Sarcoscypha coccinea, the Glossary
Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales.[1]
Table of Contents
121 relations: Alpine climate, Antihemorrhagic, Arthur Henry Reginald Buller, Ascocarp, Ascocoryne, Ascus, August Batsch, Beech, Biological life cycle, Blood compatibility testing, Boreal ecosystem, Botanical name, Canary Islands, Carbohydrate, Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, Carotenoid, Carpinus betulus, Cascade Range, Chlorosplenium, Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, Clade, Cladistics, Claude Casimir Gillet, Coalescence (chemistry), Common name, Conidium, Conserved name, Cornelius Lott Shear, Critically Endangered, Deciduous, Edible mushroom, Elias Judah Durand, Ellipsoid, Elm, Field guide, Forest floor, Fred Jay Seaver, Fungi imperfecti, Fungus, George Edward Massee, Germination, Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Granule (cell biology), Hazel, Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher, Helvellaceae, Herbarium, Hyaline, Hymenium, Index Fungorum, ... Expand index (71 more) »
- Fungi described in 1772
- Fungi of Western Asia
Alpine climate
Alpine climate is the typical climate for elevations above the tree line, where trees fail to grow due to cold.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Alpine climate
Antihemorrhagic
An antihemorrhagic (antihaemorrhagic) agent are a substance that promotes hemostasis (stops bleeding).
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Antihemorrhagic
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller, (19 August 1874 – 3 July 1944) was a British-Canadian mycologist.
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Ascocarp
An ascocarp, or ascoma (ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus.
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Ascocoryne
Ascocoryne is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae.
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Ascus
An ascus (asci) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi.
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August Batsch
August Johann Georg Karl Batsch (28 October 1761 – 29 September 1802) was a German naturalist.
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Beech
Beech (Fagus) is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Eurasia and North America.
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Biological life cycle
In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of stages of the life of an organism, that begins as a zygote, often in an egg, and concludes as an adult that reproduces, producing an offspring in the form of a new zygote which then itself goes through the same series of stages, the process repeating in a cyclic fashion.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Biological life cycle
Blood compatibility testing
Blood compatibility testing is conducted in a medical laboratory to identify potential incompatibilities between blood group systems in blood transfusion.
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Boreal ecosystem
A boreal ecosystem is an ecosystem with a subarctic climate located in the Northern Hemisphere, approximately between 50° and 70°N latitude.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Boreal ecosystem
Botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar or Group epithets must conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP).
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Botanical name
Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (Canarias), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Canary Islands
Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Carbohydrate
Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius
Carl Friedrich Philipp (Karl Friedrich Philipp) von Martius (17 April 1794 – 13 December 1868) was a German botanist and explorer.
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Carotenoid
Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and fungi.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Carotenoid
Carpinus betulus
Carpinus betulus, the European or common hornbeam, is a species of tree in the birch family Betulaceae, native to Western Asia and central, eastern, and southern Europe, including southern England.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Carpinus betulus
Cascade Range
The Cascade Range or Cascades is a major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California.
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Chlorosplenium
Chlorosplenium is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Chlorosplenium
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) was a Cape Colony mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Clade
In biological phylogenetics, a clade, also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Clade
Cladistics
Cladistics is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry.
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Claude Casimir Gillet
Claude Casimir Gillet (19 May 1806 in Dormans, department of Marne – 1 September 1896 in Alençon), was a French botanist and mycologist.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Claude Casimir Gillet
Coalescence (chemistry)
In chemistry, coalescence is a process in which two phase domains of the same composition come together and form a larger phase domain.
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Common name
In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism, which is often based in Latin.
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Conidium
A conidium (conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus.
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Conserved name
A conserved name or nomen conservandum (plural nomina conservanda, abbreviated as nom. cons.) is a scientific name that has specific nomenclatural protection.
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Cornelius Lott Shear
Cornelius Lott Shear (March 26, 1865 February 2, 1956) was an American mycologist and plant pathologist who served as a senior pathologist at the USDA Bureau of Plant Industry.
