Emigration from the Eastern Bloc, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 175 relations: Albania, Alexander Godunov, Allies of World War II, Arkady Shevchenko, August, Austria, Barbed wire, Berlin, Berlin Wall, Beryozka (Russian retail store), Bolsheviks, Boris Spassky, Brezhnev Doctrine, Bulgarian Socialist Party, Bureaucracy, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Centre Against Expulsions, Checkpoint Charlie, Cheka, Cold War, Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Corecom, Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, De-Stalinization, Defection, Democracy, Deutsche Mark, Deutschlandfunk, Dresden, Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair, East Berlin, East Germany, Eastern Bloc, Eastern Europe, Egon Krenz, Emigration, Era of Stagnation, Erich Honecker, Estonia, Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Extensive growth, Finland, Five-year plans of the Soviet Union, Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), Günter Schabowski, General strike, Geneva Conventions, Germany, Glasnost, ... Expand index (125 more) »

2. Defection
3. Eastern Bloc defectors

Albania

Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Alexander Godunov

Alexander Borisovich Godunov (Russian: Александр Борисович Годунов; November 28, 1949 – May 1995) was a Russian-American ballet dancer and film actor.

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Allies of World War II

The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.

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Arkady Shevchenko

Arkady Nikolayevich Shevchenko (Аркадій Миколайович Шевченко, Аркадий Николаевич Шевченко; October 11, 1930 – February 28, 1998) was a Soviet diplomat who was the highest-ranking Soviet official to defect to the West.

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August

August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

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Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

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Barbed wire

Roll of modern agricultural barbed wire Barbed wire, also known as barb wire, is a type of steel fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the strands.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany). Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Berlin Wall are eastern Bloc.

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Beryozka (Russian retail store)

Beriozka (Russian: Берёзка, lit. "little birch tree") was the overall name applied to two chains of state-run retail stores in the Soviet Union that sold goods in exchange for foreign currency.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Boris Spassky

Boris Vasilievich Spassky (Borís Vasíl'yevich Spásskiy; born January 30, 1937) is a Russian chess grandmaster who was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from 1969 to 1972.

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Brezhnev Doctrine

The Brezhnev Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy that proclaimed that any threat to "socialist rule" in any state of the Soviet Bloc in Central and Eastern Europe was a threat to all of them, and therefore, it justified the intervention of fellow socialist states. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Brezhnev Doctrine are eastern Bloc.

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The Bulgarian Socialist Party (translit, BSP), also known as The Centenarian (translit), is a centre-left, social democratic political party in Bulgaria.

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Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials.

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The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR or Byelorussian SSR; Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка; Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика), also known as Byelorussia, was a republic of the Soviet Union (USSR). Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic are eastern Bloc.

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Centre Against Expulsions

The Centre Against Expulsions (Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen, ZgV) was a planned German documentation centre for expulsions and ethnic cleansing, particularly the expulsion of Germans after World War II.

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Checkpoint Charlie

Checkpoint Charlie (or "Checkpoint C") was the best-known Berlin Wall crossing point between East Berlin and West Berlin during the Cold War (1947–1991), as named by the Western Allies.

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Cheka

The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (p), abbreviated as VChK (p), and commonly known as the Cheka (p), was the first Soviet secret police organization.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak: Komunistická strana Československa, KSČ) was a communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992.

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Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), at some points known as the Russian Communist Party, All-Union Communist Party and Bolshevik Party, and sometimes referred to as the Soviet Communist Party (SCP), was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Communist Party of the Soviet Union are eastern Bloc.

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Corecom

Corecom (Кореком) was a chain of hard-currency stores during the Communist rule in Bulgaria.

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The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, known from 1948 to 1960 as the Czechoslovak Republic, Fourth Czechoslovak Republic, or simply Czechoslovakia, was the Czechoslovak state from 1948 until 1989, when the country was under communist rule, and was regarded as a satellite state in the Soviet sphere of interest. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Czechoslovak Socialist Republic are eastern Bloc.

