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Romani language, the Glossary

Romani (also Romany, Romanes, Roma; rromani ćhib) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani communities.^[1]

Ablative case

In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced; sometimes abbreviated) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses.

See Romani language and Ablative case

Accusative case

In grammar, the accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb.

See Romani language and Accusative case

Affricate

An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal).

See Romani language and Affricate

Agia Varvara

Agia Varvara (Αγία Βαρβάρα, meaning Saint Barbara) is a suburban town in the western part of the Athens agglomeration in Attica, Greece and a municipality in the West Athens regional unit.

See Romani language and Agia Varvara

Alemannic German

Alemannic, or rarely Alemannish (Alemannisch), is a group of High German dialects. Romani language and Alemannic German are languages of Germany.

See Romani language and Alemannic German

Alveolar consonant

Alveolar (UK also) consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the upper teeth.

See Romani language and Alveolar consonant

Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

See Romani language and Anatolia

Angloromani language

Angloromani or Anglo-Romani (literally "English Romani"; also known as Angloromany, Rummaness, or Pogadi Chib) is a mixed language of Indo-European origin involving the presence of Romani vocabulary and syntax in the English used by descendants of Romanichal Travellers in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United States, and South Africa. Romani language and Angloromani language are languages of Australia, languages of South Africa and languages of the United Kingdom.

See Romani language and Angloromani language

Approximant

Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.

See Romani language and Approximant

Armenia

Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.

See Romani language and Armenia

Armenian language

Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family. Romani language and Armenian language are languages of Russia and languages of Turkey.

See Romani language and Armenian language

Aspirated consonant

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.

See Romani language and Aspirated consonant

Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger was an online publication containing a comprehensive list of the world's endangered languages.

See Romani language and Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

August Friedrich Pott

August Friedrich Pott (14 November 1802 in Nettelrede, Hanover5 July 1887 in Halle) was a German pioneer in linguistics.

See Romani language and August Friedrich Pott

Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

See Romani language and Austria

Šuto Orizari Municipality

Šuto Orizari (Шуто Оризари; Balkan Romani: Shuto Orizari; Shutkë), often shortened as Šutka (Шутка), is one of the ten municipalities that make up the City of Skopje, the capital of the Republic of North Macedonia.

See Romani language and Šuto Orizari Municipality

Back vowel

A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages.

See Romani language and Back vowel

Balkan Romani

Balkan Roma, Balkaniko Romanes, or Balkan Gypsy is a specific non-Vlax dialect of the Romani language, spoken by groups within the Balkans, which include countries such as Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey etc.

See Romani language and Balkan Romani

Balkan sprachbund

The Balkan sprachbund or Balkan language area is an ensemble of areal features—similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—among the languages of the Balkans.

See Romani language and Balkan sprachbund

Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

See Romani language and Balkans

Baltic Romani

Baltic Romani is group of dialects of the Romani language spoken in the Baltic states and adjoining regions of Poland and Russia.

See Romani language and Baltic Romani

Baltic states

The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

See Romani language and Baltic states

Basque Country (greater region)

The Basque Country (Euskal Herria; País Vasco; Pays basque) is the name given to the home of the Basque people.

See Romani language and Basque Country (greater region)

Bible translations into Romani

Romani languages are the languages spoken by the Roma people, commonly called Gypsies.

See Romani language and Bible translations into Romani

Bohemian Romani

Bohemian Romani or Bohemian Romany was a dialect of Romani formerly spoken by the Romani people of Bohemia, the western part of today's Czech Republic. Romani language and Bohemian Romani are languages of the Czech Republic.

See Romani language and Bohemian Romani

Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

See Romani language and Brazil

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

See Romani language and Byzantine Empire

Caló language

Caló is a language spoken by the Spanish and Portuguese Romani ethnic groups. Romani language and Caló language are languages of Brazil, languages of Colombia, languages of France, languages of Portugal and languages of Spain.

See Romani language and Caló language

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

See Romani language and Cambridge University Press

Carpathian Romani

Carpathian Romani, also known as Central Romani or Romungro Romani, is a group of dialects of the Romani language spoken from southern Poland to Hungary, and from eastern Austria to Ukraine. Romani language and Carpathian Romani are languages of Hungary, languages of Poland, languages of Romania, languages of Slovakia, languages of Ukraine, languages of the Czech Republic and languages of the United States.

