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Sind (caliphal province), the Glossary

Index Sind (caliphal province)

Sind was an administrative division of the Umayyad Caliphate and later of the Abbasid Caliphate in post-classical India, from around 711 CE with the Umayyad conquest of Sindh by the Arab military commander Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, to around 854 CE with the emergence of the independent dynasties of the Habbarid Emirate and the Emirate of Multan.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 130 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid Revolution, Abbasid Samarra, Abu Muslim, Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari, Al-Baladhuri, Al-Hadi, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, Al-Hakam ibn Awana, Al-Ma'mun, Al-Mahdi, Al-Mansur, Al-Mutawakkil, Al-Muwaffaq, Al-Saffah, Al-Walid I, Ali, Alids, Amr ibn al-Layth, Anarchy at Samarra, Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi, Arab conquest of Kaikan, Arabs, Aror, Balochistan, Pakistan, Barmakids, Basra, Battle of the Camel, Bharuch, Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi, Caliphate, Chalukya dynasty, Chola dynasty, Classical Arabic, Companions of the Prophet, Dahir of Aror, Damascus, Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi, Debal, Early Muslim conquests, Eastern Ganga dynasty, Emirate of Multan, Futuh al-Buldan, Gandava, Ghaznavids, Governor, Greater Khorasan, Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, Gurjaras of Lata, Habbari dynasty, ... Expand index (80 more) »

  2. 8th-century establishments in India
  3. 9th-century disestablishments in India
  4. States and territories disestablished in the 9th century
  5. States and territories established in the 710s

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Abbasid Caliphate

Abbasid Revolution

The Abbasid Revolution, also called the Movement of the Men of the Black Raiment (حركة رجال الثياب السوداء ḥaraka rijāl ath-thiyāb as-sawdāʾ), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517 CE).

See Sind (caliphal province) and Abbasid Revolution

Abbasid Samarra

Samarra is a city in central Iraq, which served as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate from 836 to 892.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Abbasid Samarra

Abu Muslim

Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani (أبو مسلمعبد الرحمن بن مسلمالخراساني; ابومسلمعبدالرحمان بن مسلمخراسانی; born 718/19 or 723/27, died 755) was a Persian general who led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad dynasty, leading to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Abu Muslim

Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari

Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari (عدي بن أرطاة الفزاري) (died 720) was a governor of Basra for the Umayyad dynasty, serving during the caliphate of 'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari

Al-Baladhuri

ʾAḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jābir al-Balādhurī (أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري) was a 9th-century Muslim historian.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Al-Baladhuri

Al-Hadi

Abū Muḥammad Mūsā ibn al-Mahdī al-Hādī (أبو محمد موسى بن المهدي الهادي; 26 April 764 CE 14 September 786 CE) better known by his laqab al-Hādī (الهادي) was the fourth Arab Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH (785 CE) until his death in 170 AH (786 CE).

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Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi (Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-Thaqafī), known simply as al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf), was the most notable governor who served the Umayyad Caliphate.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

Al-Hakam ibn Awana

Al-Hakam ibn Awana was the Umayyad governor of Sindh in 731–740.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Al-Hakam ibn Awana

Al-Ma'mun

Abu al-Abbas Abd Allah ibn Harun al-Rashid (Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh ibn Hārūn ar-Rashīd; 14 September 786 – 9 August 833), better known by his regnal name al-Ma'mun (al-Maʾmūn), was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833.

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Al-Mahdi

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Manṣūr (أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله المنصور; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdī (المهدي, "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785.

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Al-Mansur

Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Manṣūr (أبو جعفر عبد الله بن محمد المنصور‎; 95 AH – 158 AH/714 CE – 6 October 775 CE) usually known simply as by his laqab al-Manṣūr (المنصور) was the second Abbasid caliph, reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 CE – 775 CE) succeeding his brother al-Saffah.

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Al-Mutawakkil

Ja'far ibn Muhammad ibn Harun (translit); March 82211 December 861, commonly known by his regnal name al-Mutawwakil ala Allah (lit), was the tenth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 847 until his assassination in 861.

