

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Corinth

Corinth (Kórinthos) is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece.

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Critias (dialogue)

Critias (Κριτίας), one of Plato's late dialogues, recounts the story of the mighty island kingdom Atlantis and its attempt to conquer Athens, which failed due to the ordered society of the Athenians.

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Crux gemmata

A crux gemmata (Latin for jewelled cross) is a form of cross typical of Early Christian and Early Medieval art, where the cross, or at least its front side, is principally decorated with jewels.

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David Piper (curator)

Sir David Towry Piper CBE FSA FRSL (21 July 1918 – 29 December 1990) was a British museum curator and author.

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Decorative arts

The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose aim is the design and manufacture of objects that are both beautiful and functional.

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Dialect

Dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word, 'discourse', from, 'through' and, 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships.

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Dionysus

In ancient Greek religion and myth, Dionysus (Διόνυσος) is the god of wine-making, orchards and fruit, vegetation, fertility, festivity, insanity, ritual madness, religious ecstasy, and theatre.

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Dome

A dome is an architectural element similar to the hollow upper half of a sphere.

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Domus Aurea

The Domus Aurea (Latin, "Golden House") was a vast landscaped complex built by the Emperor Nero largely on the Oppian Hill in the heart of ancient Rome after the great fire in 64 AD had destroyed a large part of the city.

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.

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East Anglia

East Anglia is an area in the East of England.

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Eclecticism

Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.

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Egyptian Greeks

The Egyptian Greeks, also known as Egyptiotes (Eyiptiótes) or simply Greeks in Egypt (Éllines tis Eyíptou), are the ethnic Greek community from Egypt that has existed from the Hellenistic period until the aftermath of the Egyptian coup d'état of 1952, when most were forced to leave.

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Encaustic painting

Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, is a form of painting that involves a heated wax medium to which colored pigments have been added.

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Engraved gem

An engraved gem, frequently referred to as an intaglio, is a small and usually semi-precious gemstone that has been carved, in the Western tradition normally with images or inscriptions only on one face.

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Ernst Gombrich

Sir Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich (30 March 1909 – 3 November 2001) was an Austrian-born art historian who, after settling in England in 1936, became a naturalised British citizen in 1947 and spent most of his working life in the United Kingdom.

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Ernst Kitzinger

Ernst Kitzinger FBA (December 27, 1912 – January 22, 2003) was a German-American historian of late antique, early medieval, and Byzantine art.

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Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum

Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum has been both exhibited as art and censored as pornography.

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Esquiline Hill

The Esquiline Hill (Collis Esquilinus; Esquilino) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome.

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Etruscan alphabet

The Etruscan alphabet was used by the Etruscans, an ancient civilization of central and northern Italy, to write their language, from about 700 BC to sometime around 100 AD.

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Etruscan art

Etruscan art was produced by the Etruscan civilization in central Italy between the 10th and 1st centuries BC.

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Fayum mummy portraits

Mummy portraits or Fayum mummy portraits are a type of naturalistic painted portrait on wooden boards attached to upper class mummies from Roman Egypt.

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Filippo Brunelleschi

Filippo di ser Brunellesco di Lippo Lapi (1377 – 15 April 1446), commonly known as Filippo Brunelleschi and also nicknamed Pippo by Leon Battista Alberti, was an Italian architect, designer, goldsmith and sculptor.

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Fortuna

Fortuna (Fortūna, equivalent to the Greek goddess Tyche) is the goddess of fortune and the personification of luck in Roman religion who, largely thanks to the Late Antique author Boethius, remained popular through the Middle Ages until at least the Renaissance.

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Franz Wickhoff

Franz Wickhoff (7 May 1853 – 6 April 1909) was an Austrian art historian, and is considered a member of the Vienna School of Art History.

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Freedman

A freedman or freedwoman is a person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means.

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Fresco

Fresco (or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster.

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Fresco-secco

Fresco-secco (or a secco or fresco finto) is a wall painting technique where pigments mixed with an organic binder and/or lime are applied onto dry plaster.

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Frieze

In classical architecture, the frieze is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs.