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De-Stalinization

De-Stalinization (translit) comprised a series of political reforms in the Soviet Union after the death of long-time leader Joseph Stalin in 1953, and the thaw brought about by ascension of Nikita Khrushchev to power, and his 1956 secret speech "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences", which denounced Stalin's cult of personality and the Stalinist political system.

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Defection

In politics, a defector is a person who gives up allegiance to one state in exchange for allegiance to another, changing sides in a way which is considered illegitimate by the first state.

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Democracy

Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.

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Deutsche Mark

The Deutsche Mark (English: German mark), abbreviated "DM" or "D-Mark", was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until the adoption of the euro in 2002.

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Deutschlandfunk

Deutschlandfunk (DLF, Broadcast Germany) is a public-broadcasting radio station in Germany, concentrating on news and current affairs.

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Dresden

Dresden (Upper Saxon: Dräsdn; Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and it is the second most populous city after Leipzig.

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Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair

The Dymshits–Kuznetsov aircraft hijacking affair, also known as The First Leningrad Trial or Operation Wedding (Ленинградское самолётное дело, or Дело группы Дымшица-Кузнецова) (Leningrad Process), was an attempt to take an empty civilian aircraft on 15 June 1970 by a group of 16 Soviet refuseniks in order to escape to the West.

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East Berlin

East Berlin (Ost-Berlin) was the partially recognised capital of East Germany (GDR) from 1949 to 1990.

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East Germany

East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and East Germany are eastern Bloc.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

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Egon Krenz

Egon Rudi Ernst Krenz (born 19 March 1937) is a German former politician who was the last Communist leader of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) during the Revolutions of 1989.

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Emigration

Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country).

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Era of Stagnation

The "Era of Stagnation" (Períod zastóya, or Эпо́ха засто́я) is a term coined by Mikhail Gorbachev in order to describe the negative way in which he viewed the economic, political, and social policies of the Soviet Union that began during the rule of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–1982) and continued under Yuri Andropov (1982–1984) and Konstantin Chernenko (1984–1985).

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Erich Honecker

Erich Ernst Paul Honecker (25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989.

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Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

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The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR), Soviet Estonia, or simply Estonia, was a union republic of the Soviet Union (USSR), covering the occupied and annexed territory of Estonia in 1940–1941 and 1944–1991. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic are eastern Bloc.

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Extensive growth

Extensive growth, in economics, is growth in the quantity of output produced based on the expansion of the quantity of inputs used.

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Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

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Five-year plans of the Soviet Union

The five-year plans for the development of the national economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Пятилетние планы развития народного хозяйства СССР, Pyatiletniye plany razvitiya narodnogo khozyaystva SSSR) consisted of a series of nationwide centralized economic plans in the Soviet Union, beginning in the late 1920s.

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Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)

During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, Germans and fled and were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, including Czechoslovakia, and from the former German provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, East Prussia, and the eastern parts of Brandenburg (Neumark) and Pomerania (Hinterpommern), which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union.

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Günter Schabowski

Günter Schabowski (4 January 1929 – 1 November 2015) was an East German politician who served as an official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands abbreviated SED), the ruling party during most of the existence of the German Democratic Republic (GDR).

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General strike

A general strike is a strike action in which participants cease all economic activity, such as working, to strengthen the bargaining position of a trade union or achieve a common social or political goal.

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Geneva Conventions

language.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Glasnost

Glasnost (гласность) is a concept relating to openness and transparency.

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Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.

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Gustáv Husák

Gustáv Husák (10 January 1913 – 18 November 1991) was a Czechoslovak politician who served as the long-time First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia from 1969 to 1987 and the President of Czechoslovakia from 1975 to 1989.

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Hans-Dietrich Genscher

Hans-Dietrich Genscher (21 March 1927 – 31 March 2016) was a German statesman and a member of the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP), who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 1969 to 1974, and as Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1992 (except for a two-week break in 1982, after the FDP had left the Third Schmidt cabinet), making him the longest-serving occupant of either post and the only person to have held one of these positions under two different Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Harald Jäger

Harald Jäger (born 27 April 1943) is a former East German Stasi officer and border guard who was in charge of a passport control unit.