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Critically Endangered
An IUCN Red List Critically Endangered (CR or sometimes CE) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
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Deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, after flowering; and to the shedding of ripe fruit.
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Edible mushroom
Edible mushrooms are the fleshy fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi (fungi that bear fruiting structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye). Sarcoscypha coccinea and Edible mushroom are Edible fungi.
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Elias Judah Durand
Elias Judah Durand (20 March 1870 -– 29 October 1922) was an American mycologist, and botanist.
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Ellipsoid
An ellipsoid is a surface that can be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation.
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Elm
Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the genus Ulmus in the family Ulmaceae.
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Field guide
A field guide is a book designed to help the reader identify wildlife (flora or fauna or funga) or other objects of natural occurrence (e.g. rocks and minerals).
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Forest floor
The forest floor, also called detritus or duff, is the part of a forest ecosystem that mediates between the living, aboveground portion of the forest and the mineral soil, principally composed of dead and decaying plant matter such as rotting wood and shed leaves.
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Fred Jay Seaver
Fred Jay Seaver (14 March 1877 – 21 December 1970) was an American mycologist.
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Fungi imperfecti
The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed.
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Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
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George Edward Massee
George Edward Massee (20 December 1845 – 16 February 1917) was an English mycologist, plant pathologist, and botanist.
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Germination
Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore.
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Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (sometimes Latinized as Johannes Antonius Scopolius) (3 June 1723 – 8 May 1788) was an Italian physician and naturalist.
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Granule (cell biology)
In cell biology, a granule is a small particle barely visible by light microscopy.
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Hazel
Hazels are plants of the genus Corylus of deciduous trees and large shrubs native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere.
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Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher
Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher (15 November 1757 in Glückstadt, Holstein – 9 December 1830) was a Danish surgeon, botanist and professor of anatomy at the University of Copenhagen.
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Helvellaceae
The Helvellaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi, the best-known members of which are the elfin saddles of the genus Helvella.
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Herbarium
A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study.
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Hyaline
A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance.
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Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores.
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Index Fungorum
Index Fungorum is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom.
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Internal transcribed spacer
Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) is the spacer DNA situated between the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and large-subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript.
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International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN or ICNafp) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants".
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Iroquois
The Iroquois, also known as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations from 1722 onwards; alternatively referred to by the endonym Haudenosaunee are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of Native Americans and First Nations peoples in northeast North America.
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IUCN Red List
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global conservation status and extinction risk of biological species.
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Β-Carotene
β-Carotene (beta-carotene) is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits.
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Jacob Christian Schäffer
Jacob Christian Schäffer, alternatively Jakob, (31 May 1718 – 5 January 1790) was a German dean, professor, botanist, mycologist, entomologist, ornithologist and inventor.
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Jalisco
Jalisco, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Jalisco (Estado Libre y Soberano de Jalisco), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico.
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Jean Louis Émile Boudier
Jean Louis Émile Boudier (6 January 1828, in Garnay – 4 February 1920, in Blois) was a pharmacist who lived in Montmorency, France.
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Johan Theodor Holmskjold
Johan Theodor Holmskiold (14 June 1731 – 15 September 1793) was a Danish noble, botanist, courtier and administrator.
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Jura Mountains
The Jura Mountains are a sub-alpine mountain range a short distance north of the Western Alps and mainly demarcate a long part of the French–Swiss border.
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Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel
Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel (3 February 1821 – 8 May 1876) was a German botanist who worked largely on fungi.
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Kirsch
Kirschwasser (German for 'cherry water'), or just Kirsch (although this abbreviation is rarely used in Germany), is a clear, colourless brandy from Germany, Switzerland and France, traditionally made from double distillation of morello cherries.
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Lactose
Lactose, or milk sugar, is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose and has the molecular formula C12H22O11.
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Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Lectin
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar groups that are part of other molecules, so cause agglutination of particular cells or precipitation of glycoconjugates and polysaccharides.
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Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
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Macaronesia
Macaronesia (Macaronésia; Macaronesia) is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the North Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of North Africa and Europe.