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Gaius Verres

Gaius Verres (114 – 43 BC) was a Roman magistrate, notorious for his misgovernment of Sicily.

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Galla Placidia

Galla Placidia (392/93 – 27 November 450), daughter of the Roman emperor Theodosius I, was a mother, tutor, and advisor to emperor Valentinian III.

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Gemma Augustea

The Gemma Augustea (Latin, Gem of Augustus) is an ancient Roman low-relief cameo engraved gem cut from a double-layered Arabian onyx stone.

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Gladiator Mosaic

The Gladiator Mosaic is a famous set of 5 large mosaics of gladiators and venators and two smaller ones.

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Glossary of ancient Roman religion

The vocabulary of ancient Roman religion was highly specialized.

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Gold glass

Gold glass or gold sandwich glass is a luxury form of glass where a decorative design in gold leaf is fused between two layers of glass. Roman art and gold glass are ancient Roman art.

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Gold leaf

A gold nugget of 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter (bottom) can be expanded through hammering into a gold foil of about 0.5 m2 (5.4 sq ft). Toi gold mine museum, Japan. Gold leaf is gold that has been hammered into thin sheets (usually around 0.1 μm thick) by a process known as goldbeating, for use in gilding.

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Golden Age

The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology, particularly the Works and Days of Hesiod, and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five Ages, Gold being the first and the one during which the Golden Race of humanity (chrýseon génos) lived.

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Gonzaga Cameo

The Gonzaga Cameo is a Hellenistic engraved gem; a cameo of the capita jugata variety cut out from the three layers of an Indian sardonyx, dating from perhaps the 3rd century BC.

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Grave relief of Publius Aiedius and Aiedia

The Grave relief of Publius Aiedius and Aiedia is an ancient Roman grave relief from the first half of the first century AD, now kept in the Pergamonmuseum / Antikensammlung Berlin, with Inventory number SK 840 (R 7).

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Great Cameo of France

The Great Cameo of France (Grand Camée de France) is a five-layered sardonyx Imperial Roman cameo of either about 23 AD, or 50–54 AD.

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Grotesque

Since at least the 18th century (in French and German, as well as English), grotesque has come to be used as a general adjective for the strange, mysterious, magnificent, fantastic, hideous, ugly, incongruous, unpleasant, or disgusting, and thus is often used to describe weird shapes and distorted forms such as Halloween masks.

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Hagia Sophia

Hagia Sophia ('Holy Wisdom'), officially the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque (Ayasofya-i Kebir Cami-i Şerifi), is a mosque and former church serving as a major cultural and historical site in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Hardstone carving

Hardstone carving, in art history and archaeology, is the artistic carving of semi-precious stones (and sometimes gemstones), such as jade, rock crystal (clear quartz), agate, onyx, jasper, serpentinite, or carnelian, and for objects made in this way.

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Hellenistic glass

Hellenistic glass was glass produced during the Hellenistic period (4th century BC – 5th century AD) in the Mediterranean, Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.

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Herculaneum

Herculaneum was an ancient Roman town, located in the modern-day comune of Ercolano, Campania, Italy.

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Hercules

Hercules is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena.

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History of silk

The production of silk originated in Neolithic China within the Yangshao culture (4th millennium BC).

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Hoard

A hoard or "wealth deposit" is an archaeological term for a collection of valuable objects or artifacts, sometimes purposely buried in the ground, in which case it is sometimes also known as a cache.

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House of Augustus

The House of Augustus, or the Domus Augusti (not to be confused with the Domus Augustana), is situated on the Palatine Hill in Rome, Italy.

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Hoxne Hoard

The Hoxne Hoard is the largest hoard of late Roman silver and gold discovered in Britain, and the largest collection of gold and silver coins of the fourth and fifth centuries found anywhere within the former Roman Empire.

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Iconography

Iconography, as a branch of art history, studies the identification, description and interpretation of the content of images: the subjects depicted, the particular compositions and details used to do so, and other elements that are distinct from artistic style.

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Isis

Isis was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Ivory carving

Ivory carving is the carving of ivory, that is to say animal tooth or tusk, generally by using sharp cutting tools, either mechanically or manually.

