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Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders, the Glossary

The Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders in New York City from 1949 to 1958 were the result of US federal government prosecutions in the postwar period and during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States.^[1]

207 relations: Abraham J. Isserman, Abrams v. United States, Aesopian language, Alexander Bittelman, Alexander Trachtenberg, Alger Hiss, American Civil Liberties Union, American Communications Ass'n v. Douds, American Labor Party, Amicus curiae, Anarchism, Angela Calomiris, Anti-communism, Arlington National Cemetery, Bad tendency, Bail, Balancing test, Benjamin J. Davis Jr., Berlin Blockade, Betty Garrett, Bolsheviks, Brandenburg v. Ohio, Cantwell v. Connecticut, Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, Chinese Civil War, Chinese Communist Party, Civil Rights Congress, Claudia Jones, Clear and present danger, Cold War, Columbia University, Common law, Communist International, Communist Party USA, Contempt of Congress, Contempt of court, Coup d'état, Cramer v. United States, Daily Worker, Daniel Levin (attorney), Dashiell Hammett, Democratic National Convention, Democratic Party (United States), Dennis v. United States, Disbarment, Distinguished Service Cross (United States), Dorothy Ray Healey, Earl Browder, Earl Warren, Eastern Bloc, ... Expand index (157 more) »
1940s trials
1949 in American law
1949 in New York City
1950s in American law
1950s in New York City
1950s trials
Civil Rights Congress
Communist Party USA litigation
First Amendment to the United States Constitution
People convicted under the Smith Act
Sedition

Abraham J. Isserman

Abraham J. Isserman (May 11, 1900 – April 22, 1988) was an American lawyer and activist who defended Gerhart Eisler in 1947 and CPUSA leaders in the Foley Square trial (1949): he was found in contempt of court by Judge Harold Medina, sentenced to four months in jail (1952), and disbarred. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Abraham J. Isserman are anti-communism in the United States and McCarthyism.

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Abrams v. United States

Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States upholding the criminal arrests of several defendants under the Sedition Act of 1918, which was an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917.

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Aesopian language

Aesopian language is a means of communication with the intent to convey a concealed meaning to informed members of a conspiracy or underground movement, whilst simultaneously maintaining the guise of an innocent meaning to outsiders.

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Alexander Bittelman

Alexander "Alex" Bittelman (1890–1982) was a Russian-born Jewish-American communist political activist, Marxist theorist, influential theoretician of the Communist Party USA and writer.

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Alexander Trachtenberg

Alexander "Alex" Trachtenberg (23 November 1884 – 26 December 1966) was an American publisher of radical political books and pamphlets, founder and manager of International Publishers of New York.

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Alger Hiss

Alger Hiss (November 11, 1904 – November 15, 1996) was an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Alger Hiss are anti-communism in the United States.

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American Civil Liberties Union

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is an American nonprofit human rights organization founded in 1920.

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American Communications Ass'n v. Douds

American Communications Association v. Douds, 339 U.S. 382 (1950), is a 5-to-1 ruling by the United States Supreme Court which held that the Taft–Hartley Act's imposition of an anti-communist oath on labor union leaders does not violate the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, is not an ex post facto law or bill of attainder in violation of Article One, Section 10 of the United States Constitution, and is not a "test oath" in violation of Article Six of the Constitution. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and American Communications Ass'n v. Douds are anti-communism in the United States.

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American Labor Party

The American Labor Party (ALP) was a political party in the United States established in 1936 that was active almost exclusively in the state of New York.

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Amicus curiae

An amicus curiae is an individual or organization that is not a party to a legal case, but that is permitted to assist a court by offering information, expertise, or insight that has a bearing on the issues in the case.

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Anarchism

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including the state and capitalism.

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Angela Calomiris

Angela Calomiris (August 1, 1916 – January 30, 1995) was an American photographer who became a secret FBI informant within the American Communist Party (CPUSA) under the name Angela Cole.

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Anti-communism

Anti-communism is political and ideological opposition to communist beliefs, groups, and individuals.

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Arlington National Cemetery

Arlington National Cemetery is one of two cemeteries in the United States National Cemetery System that are maintained by the United States Army.