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Madeira
Madeira, officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (Região Autónoma da Madeira), is one of two autonomous regions of Portugal, the other being the Azores.
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Marin Molliard
Marin Molliard (8 June 1866, in Châtillon-Coligny – 24 July 1944, in Paris) was a French botanist.
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Micrometre
The micrometre (Commonwealth English) as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
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Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).
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Midwestern United States
The Midwestern United States, also referred to as the Midwest or the American Midwest, is one of four census regions of the United States Census Bureau.
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Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
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Morphology (biology)
Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Morphology (biology)
Most recent common ancestor
In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA), of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended.
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Mucilage
Mucilage is a thick gluey substance produced by nearly all plants and some microorganisms.
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MycoBank
MycoBank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations.
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Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin
Nikolaus Joseph Freiherr von Jacquin (16 February 172726 October 1817) was a scientist who studied medicine, chemistry and botany.
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Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator.
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Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.
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Oak
An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family.
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Old World
The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe after 1493, when Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas.
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Oneida people
The Oneida people (autonym: Onʌyoteˀa·ká·, Onyota'a:ka, the People of the Upright Stone, or standing stone, Thwahrù·nęʼ in Tuscarora) are a Native American tribe and First Nations band.
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Paraphyses
Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Paraphyses
Peziza
Peziza is a large genus of saprophytic cup fungi that grow on the ground, rotting wood, or dung.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Peziza
Pezizaceae
The Pezizaceae (commonly referred to as cup fungi) are a family of fungi in the Ascomycota which produce mushrooms that tend to grow in the shape of a "cup".
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Pezizales
The Pezizales are an order of the subphylum Pezizomycotina within the phylum Ascomycota.
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Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.
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Pier Andrea Saccardo
Pier Andrea Saccardo (23 April 1845 in Treviso, Treviso – 12 February 1920 in Padua) was an Italian botanist and mycologist.
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Plectania
Plectania is a genus of fungi in the family Sarcosomataceae.
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Plectania nannfeldtii
Plectania nannfeldtii, commonly known as Nannfeldt's Plectania, the black felt cup, or the black snowbank cup fungus, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. Sarcoscypha coccinea and Plectania nannfeldtii are fungi of Asia and fungi of North America.
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Polder
A polder is a low-lying tract of land that forms an artificial hydrological entity, enclosed by embankments known as dikes.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
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Rosaceae
Rosaceae (-si.eɪ), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera.
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Samuel Frederick Gray
Samuel Frederick Gray (10 December 1766 – 12 April 1828) was a British botanist, mycologist, and pharmacologist.
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Saprotrophic nutrition
Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Saprotrophic nutrition
Sarcoscypha
Sarcoscypha is a genus of ascomycete fungus and a type genus of the family Sarcoscyphaceae.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Sarcoscypha
Sarcoscypha austriaca
Sarcoscypha austriaca is a saprobic fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales of Ascomycota. Sarcoscypha coccinea and Sarcoscypha austriaca are fungi of North America.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Sarcoscypha austriaca
Sarcoscypha dudleyi
Sarcoscypha dudleyi, commonly known as the crimson cup or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. Sarcoscypha coccinea and Sarcoscypha dudleyi are fungi of North America.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Sarcoscypha dudleyi
Sarcoscypha occidentalis
Sarcoscypha occidentalis, commonly known as the stalked scarlet cup or the western scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the Pezizales order. Sarcoscypha coccinea and Sarcoscypha occidentalis are fungi of Asia and fungi of North America.
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Sarcoscyphaceae
The Sarcoscyphaceae are a family of cup fungi in the order Pezizales.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Sarcoscyphaceae
Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Scarborough is a seaside town in the district and county of North Yorkshire, England.
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Scutellinia scutellata
Scutellinia scutellata, commonly known as the eyelash pixie cup, eyelash cup, the Molly eye-winker, the scarlet elf cap, the eyelash fungus or the eyelash pixie cup, is a small saprophytic fungus in the family Pyronemataceae. Sarcoscypha coccinea and Scutellinia scutellata are fungi of Africa, fungi of Asia, fungi of North America and fungi of South America.