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John Boardman (art historian)

Sir John Boardman, (20 August 1927 – 23 May 2024) was a British classical archaeologist and art historian of ancient Greek art.

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Josephus

Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Justinian I

Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.

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Landscape painting

Landscape painting, also known as landscape art, is the depiction in painting of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, rivers, trees, and forests, especially where the main subject is a wide view—with its elements arranged into a coherent composition.

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Latin literature

Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings written in the Latin language.

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Lens

A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.

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Londinium

Londinium, also known as Roman London, was the capital of Roman Britain during most of the period of Roman rule.

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Lucius Junius Brutus

Lucius Junius Brutus (6th century BC) was the semi-legendary founder of the Roman Republic, and traditionally one of its first consuls in 509 BC.

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Lycurgus Cup

The Lycurgus Cup is a Roman glass 4th-century cage cup made of a dichroic glass, which shows a different colour depending on whether or not light is passing through it: red when lit from behind and green when lit from in front.

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Lysippos

Lysippos (Λύσιππος) was a Greek sculptor of the 4th century BC.

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Maenad

In Greek mythology, maenads (μαινάδες) were the female followers of Dionysus and the most significant members of the thiasus, the god's retinue.

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Metalworking is the process of shaping and reshaping metals in order to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures.

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Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an encyclopedic art museum in New York City.

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Micromosaic

Micromosaics (or micro mosaics, micro-mosaics) are a special form of mosaic that uses unusually small mosaic pieces (tesserae) of glass, or in later Italian pieces an enamel-like material, to make small figurative images.

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Mildenhall Treasure

The Mildenhall Treasure is a large hoard of 34 masterpieces of Roman silver tableware from the fourth century AD, and by far the most valuable Roman objects artistically and by weight of bullion in Britain.

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Mosaic

A mosaic is a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface.

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Mount Vesuvius

Mount Vesuvius is a somma–stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.

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Mummy

A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air, so that the recovered body does not decay further if kept in cool and dry conditions.

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Music of ancient Rome

The music of ancient Rome was a part of Roman culture from the earliest of times.

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Natural History (Pliny)

The Natural History (Naturalis Historia) is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder.

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Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism, also spelled Neo-classicism, emerged as a Western cultural movement in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that drew inspiration from the art and culture of classical antiquity.

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Nero

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68.

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Nike (mythology)

In Greek mythology and ancient religion, Nike (lit;, modern) is the goddess who personifies victory in any field including art, music, war, and athletics.

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Nile mosaic of Palestrina

The Nile Mosaic of Palestrina. The Palestrina Mosaic or Nile mosaic of Palestrina is a late Hellenistic floor mosaic depicting the Nile in its passage from the Blue Nile to the Mediterranean.

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Nilotic landscape

Nilotic landscape is any artistic representation of landscapes that emulates or is inspired by the Nile river in Egypt.

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Odyssey

The Odyssey (Odýsseia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

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Oil lamp

An oil lamp is a lamp used to produce light continuously for a period of time using an oil-based fuel source.

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Opus tessellatum

Opus tessellatum is the Latin name for the normal technique of Greek and Roman mosaic, made from tesserae that are larger than about 4 mm.

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Opus vermiculatum

Opus vermiculatum is a method of laying mosaic tesserae to emphasise an outline around a subject.

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Orpheus

In Greek mythology, Orpheus (Ancient Greek: Ὀρφεύς, classical pronunciation) was a Thracian bard, legendary musician and prophet.

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Orpheus mosaic

Orpheus mosaics are found throughout the Roman Empire, normally in large Roman villas.

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Ostrogoths

The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people.

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Painting

Painting is a visual art, which is characterized by the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support").

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Palestrina

Palestrina (ancient Praeneste; Πραίνεστος, Prainestos) is a modern Italian city and comune (municipality) with a population of about 22,000, in Lazio, about east of Rome.

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Panel painting

A panel painting is a painting made on a flat panel of wood, either a single piece or a number of pieces joined together.