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Bad tendency

In United States law, the bad tendency principle was a test that permitted restriction of freedom of speech by government if it is believed that a form of speech has a sole tendency to incite or cause illegal activity.

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Bail

Bail is a set of pre-trial restrictions that are imposed on a suspect to ensure that they will not hamper the judicial process.

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Balancing test

In law, a balancing test is any judicial test in which the jurists weigh the importance of multiple factors in a legal case.

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Benjamin J. Davis Jr.

Benjamin Jefferson Davis Jr. (September 8, 1903 – August 22, 1964), was an African-American lawyer and communist who was elected in 1943 to the New York City Council, representing Harlem. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Benjamin J. Davis Jr. are people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Berlin Blockade

The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War.

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Betty Garrett

Betty Garrett (May 23, 1919 – February 12, 2011) was an American actress, comedian, singer and dancer.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Brandenburg v. Ohio

Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969), is a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court interpreting the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

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Cantwell v. Connecticut

Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296 (1940), is a landmark court decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that the First Amendment's federal protection of religious free exercise incorporates via the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applies to state governments too.

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Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire

Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court in which the Court articulated the fighting words doctrine, a limitation of the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech.

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Chinese Civil War

The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and the forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), with armed conflict continuing intermittently from 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949, resulting in a communist victory and control of mainland China.

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Chinese Communist Party

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Civil Rights Congress

The Civil Rights Congress (CRC) was a United States civil rights organization, formed in 1946 at a national conference for radicals and disbanded in 1956.

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Claudia Jones

Claudia Vera Jones (21 February 1915 – 24 December 1964) was a Trinidad and Tobago-born journalist and activist. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Claudia Jones are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Clear and present danger

Clear and present danger was a doctrine adopted by the Supreme Court of the United States to determine under what circumstances limits can be placed on First Amendment freedoms of speech, press, or assembly. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Clear and present danger are first Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Columbia University

Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.

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Common law

Common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions.

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Communist International

The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was an international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism, and which was led and controlled by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

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Communist Party USA

The Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revolution.

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Contempt of Congress

Contempt of Congress is the misdemeanor act of obstructing the work of the United States Congress or one of its committees.

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Contempt of court

Contempt of court, often referred to simply as "contempt", is the crime of being disobedient to or disrespectful toward a court of law and its officers in the form of behavior that opposes or defies the authority, justice, and dignity of the court.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.

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Cramer v. United States

Cramer v. United States, 325 U.S. 1 (1945), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States reviewed the conviction of Anthony Cramer, a German-born naturalized citizen, for treason.

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Daily Worker

The Daily Worker was a newspaper published in Chicago founded by communists, socialists, union members, and other activists.

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Daniel Levin (attorney)

Daniel Bernard Levin (born March 4, 1956) served as Acting Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel of the U.S. Justice Department from July 2004 until February 2005.

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Dashiell Hammett

Samuel Dashiell Hammett (May 27, 1894 – January 10, 1961) was an American writer of hard-boiled detective novels and short stories. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Dashiell Hammett are American communists.

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Democratic National Convention

The Democratic National Convention (DNC) is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States.

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Dennis v. United States

Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951), was a United States Supreme Court case relating to Eugene Dennis, General Secretary of the Communist Party USA. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Dennis v. United States are communist Party USA litigation and McCarthyism.

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Disbarment

Disbarment, also known as striking off, is the removal of a lawyer from a bar association or the practice of law, thus revoking their law license or admission to practice law.

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Distinguished Service Cross (United States)

The Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) is the United States Army's second highest military decoration for soldiers who display extraordinary heroism in combat with an armed enemy force.

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Dorothy Ray Healey

Dorothy Ray Healey (September 22, 1914 – August 6, 2006) was a long-time activist in the Communist Party USA, from the late 1920s to the 1970s. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Dorothy Ray Healey are people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Earl Browder

Earl Russell Browder (May 20, 1891 – June 27, 1973) was an American politician, spy for the Soviet Union, communist activist and leader of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Earl Browder are American communists.