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Al-Muwaffaq

Abu Ahmad Talha ibn Ja'far (أبو أحمد طلحة بن جعفر; 29 November 843 – 2 June 891), better known by his as Al-Muwaffaq Billah, was an Abbasid prince and military leader, who acted as the de facto regent of the Abbasid Caliphate for most of the reign of his brother, Caliph al-Mu'tamid.

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Al-Saffah

Abu al-ʿAbbās Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿal-ʿAbbās (translit‎; 721/722 – 8 June 754), known by his laqab al-Saffah (translit), was the first caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates in Islamic history.

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Al-Walid I

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; – 23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I (الوليد الأول), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715.

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Ali

Ali ibn Abi Talib (translit) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 to 661, as well as the first Shia imam.

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Alids

The Alids are those who claim descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib (عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600–661 CE), the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first imam in Shia Islam.

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Amr ibn al-Layth

Amr ibn al-Layth or Amr-i Laith Saffari (عمرو لیث صفاری) was the second ruler of the Saffarid dynasty of Iran from 879 to 901.

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Anarchy at Samarra

The Anarchy at Samarra was a period of extreme internal instability from 861 to 870 in the history of the Abbasid Caliphate, marked by the violent succession of four caliphs, who became puppets in the hands of powerful rival military groups.

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Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi

Anbasah ibn Isḥāq al-Ḍabbi (عنبسة بن إسحاق الضبي; died c. 860) was a provincial governor for the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth century, serving as governor of Raqqa (833), al-Sind (c. 840s) and Egypt (852–856).

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Arab conquest of Kaikan

The Arab conquest of Kaikan (alternatively Kikan, Kiknan, Qaiqan or Qayqan) was a military campaign by the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates aganist the Jats of Kaikan, in present-day Pakistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Arab conquest of Kaikan

Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

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Aror

Aror (Sindhi: اروهڙ) or Alor or Arorkot (Sindhi: اروهڙ ڪوٽ) is the medieval name of the city of Rohri (in Sindh, modern Pakistan).

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Balochistan, Pakistan

Balochistan (بلۏچستان; بلوچستان) is a province of Pakistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Balochistan, Pakistan

Barmakids

The Barmakids (برمکیان Barmakiyân; البرامكة al-BarāmikahHarold Bailey, 1943. "Iranica" BSOAS 11: p. 2. India - Department of Archaeology, and V. S. Mirashi (ed.), Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era vol. 4 of Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, 1955, pp. clxx, 612, 614, 616.), also spelled Barmecides, were an influential Iranian family from Balkh, where they were originally hereditary Buddhist leaders (in the Nawbahar monastery), and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad.

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Basra

Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.

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Battle of the Camel

The Battle of the Camel took place outside of Basra, Iraq, in 36 AH (656 CE).

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Bharuch

Bharuch, formerly known as Bharutkutccha, is a city at the mouth of the river Narmada in Gujarat in western India.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Bharuch

Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi

Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi (بشر بن داود المهلبي) was a governor of al-Sind for the Abbasid Caliphate, serving during the caliphate of al-Ma'mun.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi

Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

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Chalukya dynasty

The Chalukya dynasty was a Classical Indian dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries.

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Chola dynasty

The Chola dynasty was a Tamil dynasty originating from southern India.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Chola dynasty

Classical Arabic

Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic (the most eloquent classic Arabic) is the standardized literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages onwards, having succeeded the Paleo-Arabic script.

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Companions of the Prophet

The Companions of the Prophet (lit) were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence.

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Dahir of Aror

Raja Dahir (663 – 712 CE) was the last Hindu ruler of Sindh (in present-day Pakistan).

See Sind (caliphal province) and Dahir of Aror

Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

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Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi

Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi (داود بن يزيد بن حاتمالمهلبي) (died 820 or 821) was a provincial governor for the Abbasid dynasty in the late eighth and early ninth centuries.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Dawud ibn Yazid ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi

Debal

Debal (also called Daybul, Daibul or Dēwal) was a commercial town and an ancient port in Sindh, now a province of Pakistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Debal

Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Early Muslim conquests

Eastern Ganga dynasty

The Eastern Ganga dynasty (also known as Purba Gangas, Rudhi Gangas or Prachya Gangas) were a large medieval era Indian royal Hindu dynasty that reigned from Kalinga from as early as the 5th century to the mid 20th century.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Eastern Ganga dynasty

