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Schmalkaldic War, the Glossary

The Schmalkaldic War (Schmalkaldischer Krieg) was the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by the Duke of Alba and the Duke of Saxony, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains of the Holy Roman Empire.^[1]

88 relations: Anhalt-Köthen, Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Augsburg Confession, Augsburg Interim, Battle of Drakenburg, Battle of Mühlberg, Beerwolf, Bohemia, Bremen, Brunswick–Lüneburg, Budapest, Capitulation of Wittenberg, Charles Oman, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Confessionalization, Confutatio Augustana, Council of Trent, County of Tyrol, Diet of Augsburg, Diet of Speyer (1526), Diet of Speyer (1529), Diet of Worms, Diets of Nuremberg, Duchy of Pomerania, Duchy of Württemberg, Electoral Palatinate, Equestrian Portrait of Charles V, Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, European wars of religion, Füssen, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Frederick II, Elector Palatine, Frederick III, Elector Palatine, Free imperial city, Halle (Saale), Henry II of France, Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, History of Bavaria, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Empire, House of Habsburg, House of Wettin, Ichtershausen, Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire), Imperial ban, Imperial Estate, Ingolstadt, Italian War of 1542–1546, Joachim II Hector, ... Expand index (38 more) »
1546 in the Holy Roman Empire
1547 in the Holy Roman Empire
Conflicts in 1546
Conflicts in 1547
European wars of religion

Anhalt-Köthen

Anhalt-Köthen was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania.

See Schmalkaldic War and Anhalt-Köthen

Apology of the Augsburg Confession

The Apology of the Augsburg Confession was written by Philipp Melanchthon during and after the 1530 Diet of Augsburg as a response to the Pontifical Confutation of the Augsburg Confession, Charles V's commissioned official Roman Catholic response to the Lutheran Augsburg Confession of 25 June 1530.

See Schmalkaldic War and Apology of the Augsburg Confession

Augsburg Confession

The Augsburg Confession, also known as the Augustan Confession or the Augustana from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Protestant Reformation.

See Schmalkaldic War and Augsburg Confession

Augsburg Interim

The Augsburg Interim (full formal title: Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council) was an imperial decree ordered on 15 May 1548 at the 1548 Diet of Augsburg (also having become known as the 'harnessed diet', due to its tense atmosphere, very close to outright hostility) by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who had just defeated the forces of the Protestant Schmalkaldic League in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47.

See Schmalkaldic War and Augsburg Interim

Battle of Drakenburg

The Battle of Drakenburg (Schlacht bei Drakenburg) took place on 23 May 1547 to the north of Nienburg, between the Protestant army of the Schmalkaldic League and the imperial troops of Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg. Schmalkaldic War and Battle of Drakenburg are conflicts in 1547.

See Schmalkaldic War and Battle of Drakenburg

Battle of Mühlberg

The Battle of Mühlberg took place near Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War. Schmalkaldic War and Battle of Mühlberg are 1547 in the Holy Roman Empire and conflicts in 1547.

See Schmalkaldic War and Battle of Mühlberg

Beerwolf

A Beerwolf (Bärwolf, Werwolf) is a German folk-tale monster commonly known as a werewolf.

See Schmalkaldic War and Beerwolf

Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy; Böhmen; Čěska; Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.

See Schmalkaldic War and Bohemia

Bremen

Bremen (Low German also: Breem or Bräm), officially the City Municipality of Bremen (Stadtgemeinde Bremen), is the capital of the German state of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (Freie Hansestadt Bremen), a two-city-state consisting of the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.

See Schmalkaldic War and Bremen

Brunswick–Lüneburg

The Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg (Herzogtum Braunschweig und Lüneburg), commonly known as the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg or Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an imperial principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the territory of present day Lower Saxony.

See Schmalkaldic War and Brunswick–Lüneburg

Budapest

Budapest is the capital and most populous city of Hungary.

See Schmalkaldic War and Budapest

Capitulation of Wittenberg

The Capitulation of Wittenberg (Wittenberger Kapitulation) was a treaty on 19 May 1547 by which John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, was compelled to resign the title of elector. Schmalkaldic War and Capitulation of Wittenberg are 1547 in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Capitulation of Wittenberg

Charles Oman

Sir Charles William Chadwick Oman, (12 January 1860 – 23 June 1946) was a British military historian.

See Schmalkaldic War and Charles Oman

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

See Schmalkaldic War and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Confessionalization

In Protestant Reformation history, confessionalization is the parallel processes of "confession-building" taking place in Europe between the Peace of Augsburg (1555) and the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648).