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Earl Warren

Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist who served as the 30th governor of California from 1943 to 1953 and as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

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Elizabeth Bentley

Elizabeth Terrill Bentley (January 1, 1908 – December 3, 1963) was an American NKVD spymaster, who was recruited from within the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Elizabeth Bentley are American communists.

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Elizabeth Gurley Flynn

Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (August 7, 1890 – September 5, 1964) was an American labor leader, activist, and feminist who played a leading role in the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Ellen Schrecker

Ellen Wolf Schrecker (born August 4, 1938) is an American professor emerita of American history at Yeshiva University. She has received the Frederick Ewen Academic Freedom Fellowship at the Tamiment Library at NYU. She is known primarily for her work in the history of McCarthyism. Historian Ronald Radosh has described her as "the dean of the anti-anti-Communist historians.". Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Ellen Schrecker are McCarthyism.

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Eugene Dennis

Francis Xavier Waldron (August 10, 1905 – January 31, 1961), best known by the pseudonym Eugene Dennis and Tim Ryan, was an American communist politician and union organizer, best remembered as the long-time leader of the Communist Party USA and as named party in Dennis v. United States, a famous McCarthy Era Supreme Court case. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Eugene Dennis are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Farrell Dobbs

Farrell Dobbs (July 25, 1907 – October 31, 1983) was an American Trotskyist, trade unionist, politician, and historian. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Farrell Dobbs are people convicted under the Smith Act.

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FBI Index

The FBI Indexes, or Index List, was a system used to track American citizens and other people by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) before the adoption of computerized databases.

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Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency.

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Federal Correctional Institution, Lewisburg

The Federal Correctional Institution, Lewisburg (FCI Lewisburg) is a medium-security United States federal prison in Kelly Township, Pennsylvania, for male inmates.

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Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district/national capital of Washington, D.C., where most of the federal government is based.

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Federal judiciary of the United States

The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government.

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Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure

The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure are the procedural rules that govern how federal criminal prosecutions are conducted in United States district courts and the general trial courts of the U.S. government.

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Feiner v. New York

Feiner v. New York, 340 U.S. 315 (1951), was a United States Supreme Court case involving Irving Feiner's arrest for a violation of section 722 of the New York Penal Code, "inciting a breach of the peace," as he addressed a crowd on a street.

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Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution creates several constitutional rights, limiting governmental powers focusing on criminal procedures.

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First Amendment to the United States Constitution

The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents the government from making laws respecting an establishment of religion; prohibiting the free exercise of religion; or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the freedom of assembly, or the right to petition the government for redress of grievances.

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First Indochina War

The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam, and alternatively internationally as the French-Indochina War) was fought between France and Việt Minh (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and their respective allies, from 19 December 1946 until 20 July 1954.

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First Red Scare

The first Red Scare was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of far-left movements, including Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events; real events included the Russian 1917 October Revolution, German Revolution of 1918–1919, and anarchist bombings in the U.S. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and first Red Scare are anti-communism in the United States, political and cultural purges and political repression in the United States.

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Foley Square

Foley Square, also called Federal Plaza, is a street intersection in the Civic Center neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City, which contains a small triangular park named Thomas Paine Park.

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Fred M. Vinson

Frederick "Fred" Moore Vinson (January 22, 1890 – September 8, 1953) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 13th chief justice of the United States from 1946 until his death in 1953.

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Freedom of association

Freedom of association encompasses both an individual's right to join or leave groups voluntarily, the right of the group to take collective action to pursue the interests of its members, and the right of an association to accept or decline membership based on certain criteria.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or legal sanction.

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Freedom of speech in the United States

In the United States, freedom of speech and expression is strongly protected from government restrictions by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, many state constitutions, and state and federal laws. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and freedom of speech in the United States are first Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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French Union

The French Union was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system, colloquially known as the "French Empire" (Empire français).

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Geoffrey R. Stone

Geoffrey R. Stone (born 1946) is an American legal scholar and noted First Amendment scholar.

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George Crockett Jr.

George William Crockett Jr. (August 10, 1909 – September 7, 1997) was an African-American attorney, jurist, and congressman from the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Gil Green (communist)

Gil Green (September 24, 1906 – May 4, 1997) was a leading figure in the Communist Party of the United States of America until 1991. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Gil Green (communist) are people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Gitlow v. New York

Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652 (1925), was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court holding that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the First Amendment's provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press to apply to the governments of U.S.

