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SIAI-Marchetti S.211, the Glossary

Index SIAI-Marchetti S.211

The SIAI-Marchetti S.211 (later Aermacchi S-211) is a turbofan-powered military trainer aircraft designed and originally marketed by Italian aviation manufacturer SIAI-Marchetti.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 100 relations: Accident, Aerial reconnaissance, Aermacchi, Aermacchi M-345, Aero L-39 Albatros, Aerobatics, Aileron, Air brake (aeronautics), Alenia Aermacchi, Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master, Alternating current, AN/ARC-34, Armed Forces of Haiti, Attack aircraft, Attitude and heading reference system, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Aviation Performance Solutions, Avionics, Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Bleed air, Bullsbrook, Western Australia, Cabin pressurization, Cadmium, Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer, CASA C-101 Aviojet, Charley Boorman, Close air support, Composite material, Compressor, Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet, Direct current, Drop tank, Electric battery, Electric generator, FMA IA-63 Pampa, Glass cockpit, Grumman, Gun pod, Haiti Air Corps, Hardpoint, Horizontal situation indicator, Hot Shots!, Hydraulics, Identification friend or foe, Instrument landing system, ITE College Central, Jet trainer, Joint Primary Aircraft Training System, KAI T-50 Golden Eagle, Kevlar, ... Expand index (50 more) »

  2. 1980s Italian military trainer aircraft
  3. Aircraft first flown in 1981
  4. SIAI Marchetti aircraft

Accident

An accident is an unintended, normally unwanted event that was not directly caused by humans.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Accident

Aerial reconnaissance

Aerial reconnaissance is reconnaissance for a military or strategic purpose that is conducted using reconnaissance aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Aerial reconnaissance

Aermacchi

Aermacchi was an Italian aircraft manufacturer.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Aermacchi

Aermacchi M-345

The Aermacchi M-345 is a turbofan-powered military trainer aircraft designed and produced by the Italian defense conglomerate Leonardo S.p.A. It is a development of the SIAI-Marchetti S.211. SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Aermacchi M-345 are Macchi aircraft, Shoulder-wing aircraft and single-engined jet aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Aermacchi M-345

Aero L-39 Albatros

The Aero L-39 Albatros is a high-performance jet trainer designed and produced by Aero Vodochody in the Czech Republic. SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Aero L-39 Albatros are single-engined jet aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Aero L-39 Albatros

Aerobatics

Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in conventional passenger-carrying flights.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Aerobatics

Aileron

An aileron (French for "little wing" or "fin") is a hinged flight control surface usually forming part of the trailing edge of each wing of a fixed-wing aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Aileron

Air brake (aeronautics)

In aeronautics, air brakes or speed brakes are a type of flight control surface used on an aircraft to increase the drag on the aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Air brake (aeronautics)

Alenia Aermacchi

Alenia Aermacchi was a company active in the aeronautics sector, with offices and plants in Venegono Superiore, Varese, Turin Airport in San Maurizio Canavese, Province of Turin and Pomigliano d'Arco, Province of Naples. From 1 January 2016, the activities of Alenia Aermacchi merged into Leonardo's Aircraft and Aerostructures Division.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Alenia Aermacchi

Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master

The Aermacchi M-346 Master is a family of military twin-engine transonic advanced jet trainers and light combat aircraft. SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master are Macchi aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master

Alternating current

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that periodically reverses direction and changes its magnitude continuously with time, in contrast to direct current (DC), which flows only in one direction.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Alternating current

AN/ARC-34

The AN/ARC-34 is a UHF aircraft radio transceiver that was used in many U.S. aircraft of the 1950s and 1960s, such as the A-37, B-52, B-57, F-5, F-86, F-100, F-101, F-102, C-130, C-135, C-137, C-140, CH-3, H-43, H-53, T-38, T-39 and U-2.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and AN/ARC-34

Armed Forces of Haiti

The Armed Forces of Haiti (Forces Armées d'Haïti; FAd'H) are the military forces of the Republic of Haiti, currently consisting of the Haitian Army, which has about 2000 active personnel as of 2023.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Armed Forces of Haiti

Attack aircraft

An attack aircraft, strike aircraft, or attack bomber is a tactical military aircraft that has a primary role of carrying out airstrikes with greater precision than bombers, and is prepared to encounter strong low-level air defenses while pressing the attack.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Attack aircraft

Attitude and heading reference system

An attitude and heading reference system (AHRS) consists of sensors on three axes that provide attitude information for aircraft, including roll, pitch, and yaw.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Attitude and heading reference system