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Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes (diploid).
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Sierra Nevada
The Sierra Nevada is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Great Basin.
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Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions.
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Stipe (mycology)
In mycology, a stipe is the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom.
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Synonym (taxonomy)
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
See Sarcoscypha coccinea and Synonym (taxonomy)
Taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from taxonomy;: taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
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Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
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Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
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Temperate climate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.
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Tribe (biology)
In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus, but below family and subfamily.
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Type (biology)
In biology, a type is a particular specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated.
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Type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (species typica) is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen (or specimens).
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Umbilical cord
In placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string, birth cord or funiculus umbilicalis) is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta.
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University of California Press
The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
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Variety (botany)
In botanical nomenclature, variety (abbreviated var.; in varietas) is a taxonomic rank below that of species and subspecies, but above that of form.
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William Phillips (botanist)
William Phillips (4 May 1822 – 23 October 1905) was a Wales-born English mycologist, botanist, and antiquary.
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Willow
Willows, also called sallows and osiers, of the genus Salix, comprise around 350 species (plus numerous hybrids) of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions.
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See also
Fungi described in 1772
- Amanita caesarea
- Armillaria tabescens
- Clitopilus prunulus
- Coprinellus truncorum
- Cystoderma amianthinum
- Gomphidius maculatus
- Hericium coralloides
- Hericium flagellum
- Hydnellum suaveolens
- Hygrocybe spadicea
- Lactarius scrobiculatus
- Leotia lubrica
- Macrolepiota procera
- Marasmius rotula
- Mucor piriformis
- Mycena galericulata
- Paxillus filamentosus
- Pseudohydnum gelatinosum
- Sarcoscypha coccinea
- Thelephora palmata
Fungi of Western Asia
- Boletus edulis
- Crustomyces subabruptus
- Daedaleopsis confragosa
- Diplomitoporus flavescens
- Disciotis venosa
- Geastrum triplex
- Geopora cooperi
- Geopyxis carbonaria
- Gomphus clavatus
- Hydnellum peckii
- Hygrophorus erubescens
- Imperator torosus
- Inocybe tristis
- Monascus sanguineus
- Morchella rufobrunnea
- Mycenastrum
- Peziza moseri
- Rubroboletus pulchrotinctus
- Sarcoscypha coccinea
- Suillellus luridus
- Thermophymatospora
- Tricholoma sulphureum
- Turbinellus stereoides
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoscypha_coccinea
Also known as Molliardiomyces eucoccinea, Scarlet cup fungus.
, Internal transcribed spacer, International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, Iroquois, IUCN Red List, Β-Carotene, Jacob Christian Schäffer, Jalisco, Jean Louis Émile Boudier, Johan Theodor Holmskjold, Jura Mountains, Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel, Kirsch, Lactose, Latin, Lectin, Lipid, Macaronesia, Madeira, Marin Molliard, Micrometre, Microscopy, Midwestern United States, Mitosis, Morphology (biology), Most recent common ancestor, Mucilage, MycoBank, Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Northern Hemisphere, Nucleic acid sequence, Oak, Old World, Oneida people, Paraphyses, Peziza, Pezizaceae, Pezizales, Phylogenetics, Pier Andrea Saccardo, Plectania, Plectania nannfeldtii, Polder, Protein, RNA, Rosaceae, Samuel Frederick Gray, Saprotrophic nutrition, Sarcoscypha, Sarcoscypha austriaca, Sarcoscypha dudleyi, Sarcoscypha occidentalis, Sarcoscyphaceae, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Scutellinia scutellata, Sexual reproduction, Sierra Nevada, Spore, Stipe (mycology), Synonym (taxonomy), Taxon, Taxonomy (biology), Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph, Temperate climate, Tribe (biology), Type (biology), Type species, Umbilical cord, University of California Press, Variety (botany), William Phillips (botanist), Willow.