See Romani language and Carpathian Romani

Central vowel

A central vowel, formerly also known as a mixed vowel, is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.

See Romani language and Central vowel

Chandigarh

Chandigarh is a city and union territory in northern India, serving as the shared capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana.

See Romani language and Chandigarh

Chav

"Chav", also "charver", "scally" and "roadman" in parts of England, is a British term, usually used in a pejorative way.

See Romani language and Chav

Christian Jakob Kraus

Christian Jakob Kraus (27 July 1753 – 25 August 1807) was a German comparative and historical linguist.

See Romani language and Christian Jakob Kraus

Clause

In language, a clause is a constituent or phrase that comprises a semantic predicand (expressed or not) and a semantic predicate.

See Romani language and Clause

Clitic

In morphology and syntax, a clitic (backformed from Greek ἐγκλιτικός "leaning" or "enclitic"Crystal, David. A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.) is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a word, but depends phonologically on another word or phrase.

See Romani language and Clitic

Close vowel

A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in U.S. terminology), is any in a class of vowel sounds used in many spoken languages.

See Romani language and Close vowel

Collins English Dictionary

The Collins English Dictionary is a printed and online dictionary of English.

See Romani language and Collins English Dictionary

Comitative case

In grammar, the comitative case is a grammatical case that denotes accompaniment.

See Romani language and Comitative case

Constitution of Kosovo

The Constitution of Kosovo (Kushtetuta e Kosovës, Ustav Kosova) is the supreme law (article 16) of the Republic of Kosovo, a territory of unresolved political status.

See Romani language and Constitution of Kosovo

Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.

See Romani language and Cyrillic script

Dative case

In grammar, the dative case (abbreviated, or sometimes when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action, as in "", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a drink".

See Romani language and Dative case

Declension

In linguistics, declension (verb: to decline) is the changing of the form of a word, generally to express its syntactic function in the sentence, by way of some inflection.

See Romani language and Declension

Demonym

A demonym or gentilic is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place.

See Romani language and Demonym

Dictionary.com

Dictionary.com is an online dictionary whose domain was first registered on May 14, 1995.

See Romani language and Dictionary.com

Domari language

Domari is an endangered Indo-Aryan language, spoken by Dom people scattered across the Middle East and North Africa. Romani language and Domari language are languages of Turkey.

See Romani language and Domari language

Early Romani

Early Romani (sometimes referred to as Late Proto-Romani) is the latest common predecessor of all forms of the Romani language.

See Romani language and Early Romani

Edinburgh University Press

Edinburgh University Press is a scholarly publisher of academic books and journals, based in Edinburgh, Scotland.

See Romani language and Edinburgh University Press

English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain. Romani language and English language are languages of Australia, languages of Canada, languages of the United Kingdom and languages of the United States.

See Romani language and English language

Erromintxela language

Erromintxela is the distinctive language of a group of Romani living in the Basque Country, who also go by the name Erromintxela. Romani language and Erromintxela language are languages of France and languages of Spain.

See Romani language and Erromintxela language

Ethnologue

Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world.

See Romani language and Ethnologue

Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

See Romani language and Europe

European Roma Rights Centre

The European Roma Rights Centre (ERRC) is a Roma-led, international public interest law organisation engaging in a range of activities aimed at combating anti-Romani racism and human rights abuse of Romani people.

See Romani language and European Roma Rights Centre

Final-obstruent devoicing

Final-obstruent devoicing or terminal devoicing is a systematic phonological process occurring in languages such as Catalan, German, Dutch, Quebec French, Breton, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Turkish, and Wolof.

See Romani language and Final-obstruent devoicing

Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

See Romani language and Finland

Finnish Kalo language

Finnish Kalo is a language of the Romani language family (a subgroup of Indo-European) spoken by Finnish Kale. Romani language and Finnish Kalo language are languages of Finland and languages of Sweden.

See Romani language and Finnish Kalo language

France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

See Romani language and France

Franz Miklosich

Franz Miklosich (Franz Ritter von Miklosich, also known in Slovene as Franc Miklošič; 20 November 1813 – 7 March 1891) was a Slovenian philologist and rector of the University of Vienna.