Australian Broadcasting Corporation

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), is the national broadcaster of Australia.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Australian Broadcasting Corporation

Aviation Performance Solutions

Aviation Performance Solutions is an aviation training company based in Mesa, Arizona.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Aviation Performance Solutions

Avionics

Avionics (a blend of aviation and electronics) are the electronic systems used on aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Avionics

Beechcraft T-6 Texan II

The Beechcraft T-6 Texan II is a single-engine turboprop aircraft built by Textron Aviation.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Beechcraft T-6 Texan II

Bleed air

Bleed air in aerospace engineering is compressed air taken from the compressor stage of a gas turbine, upstream of its fuel-burning sections.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Bleed air

Bullsbrook, Western Australia

Bullsbrook (formerly Bullsbrook East) is a northern suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the outer metropolitan area.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Bullsbrook, Western Australia

Cabin pressurization

Cabin pressurization is a process in which conditioned air is pumped into the cabin of an aircraft or spacecraft in order to create a safe and comfortable environment for humans flying at high altitudes.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Cabin pressurization

Cadmium

Cadmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cd and atomic number 48.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Cadmium

Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (American English), carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Commonwealth English), carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP), also known as carbon fiber, carbon composite, or just carbon, are extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastics that contain carbon fibers.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer

CASA C-101 Aviojet

The CASA C-101 Aviojet is a low-wing single engine jet-powered advanced trainer and light attack aircraft designed and manufactured by Spanish aircraft company Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA). SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and CASA C-101 Aviojet are single-engined jet aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and CASA C-101 Aviojet

Charley Boorman

Charley Boorman (born 23 August 1966) is a British television presenter, travel writer and actor.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Charley Boorman

Close air support

In military tactics, close air support (CAS) is defined as aerial warfare actions—often air-to-ground actions such as strafes or airstrikes—by military aircraft against hostile targets in close proximity to friendly forces.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Close air support

Composite material

A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to composite, which is the common name) is a material which is produced from two or more constituent materials.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Composite material

Compressor

A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Compressor

Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet

The Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet is a light attack jet and advanced jet trainer co-manufactured by Dassault Aviation of France and Dornier Flugzeugwerke of Germany.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet

Direct current

Direct current (DC) is one-directional flow of electric charge.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Direct current

Drop tank

In aviation, a drop tank (external tank, wing tank or belly tank) is used to describe auxiliary fuel tanks externally carried by aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Drop tank

Electric battery

An electric battery is a source of electric power consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections for powering electrical devices.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Electric battery

Electric generator

In electricity generation, a generator is a device that converts motion-based power (potential and kinetic energy) or fuel-based power (chemical energy) into electric power for use in an external circuit.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Electric generator

FMA IA-63 Pampa

The IA-63 Pampa is an advanced jet trainer with combat capability, produced in Argentina by Fabrica Argentina de Aviones (FAdeA) with assistance from Dornier of Germany.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and FMA IA-63 Pampa

Glass cockpit

A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that features an array of electronic (digital) flight instrument displays, typically large LCD screens, rather than traditional analog dials and gauges.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Glass cockpit

Grumman

The Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, later Grumman Aerospace Corporation, was a 20th century American producer of military and civilian aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Grumman

Gun pod

calibre machine gun conformal-mount "blister" pod on the B-25 Mitchell A gun pod is a detachable pod or pack containing machine guns, autocannons, revolver cannons, or rotary cannons and ancillaries, mounted externally on a vehicle such as a military aircraft which may or may not also have its own guns.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Gun pod

Haiti Air Corps

The Haiti Air Corps (Corps d'Aviation d'Haiti (Corps d’Aviation de 1’Armee d’Haiti)) was the air force of Haiti from 1942 to 1994.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Haiti Air Corps

Hardpoint

A hardpoint is an attachment location on a structural frame designed to transfer force and carry an external or internal load.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Hardpoint

Horizontal situation indicator

The horizontal situation indicator (commonly called the HSI) is an aircraft flight instrument normally mounted below the artificial horizon in place of a conventional heading indicator.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Horizontal situation indicator

Hot Shots!

Hot Shots! is a 1991 American comedy film directed by Jim Abrahams, co-writer and co-director of Airplane!, and written by Abrahams and Pat Proft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Hot Shots!