See Schmalkaldic War and Confessionalization

Confutatio Augustana

The Confutatio Augustana was the Catholic refutation (confutatio) of the Augsburg Confession, often referred to in the theological literature as simply the Confutatio.

See Schmalkaldic War and Confutatio Augustana

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

See Schmalkaldic War and Council of Trent

County of Tyrol

The (Princely) County of Tyrol was an estate of the Holy Roman Empire established about 1140.

See Schmalkaldic War and County of Tyrol

Diet of Augsburg

The diets of Augsburg were the meetings of the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in the German city of Augsburg.

See Schmalkaldic War and Diet of Augsburg

Diet of Speyer (1526)

The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer I) was an Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire in 1526 in the Imperial City of Speyer in present-day Germany.

See Schmalkaldic War and Diet of Speyer (1526)

Diet of Speyer (1529)

The Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer II) was a Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in 1529 in the Imperial City of Speyer (located in present-day Germany).

See Schmalkaldic War and Diet of Speyer (1529)

Diet of Worms

The Diet of Worms of 1521 (Reichstag zu Worms) was an imperial diet (a formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V and conducted in the Imperial Free City of Worms.

See Schmalkaldic War and Diet of Worms

Diets of Nuremberg

The Diets of Nuremberg, also called the Imperial Diets of Nuremberg, took place at different times between the Middle Ages and the 17th century.

See Schmalkaldic War and Diets of Nuremberg

Duchy of Pomerania

The Duchy of Pomerania (Herzogtum Pommern; Księstwo pomorskie; Latin: Ducatus Pomeraniae) was a duchy in Pomerania on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, ruled by dukes of the House of Pomerania (Griffins).

See Schmalkaldic War and Duchy of Pomerania

Duchy of Württemberg

The Duchy of Württemberg (Herzogtum Württemberg) was a duchy located in the south-western part of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Duchy of Württemberg

Electoral Palatinate

The Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz) or the Palatinate (Pfalz), officially the Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurfürstentum Pfalz), was a constituent state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Electoral Palatinate

Equestrian Portrait of Charles V

Equestrian Portrait of Charles V (also Emperor Charles V on Horseback or Charles V at Mühlberg) is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Titian.

See Schmalkaldic War and Equestrian Portrait of Charles V

Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (10 August 1528 – 17 November 1584) was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruler of the Principality of Calenberg from 1545 to 1584.

See Schmalkaldic War and Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

European wars of religion

The European wars of religion were a series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries.

See Schmalkaldic War and European wars of religion

Füssen

Füssen is a town in Bavaria, Germany, in the district of Ostallgäu, situated one kilometre from the Austrian border.

See Schmalkaldic War and Füssen

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.

See Schmalkaldic War and Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba (29 October 150711 December 1582), known as the Grand Duke of Alba (Grão Duque de Alba) in Spain and Portugal and as the Iron Duke (or shortly 'Alva') in the Netherlands, was a Spanish noble, general and diplomat.

See Schmalkaldic War and Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba

Frederick II, Elector Palatine

Frederick II, Count Palatine of the Rhine (9 December 1482 – 26 February 1556), also Frederick the Wise, a member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was Prince-elector of the Palatinate from 1544 to 1556, and pretender to the Norwegian Throne from 1535 to 1556.

See Schmalkaldic War and Frederick II, Elector Palatine

Frederick III, Elector Palatine

Frederick III of Simmern, the Pious, Elector Palatine of the Rhine (14 February 1515 – 16 October 1576) was a ruler from the house of Wittelsbach, specifically the cadet branch of Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim.

See Schmalkaldic War and Frederick III, Elector Palatine

Free imperial city

In the Holy Roman Empire, the collective term free and imperial cities (Freie und Reichsstädte), briefly worded free imperial city (Freie Reichsstadt, urbs imperialis libera), was used from the fifteenth century to denote a self-ruling city that had a certain amount of autonomy and was represented in the Imperial Diet.

See Schmalkaldic War and Free imperial city

Halle (Saale)

Halle (Saale), or simply Halle (from the 15th to the 17th century: Hall in Sachsen; until the beginning of the 20th century: Halle an der Saale; from 1965 to 1995: Halle/Saale) is the largest city of the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, the fifth-most populous city in the area of former East Germany after (East) Berlin, Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz, as well as the 31st-largest city of Germany, and with around 244,000 inhabitants, it is slightly more populous than the state capital of Magdeburg.

See Schmalkaldic War and Halle (Saale)

Henry II of France

Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 1547 until his death in 1559.