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Pantheon, Rome

The Pantheon (Pantheum,Although the spelling Pantheon is standard in English, only Pantheum is found in classical Latin; see, for example, Pliny, Natural History: "Agrippas Pantheum decoravit Diogenes Atheniensis". See also Oxford Latin Dictionary, s.v. "Pantheum"; Oxford English Dictionary, s.v.: "post-classical Latin pantheon a temple consecrated to all the gods (6th cent.; compare classical Latin pantheum)".

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Parthian art

Parthian art was Iranian art made during the Parthian Empire from 247 BC to 224 AD, based in the Near East.

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Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.

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Pastiche

A pastiche is a work of visual art, literature, theatre, music, or architecture that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more other artists.

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Pater familias

The pater familias, also written as paterfamilias (patres familias), was the head of a Roman family.

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Patrician (ancient Rome)

The patricians (from patricius) were originally a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome.

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Peiraikos

Peiraikos, or Piraeicus or Peiraeicus (Πειραϊκός), was an Ancient Greek painter of uncertain date and location.

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Pergamon Museum

The Pergamon Museum is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin, Germany.

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Phidias

Phidias or Pheidias (Φειδίας, Pheidias) was an Ancient Greek sculptor, painter, and architect, active in the 5th century BC.

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Philippi

Philippi (Φίλιπποι, Phílippoi) was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos.

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Pliny the Elder

Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.

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Polychrome

Polychrome is the "practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors." The term is used to refer to certain styles of architecture, pottery, or sculpture in multiple colors.

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Polygnotus

Polygnotus (Πολύγνωτος Polygnotos) was an ancient Greek painter from the middle of the 5th century BC.

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Pompeian Styles

The Pompeian Styles are four periods which are distinguished in ancient Roman mural painting.

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Pompeii

Pompeii was an ancient city in what is now the comune (municipality) of Pompei, near Naples, in the Campania region of Italy.

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Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.

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Pont du Gard

The Pont du Gard is an ancient Roman aqueduct bridge built in the first century AD to carry water over to the Roman colony of Nemausus (Nîmes).

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Porphyry (geology)

Porphyry is any of various granites or igneous rocks with coarse-grained crystals such as feldspar or quartz dispersed in a fine-grained silicate-rich, generally aphanitic matrix or groundmass.

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Portland Vase

The Portland Vase is a Roman cameo glass vase, which is dated to between AD 1 and AD 25, though low BC dates have some scholarly support.

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Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs

The Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs is a porphyry sculpture group of four Roman emperors dating from around 300 AD.

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Portrait painting

Portrait painting is a genre in painting, where the intent is to represent a specific human subject.

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Pottery of ancient Greece

Pottery, due to its relative durability, comprises a large part of the archaeological record of ancient Greece, and since there is so much of it (over 100,000 painted vases are recorded in the Corpus vasorum antiquorum), it has exerted a disproportionately large influence on our understanding of Greek society.

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Praxiteles

Praxiteles (Πραξιτέλης) of Athens, the son of Cephisodotus the Elder, was the most renowned of the Attica sculptors of the 4th century BC.

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Public bathing

Public baths originated when most people in population centers did not have access to private bathing facilities.

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Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus

Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus (or Rullus), son of Marcus Fabius Ambustus, of the patrician Fabii of ancient Rome, was five times consul and a hero of the Samnite Wars.

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Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli

Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli (19 February 1900 – 17 January 1975) was an Italian archaeologist and art historian.

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Ravenna

Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.

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Relief

Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

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Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of persuasion.

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Roman aqueduct

The Romans constructed aqueducts throughout their Republic and later Empire, to bring water from outside sources into cities and towns.

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Roman currency

Roman currency for most of Roman history consisted of gold, silver, bronze, orichalcum and copper coinage.

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Roman Egypt

Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman glass

Roman glass objects have been recovered across the Roman Empire in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts.

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Roman graffiti

In archaeological terms, graffiti (plural of graffito) is a mark, image or writing scratched or engraved into a surface. Roman art and Roman graffiti are ancient Roman art.

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Roman mosaic

A Roman mosaic is a mosaic made during the Roman period, throughout the Roman Republic and later Empire. Roman art and Roman mosaic are ancient Roman art.