Hydraulics

Hydraulics is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Hydraulics

Identification friend or foe

Identification, friend or foe (IFF) is a combat identification system designed for command and control.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Identification friend or foe

Instrument landing system

In aviation, the instrument landing system (ILS) is a precision radio navigation system that provides short-range guidance to aircraft to allow them to approach a runway at night or in bad weather.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Instrument landing system

ITE College Central

ITE College Central (ITECC) is a post-secondary education institution and statutory board under the purview of the Ministry of Education in Singapore.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and ITE College Central

Jet trainer

A jet trainer is a jet aircraft for use as a trainer, whether for basic or advanced flight training.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Jet trainer

Joint Primary Aircraft Training System

The Joint Primary Aircraft Training System (JPATS) was an aircraft procurement program of the United States in the 1990s by the United States Air Force and United States Navy, a merger of 1980s era training aircraft programs.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Joint Primary Aircraft Training System

KAI T-50 Golden Eagle

The KAI T-50 Golden Eagle is a family of South Korean supersonic advanced jet trainers and light combat aircraft, developed by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) with Lockheed Martin. SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and KAI T-50 Golden Eagle are single-engined jet aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and KAI T-50 Golden Eagle

Kevlar

Kevlar (para-aramid) is a strong, heat-resistant synthetic fiber, related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Kevlar

Landing gear

Landing gear is the undercarriage of an aircraft or spacecraft that is used for taxiing, takeoff or landing.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Landing gear

Maiden flight

The maiden flight, also known as first flight, of an aircraft is the first occasion on which it leaves the ground under its own power.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Maiden flight

Mesa, Arizona

Mesa is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Mesa, Arizona

Mitsubishi T-2

The Mitsubishi T-2 was a supersonic jet trainer aircraft used by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Mitsubishi T-2

Monoplane

A monoplane is a fixed-wing aircraft configuration with a single mainplane, in contrast to a biplane or other types of multiplanes, which have multiple planes.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Monoplane

Nickel

Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Nickel

Nomex

Nomex is a flame-resistant meta-aramid material developed in the early 1960s by DuPont and first marketed in 1967.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Nomex

Northrop Corporation

Northrop Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer from its formation in 1939 until its 1994 merger with Grumman to form Northrop Grumman.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Northrop Corporation

Northrop F-5

The Northrop F-5 is a family of supersonic light fighter aircraft initially designed as a privately funded project in the late 1950s by Northrop Corporation.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Northrop F-5

Northrop Grumman

Northrop Grumman Corporation is an American multinational aerospace and defense company.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Northrop Grumman

Ozone

Ozone (or trioxygen) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Ozone

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Paris

Paya Lebar Air Base

The Paya Lebar Air Base is a military airbase of the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) in Singapore located at Airport Road in Paya Lebar, in the eastern region of Singapore.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Paya Lebar Air Base

Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation

The Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation (PADC) is a state-owned aerospace and defense technological development corporation integrated to the Department of National Defense through Executive Order No.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation

Philippine Air Force

The Philippine Air Force (PAF) (Hukbong Himpapawid ng Pilipinas) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Philippine Air Force

Pilatus Aircraft

Pilatus Aircraft Ltd. is an aerospace manufacturer located in Stans, Switzerland.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Pilatus Aircraft

Pilatus PC-21

The Pilatus PC-21 is a turboprop-powered advanced trainer with a stepped tandem cockpit.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Pilatus PC-21

Power inverter

A power inverter, inverter, or invertor is a power electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC).

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Power inverter

Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D

The Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D is a small turbofan engine built by Pratt & Whitney Canada.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D

Prototype

A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Prototype

Province of Latina

The province of Latina (provincia di Latina) is a province in the Lazio region of Italy.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Province of Latina

Pump

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic energy.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Pump

RAAF Base Pearce

RAAF Base Pearce is the main Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) military air base in Western Australia, located in Bullsbrook, north of Perth.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and RAAF Base Pearce

Raytheon

The Raytheon Company was a major U.S. defense contractor and industrial corporation with manufacturing concentrations in weapons and military and commercial electronics.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Raytheon

Reciprocating engine

A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is typically a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Reciprocating engine

Republic of Singapore Air Force

The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) is the aerial service branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for controlling and defending the airspace of the country, and providing air support to the Army and Navy.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Republic of Singapore Air Force

Rocket launcher

A rocket launcher is a weapon that launches an unguided, rocket-propelled projectile.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Rocket launcher

SIAI-Marchetti

SIAI-Marchetti was an Italian aircraft manufacturer primarily active during the interwar period.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and SIAI-Marchetti

SIAI-Marchetti SF.260

The SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 (now Leonardo SF-260) is an Italian light aircraft which has been commonly marketed as a military trainer and aerobatics aircraft. SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 are Macchi aircraft and SIAI Marchetti aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and SIAI-Marchetti SF.260