See Romani language and Franz Miklosich

Fricative

A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

See Romani language and Fricative

Front vowel

A front vowel is a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would otherwise make it a consonant.

See Romani language and Front vowel

Genitive case

In grammar, the genitive case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun.

See Romani language and Genitive case

Gens du voyage (France)

The notion of gens du voyage (travelers) is an administrative concept created under French law to designate the community of travellers with no fixed residence, hence referred to as the nomadic community.

See Romani language and Gens du voyage (France)

George Borrow

George Henry Borrow (5 July 1803 – 26 July 1881) was an English writer of novels and of travel based on personal experiences in Europe.

See Romani language and George Borrow

Gheorghe Sarău

Gheorghe Sarău (born 21 April 1956, Segarcea-Vale, Teleorman County, Romania) is a Romanian linguist specialized in the Romani language.

See Romani language and Gheorghe Sarău

Glottal consonant

Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation.

See Romani language and Glottal consonant

Google Books

Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.

See Romani language and Google Books

Grammatical gender

In linguistics, a grammatical gender system is a specific form of a noun class system, where nouns are assigned to gender categories that are often not related to the real-world qualities of the entities denoted by those nouns.

See Romani language and Grammatical gender

Great Britain

Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.

See Romani language and Great Britain

Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean. Romani language and Greek language are languages of Albania, languages of Greece, languages of Hungary, languages of Romania, languages of Turkey and languages of Ukraine.

See Romani language and Greek language

Győr

Győr (Raab; names in other languages) is the main city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron County and Western Transdanubia region, and – halfway between Budapest and Vienna – situated on one of the important roads of Central Europe.

See Romani language and Győr

Hindi

Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script. Romani language and Hindi are languages of India.

See Romani language and Hindi

Hindustani language

Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India, Pakistan and the Deccan and used as the official language of India and Pakistan. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic).

See Romani language and Hindustani language

Hungarian language

Hungarian is a Uralic language of the proposed Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries. Romani language and Hungarian language are languages of Austria, languages of Croatia, languages of Hungary, languages of Romania, languages of Serbia, languages of Slovakia, languages of Slovenia, languages of Ukraine, languages of Vojvodina and languages of the Czech Republic.

See Romani language and Hungarian language

Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See Romani language and Hungary

Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

See Romani language and Iberian Peninsula

Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

See Romani language and Indian subcontinent

Indo-Aryan languages

The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.

See Romani language and Indo-Aryan languages

Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-Iranian languages (also known as Indo-Iranic languages or collectively the Aryan languages) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Romani language and Indo-Iranian languages

Instrumental case

In grammar, the instrumental case (abbreviated or) is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.

See Romani language and Instrumental case

Iranian languages

The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.

See Romani language and Iranian languages

Isogloss

An isogloss, also called a heterogloss, is the geographic boundary of a certain linguistic feature, such as the pronunciation of a vowel, the meaning of a word, or the use of some morphological or syntactic feature.

See Romani language and Isogloss

Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

See Romani language and Italy

Kalderash Romani language

Kalderash Romani is a group of Vlax dialects spoken by the Kalderash Romani, mainly in Romania. Romani language and Kalderash Romani language are languages of Romania.

See Romani language and Kalderash Romani language

Kashmiri language

Kashmiri or Koshur (Kashmiri) is a Dardic Indo-Aryan language spoken by around 7 million Kashmiris of the Kashmir region, primarily in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian-administrated union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, over half the population of that territory.

See Romani language and Kashmiri language

Königsberg

Königsberg (Królewiec, Karaliaučius, Kyonigsberg) is the historic German and Prussian name of the medieval city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia.

See Romani language and Königsberg

Korçë

Korçë (Korça) is the eighth most populous city of the Republic of Albania and the seat of Korçë County and Korçë Municipality.

See Romani language and Korçë

Kurdish language

Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria. Romani language and Kurdish language are languages of Turkey.

See Romani language and Kurdish language

Labial consonant

Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.

See Romani language and Labial consonant

Laiuse Romani language

Laiuse Romani was a Romani variety spoken in Estonia. Romani language and Laiuse Romani language are languages of Estonia.