See Schmalkaldic War and Henry II of France

Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Henry V of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Henricus; 10 November 1489 – 11 June 1568), called the Younger, (Heinrich der Jüngere), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1514 until his death.

See Schmalkaldic War and Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

History of Bavaria

The history of Bavaria stretches from its earliest settlement and its formation as a stem duchy in the 6th century through its inclusion in the Holy Roman Empire to its status as an independent kingdom and finally as a large Bundesland (state) of the Federal Republic of Germany.

See Schmalkaldic War and History of Bavaria

Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Holy Roman Emperor

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

See Schmalkaldic War and Holy Roman Empire

House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

See Schmalkaldic War and House of Habsburg

House of Wettin

The House of Wettin was a dynasty of German kings, prince-electors, dukes, and counts that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia.

See Schmalkaldic War and House of Wettin

Ichtershausen

Ichtershausen is a village and a former municipality in the district Ilm-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany.

See Schmalkaldic War and Ichtershausen

Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)

Imperial Army (Latin: Exercitus Imperatoris, Kaiserliche Armee) or Imperial Troops (Kaiserliche Truppen or Kaiserliche) was a name used for several centuries, especially to describe soldiers recruited for the Holy Roman Emperor during the early modern period.

See Schmalkaldic War and Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire)

Imperial ban

The imperial ban (Reichsacht) was a form of outlawry in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Imperial ban

Imperial Estate

An Imperial Estate (Status Imperii; Reichsstand, plural: Reichsstände) was a part of the Holy Roman Empire with representation and the right to vote in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).

See Schmalkaldic War and Imperial Estate

Ingolstadt

Ingolstadt (Austro-Bavarian) is an independent city on the Danube, in Upper Bavaria, with 142.308 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2023).

See Schmalkaldic War and Ingolstadt

Italian War of 1542–1546

The Italian War of 1542–1546 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars, pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England. Schmalkaldic War and Italian War of 1542–1546 are wars involving the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Italian War of 1542–1546

Joachim II Hector

Joachim II (Joachim II Hector or Hektor; 13 January 1505 – 3 January 1571) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1535–1571), the sixth member of the House of Hohenzollern.

See Schmalkaldic War and Joachim II Hector

John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony

John Frederick I (30 June 1503 in Torgau – 3 March 1554 in Weimar), called the Magnanimous, was the Elector of Saxony (1532–1547) and head of the Schmalkaldic League.

See Schmalkaldic War and John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony

Kingdom of Bohemia

The Kingdom of Bohemia (České království), sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.

See Schmalkaldic War and Kingdom of Bohemia

Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)

The Kingdom of Hungary between 1526 and 1867 existed as a state outside the Holy Roman Empire, but part of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy that became the Austrian Empire in 1804.

See Schmalkaldic War and Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)

Landgrave

Landgrave (Landgraf, landgraaf, lantgreve, landgrave; comes magnus, comes patriae, comes provinciae, comes terrae, comes principalis, lantgravius) was a rank of nobility used in the Holy Roman Empire, and its former territories.

See Schmalkaldic War and Landgrave

Landgraviate of Hesse

The Landgraviate of Hesse (Landgrafschaft Hessen) was a principality of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Landgraviate of Hesse

Lands of the Bohemian Crown

The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were the states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods with feudal obligations to the Bohemian kings.

See Schmalkaldic War and Lands of the Bohemian Crown

Lübeck

Lübeck (Low German: Lübęk or Lübeek ˈlyːbeːk; Latin: Lubeca), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany.

See Schmalkaldic War and Lübeck

Magdeburg

Magdeburg is the capital of the German state Saxony-Anhalt.

See Schmalkaldic War and Magdeburg

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.

See Schmalkaldic War and Martin Luther

Maurice, Elector of Saxony

Maurice (21 March 1521 – 9 July 1553) was Duke (1541–47) and later Elector (1547–53) of Saxony.

See Schmalkaldic War and Maurice, Elector of Saxony

Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death in 1576.

See Schmalkaldic War and Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor

Neumark

The Neumark, also known as the New March (Nowa Marchia) or as East Brandenburg (Ostbrandenburg), was a region of the Margraviate of Brandenburg and its successors located east of the Oder River in territory which became part of Poland in 1945 except some villages of former districts of Königsberg in the New March and Weststenberg remained in Germany.

See Schmalkaldic War and Neumark

Northern Germany

Northern Germany (Norddeutschland) is a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural and historic region in the northern part of Germany which includes the coastal states of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony and the two city-states Hamburg and Bremen.