Emirate of Multan

Emirate of Multan (855 – 1010) was a medieval Muslim emirate in Punjab that was centred around city of Multan, present-day part of Punjab, Pakistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Emirate of Multan

Futuh al-Buldan

Futūh al-Buldān (Conquest of (the) countries), or Kitāb Futūḥ al-Buldān ("Book of the Conquest of the Countries/Lands"), is the best known work by the 9th century Muslim historian Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri of Abbasid-era Baghdad.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Futuh al-Buldan

Gandava

Gandavah is a town that serves as the headquarters of Jhal Magsi District of Pakistan's Balochistan province.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Gandava

Ghaznavids

The Ghaznavid dynasty (غزنویان Ġaznaviyān) or the Ghaznavid Empire was a Persianate Muslim dynasty and empire of Turkic mamluk origin, ruling at its greatest extent from the Oxus to the Indus Valley from 977 to 1186.

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Governor

A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative.

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Greater Khorasan

Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Greater Khorasan

Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty

The Pratihara dynasty, also called the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Pratiharas of Kannauj and the Imperial Pratiharas, was a medieval Indian dynasty that ruled parts of Northern India from the mid-8th to the 11th century. Sind (caliphal province) and Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty are 8th-century establishments in India.

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Gurjaras of Lata

The Gurjaras of Lata, also known as Gurjaras of Nandipuri or Bharuch Gurjaras, was a dynasty which ruled Lata region (now South Gujarat, India) as a feudatory of different dynasties from c. 580 CE to c. 738 CE.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Gurjaras of Lata

Habbari dynasty

The Habbari (Sindhi: هباري خاندان) were an Arab dynasty that ruled much of Greater Sindh, as a semi-independent emirate from 854 to 1024.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Habbari dynasty

Habib ibn al-Muhallab

Habib ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi (حبيب بن المهلب الأزدي) (died 720) was an Umayyad provincial governor and military commander, and a member of the Muhallabid family.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Habib ibn al-Muhallab

Harun al-Rashid

Abu Ja'far Harun ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi (Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Harun ibn al-Mahdi (or 766 – 24 March 809), famously known as Harun al-Rashid (Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, reigning from September 786 until his death in March 809.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Harun al-Rashid

Hijrah

The Hijrah (hijra, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'), also Hegira (from Medieval Latin), was the journey the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina.

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Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi

Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi was the governor of the Abbasid Vilayet As-Sindh.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi

History of India

Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.

See Sind (caliphal province) and History of India

Hujr ibn Adi

Ḥujr ibn ʿAdī al-Kindī (حُجْر بن عَدِيّ ٱلْكِنْدِيّ) was a supporter of Ali, the fourth Rashidun Caliph for Sunni Muslims and the first Imam for Shia Muslims.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.

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Indian religions

Indian religions, sometimes also termed Dharmic religions or Indic religions, are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent.

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Indus River

The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Indus River

Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi

Abū Yaʿqūb Isḥāq ibn Sulaymān ibn ʿAlī al-Hāshimī (إسحاق بن سليمان الهاشمي) was an 8th–9th-century AD Abbasid prince and historian.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Islam

Itakh

Aytākh or Ītākh al-Khazarī (إيتاخ الخزري) was a leading commander in the Turkic army of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim (r. 833-842 C.E.). As the nisba in his name suggests, he was a Khazar by origin, and is said to have been a slave working in the kitchen of Sallam al-Abrash al-Khadim—whence his nickname al-Tabbakh, "the cook"—before he was purchased as a ghulām by al-Mu'tasim in 815.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Itakh

Jats

The Jat people are a traditionally agricultural community in Northern India and Pakistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Jats

Kalachuris of Tripuri

The Kalachuris of Tripuri (IAST), also known the Kalachuris of Chedi, ruled parts of central India during 7th to 13th centuries.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Kalachuris of Tripuri

Karkota dynasty

The Karkota dynasty (c. 625 − 855 CE) ruled over the Kashmir valley and some northern parts of the Indian subcontinent during 7th and 8th centuries. Sind (caliphal province) and Karkota dynasty are 9th-century disestablishments in India.