See Romani language and Laiuse Romani language

Lambadi

Lambadi, Lambani, Lamani or Banjari is a Western Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Banjara people across India.

See Romani language and Lambadi

Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact with and influence each other.

See Romani language and Language contact

Languages of Europe

There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family.

See Romani language and Languages of Europe

Languages of the Balkans

This is a list of languages spoken in regions ruled by Balkan countries.

See Romani language and Languages of the Balkans

Lexical aspect

In linguistics, the lexical aspect or Aktionsart (plural Aktionsarten) of a verb is part of the way in which that verb is structured in relation to time.

See Romani language and Lexical aspect

Lexical item

In lexicography, a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon (≈ vocabulary).

See Romani language and Lexical item

Linguistic prescription

Linguistic prescription, also called prescriptivism or prescriptive grammar, is the establishment of rules defining preferred usage of language.

See Romani language and Linguistic prescription

Locative case

In grammar, the locative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which indicates a location.

See Romani language and Locative case

Lomavren language

Lomavren (Լոմավրեն) is a nearly extinct mixed language spoken by the Lom people, that arose from language contact between a language related to Romani and Domari and the Armenian language. Romani language and Lomavren language are languages of Russia.

See Romani language and Lomavren language

Lotegorisch

Lotegorisch or Lottegorisch or Lekoudesch (older own description: lochne kodesch, from the laschon.

See Romani language and Lotegorisch

Marwari language

Marwari (मारवाड़ी) is a language within the Rajasthani language family of the Indo-Aryan languages. Romani language and Marwari language are languages of India.

See Romani language and Marwari language

Medieval Greek

Medieval Greek (also known as Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek, or Romaic) is the stage of the Greek language between the end of classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.

See Romani language and Medieval Greek

Mid vowel

A mid vowel (or a true-mid vowel) is any in a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages.

See Romani language and Mid vowel

Middle Indo-Aryan languages

The Middle Indo-Aryan languages (or Middle Indic languages, sometimes conflated with the Prakrits, which are a stage of Middle Indic) are a historical group of languages of the Indo-Aryan family. Romani language and Middle Indo-Aryan languages are languages of India.

See Romani language and Middle Indo-Aryan languages

Milena Hübschmannová

Milena Hübschmannová (1933-2005) was Czech professor of Romani studies at Charles University of Prague.

See Romani language and Milena Hübschmannová

Mixed language

A mixed language, also referred to as a hybrid language, contact language, or fusion language, is a language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language.

See Romani language and Mixed language

Mongol invasion of Europe

From the 1220s into the 1240s, the Mongols conquered the Turkic states of Volga Bulgaria, Cumania and Iranian state of Alania, and various principalities in Eastern Europe.

See Romani language and Mongol invasion of Europe

Nasal consonant

In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.

See Romani language and Nasal consonant

Neologism

In linguistics, a neologism (also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that nevertheless has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language.

See Romani language and Neologism

New York Public Library

The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City.

See Romani language and New York Public Library

Nominative case

In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.

See Romani language and Nominative case

North Macedonia

North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe.

See Romani language and North Macedonia

Northern Europe

The northern region of Europe has several definitions.

See Romani language and Northern Europe

Northern Romani dialects

Northern Romani is a group of dialects of the Romani language spoken in various Northern European, northern Central European and northern Eastern European countries.

See Romani language and Northern Romani dialects

Open vowel

An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.

See Romani language and Open vowel

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See Romani language and Oxford University Press

Palatal consonant

Palatals are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).

See Romani language and Palatal consonant

Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.

See Romani language and Palgrave Macmillan

Para-Romani

Para-Romani are various mixed languages of non-Indo-Aryan linguistic classification containing considerable admixture from the Romani language.

See Romani language and Para-Romani

Parya language

Parya (Tajik alphabet: Парйа) is an isolated Central Indo-Aryan language spoken in the border region between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

See Romani language and Parya language

Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Romani language and Persian language are languages of Russia.

See Romani language and Persian language

Persian wine

Persian wine, also called May (fa), Mul (fa), and Bâdah (fa), is a cultural symbol and tradition in Iran, and has a significant presence in Iranian mythology, Persian poetry and Persian miniatures.