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Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1982 to 1990, Chancellor of Germany from 1990 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.

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Helsinki Accords

The Helsinki Final Act, also known as Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration was the document signed at the closing meeting of the third phase of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) held in Helsinki, Finland, between 30 July and 1 August 1975, following two years of negotiations known as the Helsinki Process.

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Human capital flight

Human capital flight is the emigration or immigration of individuals who have received advanced training at home.

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Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.

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Hungarian People's Republic

The Hungarian People's Republic (Magyar Népköztársaság) was a one-party socialist state from 20 August 1949 to 23 October 1989. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Hungarian People's Republic are eastern Bloc.

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Hungarian Revolution of 1956

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (23 October – 4 November 1956; 1956-os forradalom), also known as the Hungarian Uprising, was an attempted countrywide revolution against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic (1949–1989) and the policies caused by the government's subordination to the Soviet Union (USSR). Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 are eastern Bloc.

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Inner German border

The inner German border (innerdeutsche Grenze or deutsch–deutsche Grenze; initially also Zonengrenze) was the frontier between the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany) from 1949 to 1990.

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Intelligentsia

The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers.

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Intershop

Intershop was a chain of government-owned and operated retail stores in the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) in which only hard currencies (and later Forum checks) could be used to purchase high-quality goods, usually from or associated with Western countries.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Iron Curtain

During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain was a political metaphor used to describe the political and later physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Iron Curtain are eastern Bloc.

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János Kádár

János József Kádár (26 May 1912 – 6 July 1989), born János József Czermanik, was a Hungarian Communist leader and the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, a position he held for 32 years.

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Jörg Berger

Jörg Berger (13 October 1944 – 23 June 2010) was a German football manager and player, who last managed Arminia Bielefeld.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

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The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (Karelo-Finnish SSR), also called Soviet Karelia or simply known as Karelia, was a republic of the Soviet Union. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic are eastern Bloc.

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Kohlhammer Verlag

W.

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Konrad Schumann

Hans Conrad Schumann, also known as Konrad Schumann (28 March 1942 – 20 June 1998), was an East German Bereitschaftspolizei who escaped to West Germany during the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961.

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Latvia

Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

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The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR), also known as Soviet Latvia or simply Latvia, was de facto one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1940–1941 and 1944–1990. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic are eastern Bloc.

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László Tőkés

László Tőkés (born 1 April 1952) is an ethnically Hungarian pastor and politician from Romania.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.

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List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors

Soon after the formation of the Soviet Union, emigration restrictions were put in place to keep citizens from leaving the various countries of the Soviet Socialist Republics, though some defections still occurred. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors are eastern Bloc and eastern Bloc defectors.

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Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

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The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lithuanian SSR; Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika; Litovskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known as Soviet Lithuania or simply Lithuania, was de facto one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union between 1940–1941 and 1944–1990. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic are eastern Bloc.

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LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 hijacking

LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 hijacking was the hijacking of a LOT Polish Airlines that occurred on 30 August 1978. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 hijacking are eastern Bloc defectors.

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Manchuria

Manchuria is a term that refers to a region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China, and historically parts of the modern-day Russian Far East, often referred to as Outer Manchuria.

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Market economy

A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.

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Martina Navratilova

Martina Navratilova (Martina Navrátilová;; born October 18, 1956) is a Czech-American former professional tennis player.

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Mikhail Baryshnikov

Mikhail Nikolayevich Baryshnikov (p; Mihails Barišņikovs; born January 27, 1948) is a Latvian and American dancer, choreographer, and actor.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.

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Mikhail Pervukhin

Mikhail Georgiyevich Pervukhin (Михаи́л Гео́ргиевич Перву́хин; 14 October 1904 – 22 July 1978) was a Soviet official during the Stalin Era and Khrushchev Era.