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Khalid al-Qasri

Khālid ibn ʿAbdallāh al-Qasrī (died 743) was an Arab who served the Umayyad Caliphate as governor of Mecca in the 8th century and of Iraq from 724 until 738.

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Khalifah ibn Khayyat

Abū ʿAmr Khalīfa ibn Khayyāṭ al-Laythī al-ʿUṣfurī (born: 160/161 AH/777 AD– died 239/240 AH/854 AD) was an Arab historian.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Khalifah ibn Khayyat

Khuzdar

Khuzdar (Brahui/قصدار; خضدار) is a city in the administrative headquarter of Khuzdar District in the central part of the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Khuzdar

Layth ibn Tarif

Layth ibn Tarif was an 8th-century freedman commander and governor for the Abbasid Caliphate.

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List of caliphal governors of Medina

In early Islamic history, the governor of Medina was an official who administered the city of Medina and its surrounding territories.

See Sind (caliphal province) and List of caliphal governors of Medina

List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus

The southern part of the Iberian peninsula was under Islamic rule for seven hundred years.

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List of Umayyad governors of Iraq

This is a list of governors of the Umayyad province of Iraq.

See Sind (caliphal province) and List of Umayyad governors of Iraq

Maitraka dynasty

The Maitraka dynasty ruled western India from approximately 475 to approximately 776 CE from their capital at Vallabhi.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Maitraka dynasty

Makran

Makran (مكران), also mentioned in some sources as Mecran and Mokrān, is the southern coastal region of Balochistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Makran

Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi

Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi (منصور بن جمهور الكلبي) was an 8th-century Arab commander and one of the main and most fanatical leaders of the south Arab ("Yaman") tribes in the Qays–Yaman rivalry of the period, playing a major role during the Third Fitna civil war.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi

Mansura, Sindh

Mansura (the triumphant), referred to as Brahmanabad or Bahmanabad(برهمڻ آباد|barhamaṇabād) in later centuries, was the historic capital of the caliphal province of Sindh, during the eighth century under the Umayyad Caliphate and then Abbasid Caliphate from the year 750 AD to 1006 AD.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Mansura, Sindh

Masrur al-Balkhi

Masrur al-Balkhi (مسرور البلخي; died 26 December 893) was a senior military officer in the late-9th century Abbasid Caliphate.

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Mawla

Mawlā (مَوْلَى, plural mawālī مَوَالِي), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.

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Mu'awiya I

Mu'awiya I (Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.

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Muhallabids

The Muhallabids or the Muhallabid dynasty were an Arab family who became prominent in the middle Umayyad Caliphate and reached its greatest eminence during the early Abbasids, when members of the family ruled Basra and Ifriqiya.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Muhallabids

Muhammad ibn al-Qasim

Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī (محمد بن القاسمالثقفي; –) was an Arab military commander in service of the Umayyad Caliphate who led the Muslim conquest of Sindh (and Punjab, part of ancient Sindh), inaugurating the Umayyad campaigns in India.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Muhammad ibn al-Qasim

Multan

Multan is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, located on the bank of river Chenab.

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Multan District

Multan District (ضِلع مُلتان), is a district in the province of Punjab, Pakistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Multan District

Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi

Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi was an 8th-century Arab commander during the Abbasid Revolution and then provincial governor for the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Musa ibn Yahya

Musa ibn Yahya (Mūsā ibn Yaḥyā) was a member of the powerful Barmakid family in the service of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Names for India

The Republic of India has two principal official short names, each of which is historically significant, India and Bharat.

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Nisba (onomastics)

In Arabic names, a nisba (نسبة, "attribution"), also rendered as or, is an adjective surname indicating the person's place of origin, ancestral tribe, or ancestry, used at the end of the name and occasionally ending in the suffix -iyy for males and -iyyah for females.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Pakistan

Pala Empire

The Pāla Empire (r. 750–1161 CE) was an imperial power during the post-classical period in the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Bengal. Sind (caliphal province) and Pala Empire are 8th-century establishments in India.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Pala Empire