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Grand jury

A grand jury is a jury—a group of citizens—empowered by law to conduct legal proceedings, investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought.

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Great Purge

The Great Purge, or the Great Terror (translit), also known as the Year of '37 (label) and the Yezhovshchina (label), was Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin's campaign to consolidate power over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Soviet state. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Great Purge are political and cultural purges.

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Greek Civil War

The Greek Civil War (translit) took place from 1946 to 1949.

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Gus Hall

Gus Hall (born Arvo Kustaa Halberg; October 8, 1910 – October 13, 2000) was the General Secretary of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and a perennial candidate for president of the United States. He was the Communist Party nominee in the 1972, 1976, 1980, and 1984 presidential elections. As a labor leader, Hall was closely associated with the so-called "Little Steel" Strike of 1937, an effort to unionize the nation's smaller, regional steel manufacturers. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Gus Hall are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Hardline

In politics, hardline or hard-line is an adjective describing a stance on an issue that is inflexible and not subject to compromise.

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Harold Medina

Harold Raymond Medina (February 16, 1888 – March 14, 1990) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

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Harry Bridges

Harry Bridges (28 July 1901 – 30 March 1990) was an Australian-born American union leader, first with the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA).

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Harvey Klehr

Harvey Elliott Klehr (born December 25, 1945) is a professor of politics and history at Emory University.

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Henry A. Wallace

Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was an American politician, journalist, farmer, and businessman who served as the 33rd vice president of the United States, from 1941 to 1945, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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Henry Winston

Henry M. Winston (April 2, 1911December 13, 1986) was an African-American political leader and Marxist civil rights activist. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Henry Winston are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Herbert Brownell Jr.

Herbert Brownell Jr. (February 20, 1904 – May 1, 1996) was an American lawyer and Republican politician.

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Herbert Philbrick

Herbert Arthur Philbrick (May 11, 1915 – August 16, 1993) was a Boston-area advertising executive who was encouraged by the FBI to infiltrate the Communist Party USA between 1940 and 1949.

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House Un-American Activities Committee

The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist ties. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and House Un-American Activities Committee are McCarthyism and political repression in the United States.

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Hugo Black

Hugo Lafayette Black (February 27, 1886 – September 25, 1971) was an American lawyer, politician, and jurist who served as a U.S. Senator from Alabama from 1927 to 1937 and as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1937 to 1971.

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Illegal per se

In US law, the term illegal per se means that the act is inherently illegal.

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Imminent lawless action

"Imminent lawless action" is one of several legal standards American courts use to determine whether certain speech is protected under the First Amendment of the United States Constitution.

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Indictment

An indictment is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime.

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Industrial Workers of the World

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose members are nicknamed "Wobblies", is an international labor union founded in Chicago in 1905.

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Internal Revenue Service

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service for the United States federal government, which is responsible for collecting U.S. federal taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code, the main body of the federal statutory tax law.

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J. Edgar Hoover

John Edgar Hoover (January 1, 1895 – May 2, 1972) was an American law-enforcement administrator who served as the final Director of the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) and the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

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J. Howard McGrath

James Howard McGrath (November 28, 1903September 2, 1966) was an American politician and attorney from Rhode Island.

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J. Robert Oppenheimer

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Jack Stachel

Jacob Abraham "Jack" Stachel (19001965) was an American Communist functionary who was a top official in the Communist Party from the middle 1920s until his death in the middle 1960s. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Jack Stachel are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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James L. Oakes

James Lowell Oakes (February 21, 1924 – October 13, 2007) was a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and previously was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Vermont.

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James P. McGranery

James Patrick McGranery (July 8, 1895 – December 23, 1962) was a United States representative from Pennsylvania, a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania and Attorney General of the United States.

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John Earl Haynes

John Earl Haynes (born 1944) is an American historian who worked as a specialist in 20th-century political history in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress.

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John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to as JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.

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John F. X. McGohey

John Francis Xavier McGohey (January 7, 1894 – July 7, 1972) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.