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Roman navy

The naval forces of the ancient Roman state (lit) were instrumental in the Roman conquest of the Mediterranean Basin, but it never enjoyed the prestige of the Roman legions.

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Roman portraiture

Roman portraiture was one of the most significant periods in the development of portrait art. Roman art and Roman portraiture are ancient Roman art.

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Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

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Roman sculpture

The study of Roman sculpture is complicated by its relation to Greek sculpture.

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Roundel

A roundel is a circular disc used as a symbol.

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Samnites

The Samnites were an ancient Italic people who lived in Samnium, which is located in modern inland Abruzzo, Molise, and Campania in south-central Italy.

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Sarcophagus

A sarcophagus (sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a coffin, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.

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Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus

The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is a marble Early Christian sarcophagus used for the burial of Junius Bassus, who died in 359.

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Scopas

Scopas (Σκόπας; born in Paros, fl. 4th century BCE) was an ancient Greek sculptor and architect, most famous for his statue of Meleager, the copper statue of Aphrodite, and the head of goddess Hygieia, daughter of Asclepius.

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Severan Tondo

The Severan Tondo or Berlin Tondo from is one of the few preserved examples of panel painting from classical antiquity, depicting the first two generations of the imperial Severan dynasty, whose members ruled the Roman Empire in the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries.

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Sicily

Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.

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Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)

The Siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), in which the Roman army led by future emperor Titus besieged Jerusalem, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the Roman province of Judaea.

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Socialist realism was the official cultural doctrine of the Soviet Union that mandated an idealized representation of life under socialism in literature and the visual arts.

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Sperlonga sculptures

The Sperlonga sculptures are a large and elaborate ensemble of ancient sculptures discovered in 1957 in the grounds of the former villa of the Emperor Tiberius at Sperlonga, on the coast between Rome and Naples.

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St Mark's Basilica

The Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark (Basilica Cattedrale Patriarcale di San Marco), commonly known as St Mark's Basilica (Basilica di San Marco; Baxéłega de San Marco), is the cathedral church of the Patriarchate of Venice; it became the episcopal seat of the Patriarch of Venice in 1807, replacing the earlier cathedral of San Pietro di Castello.

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Stabiae

Stabiae was an ancient city situated near the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia and approximately 4.5 km southwest of Pompeii.

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Still life

A still life (still lifes) is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which are either natural (food, flowers, dead animals, plants, rocks, shells, etc.) or human-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, etc.). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greco-Roman art, still-life painting emerged as a distinct genre and professional specialization in Western painting by the late 16th century, and has remained significant since then.

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Taxonomy

Taxonomy is a practice and science concerned with classification or categorization.

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Tempera

Tempera, also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of pigments mixed with a water-soluble binder medium, usually glutinous material such as egg yolk.

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Terra sigillata

Terra sigillata is a term with at least three distinct meanings: as a description of medieval medicinal earth; in archaeology, as a general term for some of the fine red Ancient Roman pottery with glossy surface slips made in specific areas of the Roman Empire; and more recently, as a description of a contemporary studio pottery technique supposedly inspired by ancient pottery.

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Terracotta

Terracotta, also known as terra cotta or terra-cotta, is a clay-based non-vitreous ceramicOED, "Terracotta";, MFA Boston, "Cameo" database fired at relatively low temperatures.

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Tessera

A tessera (plural: tesserae, diminutive tessella) is an individual tile, usually formed in the shape of a square, used in creating a mosaic.

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The Orator

The Orator, also known as (Italian), (Etruscan) or (Latin), is an Etruscan bronze sculpture from the late second or the early first century BC.

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Titus

Titus Caesar Vespasianus (30 December 39 – 13 September AD 81) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81.

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Toga

The toga, a distinctive garment of ancient Rome, was a roughly semicircular cloth, between in length, draped over the shoulders and around the body.

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Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker

The tomb of Marcus Vergilius Eurysaces the baker is one of the largest and best-preserved freedman funerary monuments in Rome.