Pandya dynasty

The Pandyan dynasty, also referred to as the Pandyas of Madurai, was an ancient Tamil dynasty of South India, and among the four great kingdoms of Tamilakam, the other three being the Pallavas, the Cholas and the Cheras.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Pandya dynasty

Patola Shahis

The Patola Shahis, or Palola Shahis, also Gilgit Shahis, were a dynasty of Buddhist kings of the Kingdom of Gilgit ("Lesser Bolü"), located in the northern tip of the Indian subcontinent in the 6th-8th century CE.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Patola Shahis

Punjab

Punjab (also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb), also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Punjab

Qays

Qays ʿAylān (قيس عيلان), often referred to simply as Qays (Kais or Ḳays) were an Arab tribal confederation that branched from the Mudar group.

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Qays–Yaman rivalry

The Qays–Yaman rivalry refers to the historical rivalries and feuds between the northern Arabian Qays tribes and the southern Arabian Yaman tribes.

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Quetta

Quetta (کوئٹہ, ko'eṭa) is the capital and largest city of the Pakistani province of Balochistan.

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Qutayba ibn Muslim

Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī (أبو حفص قتيبة بن أبي صالح مسلمبن عمرو الباهلي; 669–715/6) was an Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who became governor of Khurasan and distinguished himself in the conquest of Transoxiana during the reign of al-Walid I (705–715).

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Religion in South Asia

In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest population of Hindus, about 510 million Muslims, over 27 million Sikhs, 35 million Christians and over 25 million Buddhists.

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Sa'id ibn Salm al-Bahili

Sa'id ibn Salm al-Bahili was an Arab governor and military commander of the early Abbasid Caliphate.

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Saffarid dynasty

The Saffarid dynasty (safāryān) was a Persianate dynasty of eastern Iranian origin that ruled over parts of Persia, Greater Khorasan, and eastern Makran from 861 to 1002.

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Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman

Abū al-Walīd Ṣāliḥ ibn ʿAbd al-Rahmān al-Sijistānī (died 721–724) was a leading bureaucrat in the central dīwān (tax bureau) of Iraq under the Umayyad governor al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (694–714) and then fiscal governor of the province under Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman

Sanskrit

Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Sanskrit

Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Sindh

Sindh (سِنْدھ,; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind) is a province of Pakistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Sindh

Sindhi language

Sindhi (or सिन्धी) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has official status.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Sindhi language

Sistan

Sistān (سیستان), also known as Sakastān (سَكاستان "the land of the Saka") and Sijistan, is a historical region in present-day south-eastern Iran, south-western Afghanistan and extending across the borders of south-western Pakistan.

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South Punjab Province

South Punjab (دکھݨی پنجاب|Dakhṇī Panjāb; جنوبی پنجاب|Junūbī Panjāb), also proposed as Bahawalpur-South Punjab, are the names for the proposals to create a new so called province in Pakistan, out of the southern regions of Punjab.

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State religion

A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.

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Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik

Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit, 24 September 717) was the seventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 715 until his death.

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Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi

Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi was the caliphal governor of Sind in 726–731.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi

Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty (唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.

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Thane

Thane (previously known as Thana, the official name until 1996) is a metropolitan city located on the northwestern side of the state of Maharashtra in India and on the northeastern side of Mumbai.

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Thar Desert

The Thar Desert, also known as the Great Indian Desert, is an arid region in the north-western part of the Indian subcontinent that covers an area of in India and Pakistan.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Thar Desert

Tibetan Empire

The Tibetan Empire was an empire centered on the Tibetan Plateau, formed as a result of imperial expansion under the Yarlung dynasty heralded by its 33rd king, Songtsen Gampo, in the 7th century.

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Turan (Baluchistan)

Turan (توران), the medieval Islamic name for the district around Khuzdar, south of modern Quetta, in the east-central part of what is now Baluchistan, the territory in British Indian times of the Khanate of Kalat.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Turan (Baluchistan)

Turk Shahis

The Turk Shahis or Kabul Shahis were a dynasty of Western Turk, or mixed Turko-Hephthalite, or a group of Hephthalites origin, that ruled from Kabul and Kapisa to Gandhara in the 7th to 9th centuries AD.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.

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Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.