See Romani language and Persian wine

Plosive

In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

See Romani language and Plosive

Pluperfect

The pluperfect (shortening of plusquamperfect), usually called past perfect in English, is a type of verb form, generally treated as a grammatical tense in certain languages, relating to an action that occurred prior to an aforementioned time in the past.

See Romani language and Pluperfect

Podgorica

Podgorica (Подгорица) is the capital and largest city of Montenegro.

See Romani language and Podgorica

Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

See Romani language and Poland

Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.

See Romani language and Portugal

Postalveolar consonant

Postalveolar (post-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge.

See Romani language and Postalveolar consonant

Prakrit

Prakrit is a group of vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE. Romani language and Prakrit are languages of India.

See Romani language and Prakrit

Pristina

Pristina, Prishtina or Priština is the capital and largest city of Kosovo.

See Romani language and Pristina

Ralph Lilley Turner

Sir Ralph Lilley Turner (5 October 1888 – 22 April 1983) was a British philologist of Indian languages and a university administrator.

See Romani language and Ralph Lilley Turner

Reformed Christianity

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.

See Romani language and Reformed Christianity

Relativizer

In linguistics, a relativizer (abbreviated) is a type of conjunction that introduces a relative clause.

See Romani language and Relativizer

Rhotic consonant

In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek letter rho, including r in the Latin script and p in the Cyrillic script.

See Romani language and Rhotic consonant

Roman language

Roman language may refer to.

See Romani language and Roman language

Romang language

Roma or Romang is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by about 1,700 people (in 1991) in Jersusu village on Romang island in Maluku, Indonesia.

See Romani language and Romang language

Romani alphabets

The Romani language has for most of its history been an entirely oral language, with no written form in common use.

See Romani language and Romani alphabets

Romani language standardization

There are independent groups currently working toward standardizing the Romani language, including groups in Romania, Serbia, the United States and Sweden.

See Romani language and Romani language standardization

Romani people

The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.

See Romani language and Romani people

Romani people in Romania

Roma, traditionally Țigani (often called "Gypsies" though this term is typically considered a slur), constitute one of Romania's largest minorities.

See Romani language and Romani people in Romania

Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

See Romani language and Romania

Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian; limba română, or românește) is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova. Romani language and Romanian language are languages of Austria, languages of Hungary, languages of Moldova, languages of Romania, languages of Russia, languages of Serbia, languages of Ukraine and languages of Vojvodina.

See Romani language and Romanian language

Romano-Greek language

Romano-Greek (also referred to as Hellenoromani; Elleno-romaniké) is a nearly extinct mixed language (referred to as Para-Romani in Romani linguistics), spoken by the Romani people in Greece that arose from language contact between Romani speaking people and the Greek language. Romani language and Romano-Greek language are languages of Greece.

See Romani language and Romano-Greek language

Romano-Serbian language

The Romano-Serbian language is a mixed language (referred to as a Para-Romani variety in Romani linguistics) resulting from language contact between Serbian and Romani in Serbia and former Yugoslav countries and distinct from the Vlax Romani dialects spoken in Serbia. Romani language and Romano-Serbian language are languages of Serbia.

See Romani language and Romano-Serbian language

Romansh language

Romansh is a Gallo-Romance language spoken predominantly in the Swiss canton of the Grisons (Graubünden).

See Romani language and Romansh language

Sanskrit

Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. Romani language and Sanskrit are languages of India.

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Sapientia University

The Sapientia – Hungarian University of Transylvania is a private higher education institution of Hungarian language in the historic region of Transylvania, Romania.

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Satu Mare

Satu Mare (Szatmárnémeti; Sathmar; סאטמאר or סאַטמער) is a city with a population of 102,400 (2011).

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Scandoromani

Scandoromani is a North Germanic based Para-Romani language. Romani language and Scandoromani are languages of Denmark, languages of Norway and languages of Sweden.

See Romani language and Scandoromani

Scottish Cant

Scottish Cant (often called Scots-Romani or Scotch-Romani) is a cant spoken by Scottish Travellers and Scottish Lowland Roma, primarily in the Scottish Lowlands. Romani language and Scottish Cant are languages of Ireland.