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John Foster Dulles

John Foster Dulles (February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) was an American politician, lawyer, and diplomat who served as United States secretary of state under president Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 until his resignation in 1959.

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John Gates

John "Johnny" Gates, born Solomon Regenstreif (28 September 1913 – 23 May 1992) was an American Communist business man, best remembered as one of the individuals spearheading a failed attempt at liberalization of the Communist Party USA in 1957. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and John Gates are people convicted under the Smith Act.

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John Marshall Harlan II

John Marshall Harlan (May 20, 1899 – December 29, 1971) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1955 to 1971.

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John Williamson (communist)

John Williamson (1903–1974) was a Scottish-born radical best remembered as a top leader of the Communist youth movement in the 1920s in the United States. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and John Williamson (communist) are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Joseph McCarthy

Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician who served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death at age 48 in 1957. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Joseph McCarthy are McCarthyism.

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Judith Coplon

Judith Coplon Socolov (May 17, 1921 – February 26, 2011) was a spy for the Soviet Union whose trials, convictions, and successful constitutional appeals had a profound influence on espionage prosecutions during the Cold War. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Judith Coplon are anti-communism in the United States and McCarthyism.

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 – June 19, 1953) and Ethel Rosenberg (née Greenglass; September 28, 1915 – June 19, 1953) were an American married couple who were convicted of spying for the Soviet Union, including providing top-secret information about American radar, sonar, jet propulsion engines, and nuclear weapon designs. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg are McCarthyism.

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Junius Scales

Junius Scales (March 26, 1920 – August 5, 2002) was an American leader of the Communist Party of the United States of America notable for his arrest and conviction under the Smith Act in the 1950s. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Junius Scales are people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Jury instructions

Jury instructions, also known as charges or directions, are a set of legal guidelines given by a judge to a jury in a court of law.

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Kangaroo court

Kangaroo court is an informal pejorative term for a court that ignores recognized standards of law or justice, carries little or no official standing in the territory within which it resides, and is typically convened ad hoc.

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Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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Korean War

The Korean War was fought between North Korea and South Korea; it began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea and ceased upon an armistice on 27 July 1953.

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Learned Hand

Billings Learned Hand (January 27, 1872 – August 18, 1961) was an American jurist, lawyer, and judicial philosopher.

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Louis Brandeis

Louis Dembitz Brandeis (November 13, 1856 – October 5, 1941) was an American lawyer who served as an associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939.

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Louis F. Budenz

Louis Francis Budenz (pronounced "byew-DENZ"; July 17, 1891 – April 27, 1972) was an American activist and writer. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Louis F. Budenz are American communists.

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Mari Jo Buhle

Mari Jo Buhle (born 1943) is an American historian and William J. Kenan Jr. University Professor Emerita at Brown University.

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Maurice Sugar

Maurice Sugar (August 8, 1891 - February 15, 1974) was an American political activist and labor attorney.

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McCarran Internal Security Act

The Internal Security Act of 1950, (Public Law 81-831), also known as the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, the McCarran Act after its principal sponsor Sen. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and McCarran Internal Security Act are anti-communism in the United States, McCarthyism, political repression in the United States and United States federal defense and national security legislation.

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Mike Wallace

Myron Leon Wallace (May 9, 1918 – April 7, 2012) was an American journalist, game show host, actor, and media personality.

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Milton R. Konvitz

Milton Ridbas Konvitz (March 12, 1908 – September 5, 2003) was a Cornell University faculty member.

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Minneapolis

Minneapolis, officially the City of Minneapolis, is a city in and the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. With a population of 429,954, it is the state's most populous city as of the 2020 census. It occupies both banks of the Mississippi River and adjoins Saint Paul, the state capital of Minnesota.

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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned between them or managed the sovereignty of the states in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania.

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Motion (legal)

In United States law, a motion is a procedural device to bring a limited, contested issue before a court for decision.

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National Housing Act of 1934

The National Housing Act of 1934,,, also called the Better Housing Program, was part of the New Deal passed during the Great Depression in order to make housing and home mortgages more affordable.