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Military occupations by the Soviet Union

During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed several countries effectively handed over by Nazi Germany in the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939.

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Minsk

Minsk (Мінск,; Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers.

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The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic or Moldavian SSR (Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească, Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ), also known as the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan SSR, Soviet Moldavia, Soviet Moldova, or simply Moldavia or Moldova, was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1940 to 1991. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic are eastern Bloc.

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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned between them or managed the sovereignty of the states in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania.

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Monday demonstrations in East Germany

The Monday demonstrations (Montagsdemonstrationen in der DDR) were a series of peaceful political protests against the government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) that took place in towns and cities around the country on various days of the week from 1989 to 1991.

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Moskovskaya Pravda

Moskovskaya pravda (Московская правда, "Moscow Truth", in the transliteration system used by the Library of Congress spelled "Moskovskaia pravda"), is a daily morning newspaper of Russia, and formerly of the Soviet Union.

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My Way

"My Way" is a song popularized in 1969 by Frank Sinatra set to the music of the French song "Comme d'habitude" composed by Jacques Revaux with lyrics by Gilles Thibaut and Claude François and first performed in 1967 by Claude François.

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Natalia Makarova

Natalia Romanovna Makarova (Ната́лия Рома́новна Мака́рова, born 21 November 1940) is a Russian prima ballerina and choreographer.

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Nemmersdorf massacre

The Nemmersdorf massacre was a civilian massacre perpetrated by Red Army soldiers in the late stages of World War II.

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Nicolae Ceaușescu

Nicolae Ceaușescu (– 25 December 1989) was a Romanian communist politician who served as the general secretary of the Romanian Communist Party from 1965 to 1989.

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Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1958 to 1964.

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NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del), abbreviated as NKVD, was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946.

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Non-Aligned Movement

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.

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North Korean defectors

People defect from North Korea for political, material, and personal reasons. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and North Korean defectors are eastern Bloc defectors.

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One-party state

A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.

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Passport system in the Soviet Union

The passport system of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was an organisational framework of the single national civil registration system based upon identification documents, and managed in accordance with the laws by ministries and other governmental bodies authorised by the Constitution of the USSR in the sphere of internal affairs.

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Pentecostalism

Pentecostalism or classical Pentecostalism is a Protestant Charismatic Christian movement that emphasizes direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit.

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People's Republic of Bulgaria

The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB; Народна република България (НРБ), Narodna republika Bŭlgariya, NRB) was the official name of Bulgaria when it was a socialist republic from 1946 to 1990, ruled by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) together with its coalition partner, the Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and People's Republic of Bulgaria are eastern Bloc.

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The People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë), officially the People's Republic of Albania from 1946 until 1976, and from 1991 to 1992 as the Republic of Albania, was the one-party communist state in Albania from 1946 to 1991. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and People's Socialist Republic of Albania are eastern Bloc.

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Perestroika

Perestroika (a) was a political reform movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) during the late 1980s, widely associated with CPSU general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "transparency") policy reform.

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Petar Mladenov

Petar Toshev Mladenov (Петър Тошев Младенов; 22 August 1936 – 31 May 2000) was a Bulgarian communist diplomat and politician.

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Pewex

Pewex (short for Przedsiębiorstwo Eksportu Wewnętrznego – Internal Export Company) was a chain of hard-currency shops founded in 1972, during the Communist era in Poland that accepted payment only in United States dollars and other hard currencies, instead of the country's indigenous currency, the Złoty.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Pewex

Planned economy

A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Planned economy

Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Poland

Polish People's Republic

The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Polish People's Republic are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Polish People's Republic

Polish–Soviet War

The Polish–Soviet War (late autumn 1918 / 14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic before it became a union republic in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution, on territories which were previously held by the Russian Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy following the Partitions of Poland.

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Polish–Ukrainian War

The Polish–Ukrainian War, from November 1918 to July 1919, was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic).