See Romani language and Scottish Cant

Shina language

Shina (ݜݨیاٗ,شِْنْیٛا) is a Dardic language of Indo-Aryan language family spoken by the Shina people.

See Romani language and Shina language

SIL International

SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is an evangelical Christian nonprofit organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages, and aid minority language development.

See Romani language and SIL International

Sinhala language

Sinhala (Sinhala: සිංහල), sometimes called Sinhalese, is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken by the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka, who make up the largest ethnic group on the island, numbering about 16 million.

See Romani language and Sinhala language

Sinte Romani

Sinte Romani (also known as Sintitikes, Manuš) is the variety of Romani spoken by the Sinti people in Germany, France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, some parts of Northern Italy and other adjacent regions. Romani language and Sinte Romani are languages of Belgium and languages of the Netherlands.

See Romani language and Sinte Romani

Skopje

Skopje (Скопје; Shkup, Shkupi) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia.

See Romani language and Skopje

Slavic languages

The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.

See Romani language and Slavic languages

Slavic studies

Slavic (American English) or Slavonic (British English) studies, also known as Slavistics, is the academic field of area studies concerned with Slavic peoples, languages, literature, history, and culture.

See Romani language and Slavic studies

Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See Romani language and Slovakia

Sound change

A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language.

See Romani language and Sound change

Southeast Europe

Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos.

See Romani language and Southeast Europe

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

See Romani language and Soviet Union

Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

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Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.

See Romani language and Sri Lanka

Subject–verb–object word order

In linguistic typology, subject–verb–object (SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first, the verb second, and the object third.

See Romani language and Subject–verb–object word order

Tatar language

Tatar (татар теле, tatar tele or татарча, tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia and Crimea. Romani language and tatar language are languages of Finland, languages of Russia, languages of Turkey and languages of Ukraine.

See Romani language and Tatar language

Tirana

Tirana (Tirona) is the capital and largest city of Albania.

See Romani language and Tirana

In linguistics, the topic, or theme, of a sentence is what is being talked about, and the comment (rheme or focus) is what is being said about the topic.

See Romani language and Topic and comment

Transcarpathia

Transcarpathia (Karpat'ska Rus') is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast, with smaller parts in eastern Slovakia (largely in Prešov Region and Košice Region) and the Lemko Region in Poland.

See Romani language and Transcarpathia

Transylvania

Transylvania (Transilvania or Ardeal; Erdély; Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, historically Überwald, also Siweberjen in the Transylvanian Saxon dialect) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania.

See Romani language and Transylvania

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

See Romani language and UNESCO

University of Hertfordshire Press

University of Hertfordshire Press was formed in 1992 as the publishing wing of the University of Hertfordshire.

See Romani language and University of Hertfordshire Press

University of Manchester

The University of Manchester is a public research university in Manchester, England.

See Romani language and University of Manchester

Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. Romani language and Urdu are languages of India.

See Romani language and Urdu

Uvular consonant

Uvulars are consonants articulated with the back of the tongue against or near the uvula, that is, further back in the mouth than velar consonants.

See Romani language and Uvular consonant

Valency (linguistics)

In linguistics, valency or valence is the number and type of arguments and complements controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates.

See Romani language and Valency (linguistics)

Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (also known as the "velum").

See Romani language and Velar consonant

Verb–object word order

Verb–object word order (VO) is a word order where the verb typically comes before the object.

See Romani language and Verb–object word order

Verb–subject–object word order

In linguistic typology, a verb–subject–object (VSO) language has its most typical sentences arrange their elements in that order, as in Ate Sam oranges (Sam ate oranges).

See Romani language and Verb–subject–object word order

Victor Friedman

Victor A. Friedman (born October 18, 1949) is an American linguist, Slavist.

See Romani language and Victor Friedman

Vlax Romani language

Vlax Romani is a dialect group of the Romani language. Romani language and Vlax Romani language are languages of Albania, languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, languages of Hungary, languages of Romania, languages of Serbia and languages of Slovenia.

See Romani language and Vlax Romani language

Vocative case

In grammar, the vocative case (abbreviated) is a grammatical case which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed or occasionally for the noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) of that noun.