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National Lawyers Guild

The National Lawyers Guild (NLG) is a progressive public interest association of lawyers, law students, paralegals, jailhouse lawyers, law collective members, and other activist legal workers, in the United States. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and National Lawyers Guild are McCarthyism.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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New York World-Telegram

The New York World-Telegram, later known as the New York World-Telegram and The Sun, was a New York City newspaper from 1931 to 1966.

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Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1958 to 1964.

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North Korea

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia.

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Noto v. United States

Noto v. United States, 367 U.S. 290 (1961), was a 1961 United States Supreme Court case that reversed the felony conviction of a lower-echelon official of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Noto v. United States are communist Party USA litigation and McCarthyism.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.

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Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (March 8, 1841 – March 6, 1935) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1902 to 1932.

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On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences

On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences («О культе личности и его последствиях», «O kul'te lichnosti i yego posledstviyakh»), popularly known as the Secret Speech (секретный доклад Хрущёва), was a report by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, made to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on 25 February 1956.

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Oral argument

Oral arguments are spoken presentations to a judge or appellate court by a lawyer (or parties when representing themselves) of the legal reasons why they should prevail.

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Order of the October Revolution

The Order of the October Revolution (Орден Октябрьской Революции, Orden Oktyabr'skoy Revolyutsii) was instituted on 31 October 1967, in time for the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution.

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Patterson v. Colorado

Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454 (1907), was a First Amendment case.

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Paul Finkelman

Paul Finkelman (born November 15, 1949) is an American legal historian.

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Peekskill riots

The Peekskill riots took place at Cortlandt Manor, New York in 1949. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Peekskill riots are anti-communism in the United States.

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Peekskill, New York

Peekskill is a city in northwestern Westchester County, New York, United States, north of New York City.

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Perjury

Perjury (also known as foreswearing) is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding.

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Political Repression in Modern America

Political Repression in Modern America from 1870 to 1976 is a historical account of significant civil liberties violations concerning American political dissidents since 1870a date demarcating the close of the Civil War decade and the development of the modern American industrial state. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and political Repression in Modern America are political repression in the United States.

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Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)

The Progressive Party was a left-wing political party in the United States that served as a vehicle for the campaign of Henry A. Wallace, a former vice president, to become President of the United States in 1948.

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is an American government-funded international media organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analyses to Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East.

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RDS-1

The RDS-1 (РДС-1), also known as Izdeliye 501 (device 501) and First Lightning, was the nuclear bomb used in the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test.

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Reichstag fire

The Reichstag fire (Reichstagsbrand) was an arson attack on the Reichstag building, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor of Germany.

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Robert G. Thompson

Robert George Thompson (June 21, 1915 – October 16, 1965) was a distinguished US soldier who was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) during World War II but was later jailed for several years for his communist sympathies. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Robert G. Thompson are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Robert H. Jackson

Robert Houghwout Jackson (February 13, 1892 – October 9, 1954) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1941 until his death in 1954.

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Robert Klonsky

Robert Klonsky (12 March 1918 – September 7, 2002) was a member of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, which fought on the side of the Spanish Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Robert Klonsky are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

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Sacher v. United States

Sacher v. United States, 343 U.S. 1 (1952), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld the convictions of five attorneys for contempt of court.

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Scales v. United States

Scales v. United States, 367 U.S. 203 (1961), was a 1960 decision of the United States Supreme Court that upheld the conviction of Junius Scales for violating of the Smith Act on the basis on his membership in the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA). Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Scales v. United States are communist Party USA litigation and McCarthyism.

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Schenck v. United States

Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court concerning enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during World War I. A unanimous Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., concluded that Charles Schenck and other defendants, who distributed flyers to draft-age men urging resistance to induction, could be convicted of an attempt to obstruct the draft, a criminal offense.

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Smith Act

The Alien Registration Act, popularly known as the Smith Act, 76th United States Congress, 3d session, ch. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Smith Act are anti-communism in the United States, McCarthyism, people convicted under the Smith Act, political repression in the United States, Sedition, United States federal criminal legislation and United States federal defense and national security legislation.

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The Socialist Workers Party (SWP) is a communist party in the United States.