Singapore Air Force Museum

The Singapore Air Force Museum (also known as the Republic of Singapore Air Force Museum or simply the Air Force Museum) is located at 400 Airport Road, Singapore, adjacent to Paya Lebar Air Base.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Singapore Air Force Museum

SNEB

The SNEB rocket (Societe Nouvelle des Etablissements Edgar Brandt New Society of Edgar Brandt Establishments) is an unguided air-to-surface rocket projectile manufactured by the French company TDA Armements, designed for launch by attack aircraft and helicopters.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and SNEB

ST Engineering Aerospace

ST Engineering Aerospace, formerly known as ST Aerospace, is the commercial aerospace entity of ST Engineering.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and ST Engineering Aerospace

Tactical air navigation system

A tactical air navigation system, commonly referred to by the acronym TACAN, is a navigation system used by military aircraft.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Tactical air navigation system

Tandem

Tandem, or in tandem, is an arrangement in which a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Tandem

Temasek Polytechnic

Temasek Polytechnic (TP) is a post-secondary education institution and statutory board under the purview of the Ministry of Education in Singapore. Established in 1990, TP is renowned for its law, and design programmes. It is also the first and only polytechnic in Singapore to offer a law programme.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Temasek Polytechnic

The Philippine Star

The Philippine Star (self-styled The Philippine STAR) is an English-language newspaper in the Philippines and the flagship brand of the Philstar Media Group.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and The Philippine Star

Trainer aircraft

A trainer is a class of aircraft designed specifically to facilitate flight training of pilots and aircrews.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Trainer aircraft

Transponder

In telecommunications, a transponder is a device that, upon receiving a signal, emits a different signal in response.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Transponder

Tricycle landing gear

Tricycle gear is a type of aircraft undercarriage, or landing gear, arranged in a tricycle fashion.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Tricycle landing gear

Turbine

A turbine (from the Greek τύρβη, tyrbē, or Latin turbo, meaning vortex) is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Turbine

Turbofan

A turbofan or fanjet is a type of airbreathing jet engine that is widely used in aircraft propulsion.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Turbofan

Turboprop

A turboprop is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Turboprop

Ultra high frequency

Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter (one decimeter).

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Ultra high frequency

Unguided bomb

An unguided bomb, also known as a free-fall bomb, gravity bomb, dumb bomb, or iron bomb, is an aircraft-dropped bomb (conventional or nuclear) that does not contain a guidance system and hence simply follows a ballistic trajectory.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Unguided bomb

United States Air Force

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and United States Air Force

Venegono Inferiore

Venegono Inferiore is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about northwest of Milan and about southeast of Varese.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Venegono Inferiore

Very high frequency

Very high frequency (VHF) is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves (radio waves) from 30 to 300 megahertz (MHz), with corresponding wavelengths of ten meters to one meter.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Very high frequency

VHF omnidirectional range

Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Station (VOR) is a type of short-range radio navigation system for aircraft, enabling aircraft with a receiving unit to determine its position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and VHF omnidirectional range

Write-off

A write-off is a reduction of the recognized value of something.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and Write-off

2004 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events from 2004.

See SIAI-Marchetti S.211 and 2004 in aviation

See also

1980s Italian military trainer aircraft

Aircraft first flown in 1981

SIAI Marchetti aircraft

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIAI-Marchetti_S.211

Also known as Aermacchi S-211, Agusta S211, S-211, SIAI Marchetti S.211, SIAI Marchetti S211, SIAI S-211, SIAI-Marchetti S211.

, Landing gear, Maiden flight, Mesa, Arizona, Mitsubishi T-2, Monoplane, Nickel, Nomex, Northrop Corporation, Northrop F-5, Northrop Grumman, Ozone, Paris, Paya Lebar Air Base, Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation, Philippine Air Force, Pilatus Aircraft, Pilatus PC-21, Power inverter, Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D, Prototype, Province of Latina, Pump, RAAF Base Pearce, Raytheon, Reciprocating engine, Republic of Singapore Air Force, Rocket launcher, SIAI-Marchetti, SIAI-Marchetti SF.260, Singapore Air Force Museum, SNEB, ST Engineering Aerospace, Tactical air navigation system, Tandem, Temasek Polytechnic, The Philippine Star, Trainer aircraft, Transponder, Tricycle landing gear, Turbine, Turbofan, Turboprop, Ultra high frequency, Unguided bomb, United States Air Force, Venegono Inferiore, Very high frequency, VHF omnidirectional range, Write-off, 2004 in aviation.