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Polish–Ukrainian War

Post-Soviet states

The post-Soviet states, also referred to as the former Soviet Union (FSU) or the former Soviet republics, are the independent sovereign states that emerged/re-emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Post-Soviet states

Prague

Prague (Praha) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Prague

Propaganda in Nazi Germany

The propaganda used by the German Nazi Party in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's dictatorship of Germany from 1933 to 1945 was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Nazi policies.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Propaganda in Nazi Germany

Propiska in the Soviet Union

A propiska (a, plural: propiski) was both a written residency permit and a migration-recording tool, used in the Russian Empire before 1917 and in the Soviet Union from the 1930s.

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Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.

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Reichsdeutsche

Reichsdeutsche, literally translated, is an archaic term for those ethnic Germans who resided within the German state that was founded in 1871.

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Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria

The removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria occurred in 1989 during the end of communism in Hungary, which was part of a broad wave of revolutions in various communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria

Republics of the Soviet Union

The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics (r) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Republics of the Soviet Union

Republikflucht

Republikflucht (German for "desertion from the republic") was the colloquial term in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) for illegal emigration to West Germany, West Berlin, and non-Warsaw Pact countries; the official term was Ungesetzlicher Grenzübertritt ("unlawful border crossing"). Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Republikflucht are eastern Bloc and eastern Bloc defectors.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Republikflucht

Revolutions of 1848

The revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the springtime of the peoples or the springtime of nations, were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Revolutions of 1848

Revolutions of 1989

The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and revolutions of 1989 are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Revolutions of 1989

Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Romania

Romanian National Opera, Bucharest

The Romanian National Opera, Bucharest (Opera Națională București) is one of the four national opera and ballet companies of Romania.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Romanian National Opera, Bucharest

Rudolf Nureyev

Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev (17 March 19386 January 1993) was a Soviet-born ballet dancer and choreographer.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Rudolf Nureyev

Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Russian Revolution

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR.. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

Satellite state

A satellite state or dependent state is a country that is formally independent but under heavy political, economic, and military influence or control from another country. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and satellite state are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Satellite state

Secret police

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See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Secret police

Securitate

The Department of State Security (Departamentul Securității Statului), commonly known as the Securitate (lit. "Security"), was the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Securitate

Shortage economy

"Shortage economy" (gospodarka niedoboru, hiánygazdaság) is a term coined by Hungarian economist János Kornai, who used this term to criticize the old centrally-planned economies of the communist states of the Eastern Bloc. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Shortage economy are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Shortage economy

Sinatra Doctrine

The Sinatra Doctrine was a Soviet foreign policy under Mikhail Gorbachev for allowing member states of the Warsaw Pact to determine their own domestic affairs.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Sinatra Doctrine

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

The Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România, RSR) was a Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989). Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and socialist Republic of Romania are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Socialist Republic of Romania

The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (SSRB; Sacyjalistyčnaja Savieckaja Respublika Biełaruś; Sotsialisticheskaya Sovetskaya Respublika Belorussiya / SSRB) was an early republic in the historical territory of Belarus for only one month in 1919 after the collapse of the Russian Empire as a result of the October Revolution.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia

The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands,; SED) was the founding and ruling party of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from the country's foundation in 1949 until its dissolution after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Socialist Unity Party of Germany are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Socialist Unity Party of Germany

Solidarity (Polish trade union)

Solidarity („Solidarność”), full name Independent Self-Governing Trade Union "Solidarity" (Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność”, abbreviated NSZZ „Solidarność”), is a Polish trade union founded in August 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Solidarity (Polish trade union) are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Solidarity (Polish trade union)

Soviet empire

The term "Soviet empire" collectively refers to the world's territories that the Soviet Union dominated politically, economically, and militarily.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Sovietization

Sovietization (sovyetizatsiya) is the adoption of a political system based on the model of soviets (workers' councils) or the adoption of a way of life, mentality, and culture modeled after the Soviet Union.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Sovietization

Stasi

The Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit,; abbreviated as "MfS"), commonly known as the italics, an abbreviation of Staatssicherheit, was the state security service and secret police of East Germany (the GDR) from 1950 to 1990.