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South Korea

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Stack v. Boyle

Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1 (1951), was a United States Supreme Court case involving the arrest of members of the Communist Party who were charged with conspiring to violate the Smith Act.

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Stalinism

Stalinism is the totalitarian means of governing and Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1927 to 1953 by dictator Joseph Stalin.

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State of emergency

A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens.

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Steve Nelson (activist)

Stjepan Mesaros, best known as Steve Nelson (1903– December 11, 1993), was a Croatian-born American political activist. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Steve Nelson (activist) are American communists.

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Stromberg v. California

Stromberg v. California, 283 U.S. 359 (1931), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held, 7–2, that a California statute banning red flags was unconstitutional because it violated the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Stromberg v. California are anti-communism in the United States.

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Subversive Activities Control Board

The Subversive Activities Control Board (SACB) was a United States federal committee. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Subversive Activities Control Board are McCarthyism.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States.

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Ted Morgan (writer)

Ted Morgan (March 30, 1932 – December 13, 2023) was a French-American biographer, journalist, and historian.

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The Christian Science Monitor

The Christian Science Monitor (CSM), commonly known as The Monitor, is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles both in electronic format and a weekly print edition.

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The Communist Manifesto

The Communist Manifesto (Das Kommunistische Manifest), originally the Manifesto of the Communist Party (label), is a political pamphlet written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, commissioned by the Communist League and originally published in London in 1848.

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The New Republic

The New Republic is an American publisher focused on domestic politics, news, culture, and the arts, with ten magazines a year and a daily online platform.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Thermonuclear weapon

A thermonuclear weapon, fusion weapon or hydrogen bomb (H bomb) is a second-generation nuclear weapon design.

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Third party (U.S. politics)

Third party, or minor party, is a term used in the United States' two-party system for political parties other than the Republican and Democratic parties.

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Thomas E. Dewey

Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 47th governor of New York from 1943 to 1954.

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Thornhill v. Alabama

Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940), is a US labor law case of a United States Supreme Court.

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Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse

The Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse (originally the United States Courthouse or the Foley Square Courthouse) is a 37-story courthouse at 40 Centre Street on Foley Square in the Civic Center neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, United States.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Tom C. Clark

Thomas Campbell Clark (September 23, 1899June 13, 1977) was an American lawyer who served as the 59th United States Attorney General from 1945 to 1949 and as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1949 to 1967.

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Trotskyism

Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress, or simply Congress, is the legislature of the federal government of the United States.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals.

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United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United States.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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United States District Court for the Southern District of New York

The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (in case citations, S.D.N.Y.) is a federal trial court whose geographic jurisdiction encompasses eight counties of the State of New York.

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States Penitentiary, Atlanta

The United States Penitentiary, Atlanta (USP Atlanta) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Atlanta, Georgia.

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United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth

The United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth is a medium-security federal prison for male inmates in northeast Kansas.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress.

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University of California

The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California.

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University of Illinois Press

The University of Illinois Press (UIP) is an American university press and is part of the University of Illinois system.

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V. J. Jerome

Victor Jeremy Jerome (1896–1965) was an American communist writer and editor based in New York City. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and V. J. Jerome are American communists and people convicted under the Smith Act.

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Venona project

The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program initiated during World War II by the United States Army's Signal Intelligence Service and later absorbed by the National Security Agency (NSA), that ran from February 1, 1943, until October 1, 1980.

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Victor Navasky

Victor Saul Navasky (July 5, 1932 – January 23, 2023) was an American journalist, editor, and academic.

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country.

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Vito Marcantonio

Vito Anthony Marcantonio (December 10, 1902 – August 9, 1954) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the socialist leader of East Harlem for seven terms in the United States House of Representatives.

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Watkins v. United States

Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178 (1957), is a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States that held that the power of the United States Congress is not unlimited in conducting investigations and that nothing in the United States Constitution gives it the authority to expose the private affairs of individuals. Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Watkins v. United States are communist Party USA litigation and McCarthyism.

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Whitney v. California

Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927), was a United States Supreme Court decision upholding the conviction of an individual who had engaged in speech that raised a clear and present danger to society.