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Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard

Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard (عمر بن حفص هزارمرد) (d. November 27, 771) was a member of the Muhallabid family who served as a provincial governor for the Abbasid Caliphate during the reigns of Abu al-'Abbas (r. 749–754) al-Mansur (r. 754–775).

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Umar ibn Hubayra

Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari (ʿUmar ibn Hubayra al-Fazārī) was a prominent Umayyad general and governor of Iraq, who played an important role in the Qays–Yaman conflict of this period.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

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Umayyad campaigns in India

The Umayyad Dynasty came to rule the Caliphate in 661 CE, and during the first half of the 8th century CE, a series of battles took place in the Indian subcontinent between armies of the Umayyad Caliphate and Indian kingdoms situated to the east of the Indus river, subsequent to the Arab conquest of Sindh (present day Pakistan) during 711 – 713 CE.

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Umayyad conquest of Sindh

The Umayyad conquest of Sindh took place in 711 AD against the ruling Brahmin dynasty of Sindh and resulted in Sindh being incorporated as a province into the Umayyad Caliphate.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Umayyad conquest of Sindh

Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar

Ya'qūb ibn al-Layth al-Saffār (یعقوب لیث صفاری; 25 October 840 – 5 June 879), was a coppersmith and the founder of the Saffarid dynasty of Sistan, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in south-western Afghanistan).

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Ya'qubi

ʾAbū al-ʿAbbās ʾAḥmad bin ʾAbī Yaʿqūb bin Ǧaʿfar bin Wahb bin Waḍīḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (died 897/8), commonly referred to simply by his nisba al-Yaʿqūbī, was an Arab Muslim geographer.

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Yaman (tribal group)

Yaman was an Arab tribal confederation, originating from South Arabia, known for their centuries-long rivalry with the Qays, another Arab tribal confederation.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Yaman (tribal group)

Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki

Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki (يزيد بن أبي كبشة السكسكي) was an Arab military commander and provincial governor for the Umayyad Caliphate.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki

Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi

Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi was a senior provincial governor for the Umayyad Caliphate.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi

Zunbils

Zunbil, also written as Zhunbil, or Rutbils of Zabulistan, was a royal dynasty south of the Hindu Kush in present southern Afghanistan region.

See Sind (caliphal province) and Zunbils

See also

8th-century establishments in India

9th-century disestablishments in India

States and territories disestablished in the 9th century

States and territories established in the 710s

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind_(caliphal_province)

Also known as Arab Sind, Arab Sindh, Caliphal province of Sind, List of Abbasid governors of Sind, List of Abbasid governors of al-Sind, List of Umayyad governors of Sind, List of Umayyad governors of al-Sind, List of caliphal governors of Sind, List of caliphal governors of al-Sind.

, Habib ibn al-Muhallab, Harun al-Rashid, Hijrah, Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi, History of India, Hujr ibn Adi, India, Indian Ocean, Indian religions, Indus River, Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi, Islam, Itakh, Jats, Kalachuris of Tripuri, Karkota dynasty, Khalid al-Qasri, Khalifah ibn Khayyat, Khuzdar, Layth ibn Tarif, List of caliphal governors of Medina, List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus, List of Umayyad governors of Iraq, Maitraka dynasty, Makran, Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, Mansura, Sindh, Masrur al-Balkhi, Mawla, Mu'awiya I, Muhallabids, Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, Multan, Multan District, Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi, Musa ibn Yahya, Muslims, Names for India, Nisba (onomastics), Pakistan, Pala Empire, Pandya dynasty, Patola Shahis, Punjab, Qays, Qays–Yaman rivalry, Quetta, Qutayba ibn Muslim, Religion in South Asia, Sa'id ibn Salm al-Bahili, Saffarid dynasty, Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman, Sanskrit, Shia Islam, Sindh, Sindhi language, Sistan, South Punjab Province, State religion, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Tamim ibn Zayd al-Utbi, Tang dynasty, Thane, Thar Desert, Tibetan Empire, Turan (Baluchistan), Turk Shahis, Turkic peoples, Umar, Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard, Umar ibn Hubayra, Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad campaigns in India, Umayyad conquest of Sindh, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, Ya'qubi, Yaman (tribal group), Yazid ibn Abi Kabsha al-Saksaki, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, Zunbils.