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State Political Directorate

The State Political Directorate (p), abbreviated as GPU (p), was the secret police of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from February 1922 to November 1923.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and State Political Directorate

Svetlana Alliluyeva

Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva (born Stalina; 28 February 1926 – 22 November 2011), later known as Lana Peters, was the youngest child and only daughter of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his second wife Nadezhda Alliluyeva.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Svetlana Alliluyeva

Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc

Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc was a widespread method of the mass surveillance of the population by the secret police. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc

Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union

Seventeen days after the German invasion of Poland in 1939, which marked the beginning of the Second World War, the Soviet Union entered the eastern regions of Poland (known as the Kresy) and annexed territories totalling with a population of 13,299,000. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union

Tito–Stalin split

The Tito–Stalin split or the Soviet–Yugoslav split was the culmination of a conflict between the political leaderships of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, under Josip Broz Tito and Joseph Stalin, respectively, in the years following World War II. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Tito–Stalin split are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Tito–Stalin split

Todor Zhivkov

Todor Hristov Zhivkov (Тодор Христов Живков; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was a Bulgarian communist statesman who served as the de facto leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from 1954 until 1989 as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party. He was the second longest-serving leader in the Eastern Bloc, the longest-serving leader within the Warsaw Pact and the longest-serving non-royal ruler in Bulgarian history.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Todor Zhivkov

The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria), by which Russia withdrew from World War I. The treaty, which followed months of negotiations after the armistice on the Eastern Front in December 1917, was signed at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus).

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty of Riga

The Treaty of Riga was signed in Riga, Latvia, on between Poland on one side and Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine on the other, ending the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921).

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Treaty of Riga

The Declaration and Treaty on the Formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Декларация и договор об образовании Союза СоветскихСоциалистическихРеспублик) officially created the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Tuzex

Tuzex was a series of state-run shops in Czechoslovakia from 1957 to 1992 which did not accept normal Czechoslovak koruna currency but only vouchers which could be purchased from banks using foreign currency.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Tuzex

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Ukraine

The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainska Radianska Sotsialistychna Respublika; Ukrainskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and United States

Velvet Revolution

The Velvet Revolution (Sametová revoluce) or Gentle Revolution (Nežná revolúcia) was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 28 November 1989.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Velvet Revolution

Viktor Belenko

Viktor Ivanovich Belenko (Виктор Иванович Беленко; February 15, 1947 – September 24, 2023) was a Russian-born American aerospace engineer and Soviet pilot who defected in 1976 to the West while flying his MiG-25 "Foxbat" jet interceptor and landed in Hakodate, Japan.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Viktor Belenko

Viktor Korchnoi

Viktor Lvovich Korchnoi (p; 23 March 1931 – 6 June 2016) was a Soviet (before 1976) and Swiss (after 1980) chess grandmaster (GM) and chess writer.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Viktor Korchnoi

Volksdeutsche

In Nazi German terminology, were "people whose language and culture had German origins but who did not hold German citizenship." The term is the nominalised plural of volksdeutsch, with denoting a singular female, and, a singular male.

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Walter Ulbricht

Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht (30 June 18931 August 1973) was a German communist politician.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Walter Ulbricht

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact are eastern Bloc.

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Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

On 20–21 August 1968, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was jointly invaded by four Warsaw Pact countries: the Soviet Union, the Polish People's Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, and the Hungarian People's Republic. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia are eastern Bloc.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia

West Berlin

West Berlin (Berlin (West) or West-Berlin) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin from 1948 until 1990, during the Cold War.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and West Berlin

West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until the reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. The Cold War-era country is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) after its capital city of Bonn. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc.