See Romani language and Vocative case

Voice (phonetics)

Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).

See Romani language and Voice (phonetics)

Voicelessness

In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.

See Romani language and Voicelessness

Welsh Romani language

Welsh Romani (or Kalá) is a variety of the Romani language which is spoken by the Kale group of the Romani people who arrived in Britain during the 16th century. Romani language and Welsh Romani language are languages of the United Kingdom.

See Romani language and Welsh Romani language

Word order

In linguistics, word order (also known as linear order) is the order of the syntactic constituents of a language.

See Romani language and Word order

Xoraxane (term)

Xoraxane (also spelled as Khorakhane, Khorakhanè, Horahane, Kharokane, Xoraxai, etc.) is a historical umbrella term to refer to the Muslim Roma population in the Balkans, or alternatively, all Muslim Roma in the areas of Southern Europe and West Asia.

See Romani language and Xoraxane (term)

Yaron Matras

Yaron Matras (born October 24, 1963) is a linguist at the University of Manchester specializing in Romani and other languages, including Middle Eastern languages.

See Romani language and Yaron Matras

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (Југославија; Jugoslavija; Југославија) was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 to 1992.

See Romani language and Yugoslavia

Zargari Romani

Zargari (or Romāno) is a dialect of Balkan Romani, spoken in Zargar region (Abyek district) of the Qazvin Province of in Iran by the ethnic Zargari people.

See Romani language and Zargari Romani

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language

Also known as Gipsy language, History of the Romani language, ISO 639:rom, List of Romani languages, Roma language, Romanes, Romani dialects, Romani languages, Romani sib, Romani šib, Romani-language, Romany language, Romika, Rromanes, Rromani language, Rromany language, Sintenghero Tschib.

, Ethnologue, Europe, European Roma Rights Centre, Final-obstruent devoicing, Finland, Finnish Kalo language, France, Franz Miklosich, Fricative, Front vowel, Genitive case, Gens du voyage (France), George Borrow, Gheorghe Sarău, Glottal consonant, Google Books, Grammatical gender, Great Britain, Greek language, Győr, Hindi, Hindustani language, Hungarian language, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, Indian subcontinent, Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Iranian languages, Instrumental case, Iranian languages, Isogloss, Italy, Kalderash Romani language, Kashmiri language, Königsberg, Korçë, Kurdish language, Labial consonant, Laiuse Romani language, Lambadi, Language contact, Languages of Europe, Languages of the Balkans, Lexical aspect, Lexical item, Linguistic prescription, Locative case, Lomavren language, Lotegorisch, Marwari language, Medieval Greek, Mid vowel, Middle Indo-Aryan languages, Milena Hübschmannová, Mixed language, Mongol invasion of Europe, Nasal consonant, Neologism, New York Public Library, Nominative case, North Macedonia, Northern Europe, Northern Romani dialects, Open vowel, Oxford University Press, Palatal consonant, Palgrave Macmillan, Para-Romani, Parya language, Persian language, Persian wine, Plosive, Pluperfect, Podgorica, Poland, Portugal, Postalveolar consonant, Prakrit, Pristina, Ralph Lilley Turner, Reformed Christianity, Relativizer, Rhotic consonant, Roman language, Romang language, Romani alphabets, Romani language standardization, Romani people, Romani people in Romania, Romania, Romanian language, Romano-Greek language, Romano-Serbian language, Romansh language, Sanskrit, Sapientia University, Satu Mare, Scandoromani, Scottish Cant, Shina language, SIL International, Sinhala language, Sinte Romani, Skopje, Slavic languages, Slavic studies, Slovakia, Sound change, Southeast Europe, Soviet Union, Spain, Sri Lanka, Subject–verb–object word order, Tatar language, Tirana, Topic and comment, Transcarpathia, Transylvania, UNESCO, University of Hertfordshire Press, University of Manchester, Urdu, Uvular consonant, Valency (linguistics), Velar consonant, Verb–object word order, Verb–subject–object word order, Victor Friedman, Vlax Romani language, Vocative case, Voice (phonetics), Voicelessness, Welsh Romani language, Word order, Xoraxane (term), Yaron Matras, Yugoslavia, Zargari Romani.

Romani language, the Glossary

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