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William L. Shirer

William Lawrence Shirer (February 23, 1904 – December 28, 1993) was an American journalist and war correspondent.

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William O. Douglas

William Orville Douglas (October 16, 1898January 19, 1980) was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1939 to 1975.

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William Z. Foster

William Z. Foster (February 25, 1881 – September 1, 1961) was a radical American labor organizer and Communist politician, whose career included serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party USA from 1945 to 1957.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Yalta Conference

The Yalta Conference (Yaltinskaya konferentsiya), held 4–11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe.

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Yates v. United States

Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 (1957), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that the First Amendment protected radical and reactionary speech, unless it posed a "clear and present danger". Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders and Yates v. United States are communist Party USA litigation and McCarthyism.

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Young Communist League

The Young Communist League (YCL) is the name used by the youth wing of various Communist parties around the world.

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1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état

In late February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia through a coup d'état.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders

Also known as 1949 Smith Act trial, 1949 trial of Communist Party leaders, Foley Square trial, Smith Act Trials.

, Elizabeth Bentley, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Ellen Schrecker, Eugene Dennis, Farrell Dobbs, FBI Index, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Correctional Institution, Lewisburg, Federal government of the United States, Federal judiciary of the United States, Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, Feiner v. New York, Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, First Amendment to the United States Constitution, First Indochina War, First Red Scare, Foley Square, Fred M. Vinson, Freedom of association, Freedom of speech, Freedom of speech in the United States, French Union, Geoffrey R. Stone, George Crockett Jr., Gil Green (communist), Gitlow v. New York, Grand jury, Great Purge, Greek Civil War, Gus Hall, Hardline, Harold Medina, Harry Bridges, Harvey Klehr, Henry A. Wallace, Henry Winston, Herbert Brownell Jr., Herbert Philbrick, House Un-American Activities Committee, Hugo Black, Illegal per se, Imminent lawless action, Indictment, Industrial Workers of the World, Internal Revenue Service, J. Edgar Hoover, J. Howard McGrath, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Jack Stachel, James L. Oakes, James P. McGranery, John Earl Haynes, John F. Kennedy, John F. X. McGohey, John Foster Dulles, John Gates, John Marshall Harlan II, John Williamson (communist), Joseph McCarthy, Judith Coplon, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Junius Scales, Jury instructions, Kangaroo court, Karl Marx, Korean War, Learned Hand, Louis Brandeis, Louis F. Budenz, Mari Jo Buhle, Maurice Sugar, McCarran Internal Security Act, Mike Wallace, Milton R. Konvitz, Minneapolis, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Motion (legal), National Housing Act of 1934, National Lawyers Guild, Nazi Germany, New York World-Telegram, Nikita Khrushchev, North Korea, Noto v. United States, Nuclear weapon, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, Oral argument, Order of the October Revolution, Patterson v. Colorado, Paul Finkelman, Peekskill riots, Peekskill, New York, Perjury, Political Repression in Modern America, Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, RDS-1, Reichstag fire, Robert G. Thompson, Robert H. Jackson, Robert Klonsky, Russian Revolution, Sacher v. United States, Scales v. United States, Schenck v. United States, Smith Act, Socialist Workers Party (United States), South Korea, Soviet Union, Stack v. Boyle, Stalinism, State of emergency, Steve Nelson (activist), Stromberg v. California, Subversive Activities Control Board, Supreme Court of the United States, Ted Morgan (writer), The Christian Science Monitor, The Communist Manifesto, The New Republic, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Thermonuclear weapon, Third party (U.S. politics), Thomas E. Dewey, Thornhill v. Alabama, Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, Time (magazine), Tom C. Clark, Trotskyism, United States Congress, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, United States Department of Justice, United States Department of State, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, United States House of Representatives, United States Penitentiary, Atlanta, United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, United States Senate, University of California, University of Illinois Press, V. J. Jerome, Venona project, Victor Navasky, Vietnam, Vito Marcantonio, Watkins v. United States, Whitney v. California, William L. Shirer, William O. Douglas, William Z. Foster, World War II, Yalta Conference, Yates v. United States, Young Communist League, 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état.

Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders, the Glossary

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