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Tomb of the Scipios

The Tomb of the Scipios (sepulcrum Scipionum), also called the hypogaeum Scipionum, was the common tomb of the patrician Scipio family during the Roman Republic for interments between the early 3rd century BC and the early 1st century AD.

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Trajan

Trajan (born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, adopted name Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.

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Trajan's Column

Trajan's Column (Colonna Traiana, Columna Traiani) is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.

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Trajan's Dacian Wars

Trajan's Dacian Wars (101–102, 105–106) were two military campaigns fought between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Emperor Trajan's rule.

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Trompe-l'œil

paren) is an artistic term for the highly realistic optical illusion of three-dimensional space and objects on a two-dimensional surface. Trompe l'œil, which is most often associated with painting, tricks the viewer into perceiving painted objects or spaces as real. Forced perspective is a related illusion in architecture.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_art

Also known as Ancient Roman art, Ancient Roman painting, Art of Rome, Art of ancient Rome, Roman Art and Architecture, Roman arts, Roman metalwork.

, Column of Antoninus Pius, Column of Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Concrete, Constantinople, Consular diptych, Corinth, Critias (dialogue), Crux gemmata, David Piper (curator), Decorative arts, Dialect, Dionysus, Dome, Domus Aurea, Early Middle Ages, East Anglia, Eclecticism, Egyptian Greeks, Encaustic painting, Engraved gem, Ernst Gombrich, Ernst Kitzinger, Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum, Esquiline Hill, Etruscan alphabet, Etruscan art, Fayum mummy portraits, Filippo Brunelleschi, Fortuna, Franz Wickhoff, Freedman, Fresco, Fresco-secco, Frieze, Gaius Verres, Galla Placidia, Gemma Augustea, Gladiator Mosaic, Glossary of ancient Roman religion, Gold glass, Gold leaf, Golden Age, Gonzaga Cameo, Grave relief of Publius Aiedius and Aiedia, Great Cameo of France, Grotesque, Hagia Sophia, Hardstone carving, Hellenistic glass, Herculaneum, Hercules, History of silk, Hoard, House of Augustus, Hoxne Hoard, Iconography, Isis, Italy, Ivory carving, John Boardman (art historian), Josephus, Julius Caesar, Justinian I, Landscape painting, Latin literature, Lens, Londinium, Lucius Junius Brutus, Lycurgus Cup, Lysippos, Maenad, Metalworking, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Micromosaic, Mildenhall Treasure, Mosaic, Mount Vesuvius, Mummy, Music of ancient Rome, Natural History (Pliny), Neoclassicism, Nero, Nike (mythology), Nile mosaic of Palestrina, Nilotic landscape, Odyssey, Oil lamp, Opus tessellatum, Opus vermiculatum, Orpheus, Orpheus mosaic, Ostrogoths, Painting, Palestrina, Panel painting, Pantheon, Rome, Parthian art, Parthian Empire, Pastiche, Pater familias, Patrician (ancient Rome), Peiraikos, Pergamon Museum, Phidias, Philippi, Pliny the Elder, Polychrome, Polygnotus, Pompeian Styles, Pompeii, Pompey, Pont du Gard, Porphyry (geology), Portland Vase, Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs, Portrait painting, Pottery of ancient Greece, Praxiteles, Public bathing, Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus, Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli, Ravenna, Relief, Renaissance, Rhetoric, Roman aqueduct, Roman currency, Roman Egypt, Roman Empire, Roman glass, Roman graffiti, Roman mosaic, Roman navy, Roman portraiture, Roman Republic, Roman sculpture, Romania, Rome, Roundel, Samnites, Sarcophagus, Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Scopas, Severan Tondo, Sicily, Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), Socialist realism, Sperlonga sculptures, St Mark's Basilica, Stabiae, Still life, Taxonomy, Tempera, Terra sigillata, Terracotta, Tessera, The Orator, Titus, Toga, Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker, Tomb of the Scipios, Trajan, Trajan's Column, Trajan's Dacian Wars, Trompe-l'œil, Vatican Museums, Venice, Venus (mythology), Vespasian, Victory column, Villa of Livia, Warren Cup, Zeuxis (painter), 1st century.

Roman art, the Glossary

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