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Western Bloc

The Western Bloc, also known as the Capitalist Bloc, is an informal, collective term for countries that were officially allied with the United States during the Cold War of 1947–1991. Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Western Bloc are politics of Europe.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Western Bloc

Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Western Europe

Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Western world

Wolfgang Leonhard

Wolfgang Leonhard (16 April 1921 – 17 August 2014) was a German political author and historian of the Soviet Union, the German Democratic Republic and Communism.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Wolfgang Leonhard

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and World War II

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (Југославија; Jugoslavija; Југославија) was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 to 1992.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia

Yuri Andropov

Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (– 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician who was the sixth leader of the Soviet Union and the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, taking office in late 1982 and serving until his death in 1984.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and Yuri Andropov

101st kilometre

The 101st kilometre (101-й километр, sto pervyy kilometr) is a colloquial phrase for restrictions on freedom of movement in the Soviet Union.

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1975 US Open (tennis)

The 1975 US Open was a tennis tournament that took place on the outdoor clay courts at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills, Queens, in New York City, United States.

See Emigration from the Eastern Bloc and 1975 US Open (tennis)

See also

Defection

• Chieu Hoi
• Death of Hsu Tsu-tsai
• Defection
• Defection of Viktor Belenko
• Defectors
• Desertion of 4 March 1997
• Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
• Fake defection
• List of Cold War pilot defections
• Martin and Mitchell defection
• Operation Diamond
• Petrov Affair
• Royal Commission on Espionage
• Venezuelan crisis defection

Eastern Bloc defectors

• Aeroflot Flight 244
• Aeroflot Flight 6833
• East German defectors
• Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
• Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border
• Josef Frolík
• LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 hijacking
• List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors
• North Korean defectors
• Reconcilee
• Republikflucht
• Soviet defectors
• Vitali Vitaliev

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc

Also known as Communist defection, Communist defectors, Communist emigration, Communist immigration, East German defectors, Eastern Bloc emigration and defection, Eastern Bloc immigration, Nevozvrashchenets, Nevozvrashchentsy, Nevozvrawency, Soviet defection, Soviet defectors, Soviet emigration, Невозвращенцы.

, Government, Gustáv Husák, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Harald Jäger, Helmut Kohl, Helsinki Accords, Human capital flight, Human rights, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Inner German border, Intelligentsia, Intershop, Iran, Iron Curtain, János Kádár, Jörg Berger, Joseph Stalin, Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, Kohlhammer Verlag, Konrad Schumann, Latvia, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, László Tőkés, Liberal democracy, List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors, Lithuania, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 hijacking, Manchuria, Market economy, Martina Navratilova, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Pervukhin, Military occupations by the Soviet Union, Minsk, Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Monday demonstrations in East Germany, Moskovskaya Pravda, My Way, Natalia Makarova, Nemmersdorf massacre, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Nikita Khrushchev, NKVD, Non-Aligned Movement, North Korean defectors, One-party state, Passport system in the Soviet Union, Pentecostalism, People's Republic of Bulgaria, People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Perestroika, Petar Mladenov, Pewex, Planned economy, Poland, Polish People's Republic, Polish–Soviet War, Polish–Ukrainian War, Post-Soviet states, Prague, Propaganda in Nazi Germany, Propiska in the Soviet Union, Red Army, Reichsdeutsche, Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria, Republics of the Soviet Union, Republikflucht, Revolutions of 1848, Revolutions of 1989, Romania, Romanian National Opera, Bucharest, Rudolf Nureyev, Russian Civil War, Russian Revolution, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Satellite state, Secret police, Securitate, Shortage economy, Sinatra Doctrine, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Socialist Republic of Romania, Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia, Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Solidarity (Polish trade union), Soviet empire, Soviet Union, Sovietization, Stasi, State Political Directorate, Svetlana Alliluyeva, Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc, Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, Tito–Stalin split, Todor Zhivkov, Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of Riga, Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Tuzex, Ukraine, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, United States, Velvet Revolution, Viktor Belenko, Viktor Korchnoi, Volksdeutsche, Walter Ulbricht, Warsaw Pact, Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, West Berlin, West Germany, Western Bloc, Western Europe, Western world, Wolfgang Leonhard, World War II, Yugoslavia, Yuri Andropov, 101st kilometre, 1975 US Open (tennis).