See Schmalkaldic War and Northern Germany

Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma

Ottavio Farnese (9 October 1524 – 18 September 1586) reigned as Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1547 until his death and Duke of Castro from 1545 to 1547 and from 1553 until his death.

See Schmalkaldic War and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma

Peace of Augsburg

The Peace of Augsburg (Augsburger Frieden), also called the Augsburg Settlement, was a treaty between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Schmalkaldic League, signed on 25 September 1555 in the German city of Augsburg.

See Schmalkaldic War and Peace of Augsburg

Peace of Passau

The Peace of Passau was an attempt to resolve religious tensions in the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Peace of Passau

Philip I, Duke of Pomerania

Philip I of Pomerania (14 May 1515, in Stettin – 14 February 1560, in Wolgast) was Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast.

See Schmalkaldic War and Philip I, Duke of Pomerania

Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (13 November 1504 – 31 March 1567), nicknamed der Großmütige, was a German nobleman and champion of the Protestant Reformation, notable for being one of the most important of the early Protestant rulers in Germany.

See Schmalkaldic War and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse

Philip Melanchthon

Philip Melanchthon (born Philipp Schwartzerdt; 16 February 1497 – 19 April 1560) was a German Lutheran reformer, collaborator with Martin Luther, the first systematic theologian of the Protestant Reformation, an intellectual leader of the Lutheran Reformation, and influential designer of educational systems.

See Schmalkaldic War and Philip Melanchthon

Pope Paul III

Pope Paul III (Paulus III; Paolo III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death, in November 1549.

See Schmalkaldic War and Pope Paul III

Preventive war

A preventive war is an armed conflict "initiated in the belief that military conflict, while not imminent, is inevitable, and that to delay would involve greater risk." The party which is being attacked has a latent threat capability or it has shown that it intends to attack in the future, based on its past actions and posturing.

See Schmalkaldic War and Preventive war

Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg

The Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg (Fürstbistum Augsburg; Hochstift Augsburg) was one of the prince-bishoprics of the Holy Roman Empire, and belonged to the Swabian Circle.

See Schmalkaldic War and Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg

Prince-elector

The prince-electors (Kurfürst pl. Kurfürsten, Kurfiřt, Princeps Elector) were the members of the electoral college that elected the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Prince-elector

Principality of Calenberg

The Principality of Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Welf Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg established in 1432.

See Schmalkaldic War and Principality of Calenberg

Protestation at Speyer

On 19 April 1529, six princes and representatives of 14 Imperial Free Cities petitioned the Imperial Diet at Speyer against an imperial ban of Martin Luther, as well as the proscription of his works and teachings, and called for the unhindered spread of the evangelical faith.

See Schmalkaldic War and Protestation at Speyer

Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.

See Schmalkaldic War and Reformation

Saxony

Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic.

See Schmalkaldic War and Saxony

Schmalkalden

Schmalkalden is a town in the Schmalkalden-Meiningen district, in the southwest of the state of Thuringia, Germany.

See Schmalkaldic War and Schmalkalden

Schmalkaldic League

The Schmalkaldic League was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century.

See Schmalkaldic War and Schmalkaldic League

Second Schmalkaldic War

The Second Schmalkaldic War, also known as the Princes' Revolt (German: Fürstenaufstand, Fürstenkrieg or Fürstenverschwörung), was an uprising of German Protestant princes led by elector Maurice of Saxony against the Catholic emperor Charles V that broke out in 1552. Schmalkaldic War and Second Schmalkaldic War are European wars of religion and wars involving the Holy Roman Empire.

See Schmalkaldic War and Second Schmalkaldic War

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War

Also known as Schmalcaldic war, Schmalkald War, Smalcaldic War, Smalkaldic War, War of Schmalkaldic League, War of the Schmalkaldic League.

, John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867), Landgrave, Landgraviate of Hesse, Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Lübeck, Magdeburg, Martin Luther, Maurice, Elector of Saxony, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, Neumark, Northern Germany, Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, Peace of Augsburg, Peace of Passau, Philip I, Duke of Pomerania, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, Philip Melanchthon, Pope Paul III, Preventive war, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg, Prince-elector, Principality of Calenberg, Protestation at Speyer, Reformation, Saxony, Schmalkalden, Schmalkaldic League, Second Schmalkaldic War, Swabia, Thirty Years' War, Titian, Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg, Weser, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, Wim Blockmans, Wolfgang, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen.

Schmalkaldic War, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

1546 in the Holy Roman Empire

1547 in the Holy Roman Empire

Conflicts in 1546

Conflicts in 1547

European wars of religion

References